板栗产区有机堆肥产物磷形态特征及其对叶片磷含量的影响

采用Dou的磷形态分级方法和大田试验,研究了板栗产区栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-秸秆-鸡粪混合堆肥(BYZ)、菌渣鸡粪堆肥(ZF)、栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ1和BZ2)这4种有机物料中的磷形态特征及其对结果枝叶片磷含量的影响.结果表明:1 4种有机堆肥产物全磷含量表现为:BZ1(10.61 g·kg-1)ZF(9.03 g·kg-1)BYZ(8.56 g·kg-1)BZ2(7.68 g·kg-1),并均以无机磷为主,无机磷占全磷的比例在62.88%~73.62%之间;2 4种有机堆肥产物各形态总磷中除ZF以较稳定的HClP含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高以外,其他3种均以活性的H_2O-P含量及其占回收全磷(Prt)比例最高,Na OH-P含量均较低;3各形态中的无机磷以活性的H_2O-Pi或Na HCO3-Pi占形态总磷的比例最高(89.17%~96.00%),且在回收全磷中BZ2中的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi和HCl-Pi,其他3种的无机磷主要分布在H_2O-Pi、HCl-Pi和Na HCO3-Pi,各形态有机磷主要分布于残留态磷,BZ2中比例最高;4等磷量大田试验结果表明,板栗结果枝叶片单位面积叶片磷含量整体表现为BZ2BZ1BYZZFCK,高峰期(7月)、平均每月叶片磷含量增值与堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及其占回收全磷的比例呈显著或极显著正相关,推测集中深施情况下有机堆肥产物中水溶性无机磷含量及占全磷的比例是当年板栗叶片磷吸收的重要影响因素.整体研究表明,栗蓬栗叶-菌渣-鸡粪堆肥(BZ2)具有高比例的水溶态无机磷和残留态有机磷库,使板栗叶片磷含量最高,且其原料中板栗产业废弃物配比高达80%(栗蓬栗叶60%+菌渣20%),是产区好氧堆肥原料体系的较佳选择.     

Highly efficient polishing technology for glass substrates using tribo-chemical polishing with electrically controlled slurry

The outstanding advantage of the novel polishing technology developed by the authors is a considerable reduction in cerium oxide consumption for polishing of glass substrates. This has been realized by introducing tribo-chemical polishing method along with a technique to control the movement of abrasives using an AC electric field. In this paper, we have analyzed the characteristics of the new polishing technique from the viewpoint of slurry distribution in the polishing area under various electric field conditions using a digital image processing and its influence on polishing performance using the experimental setup consisting of high speed polishing method under AC electric field. The results confirmed the increase of slurry distribution in the polishing area under appropriate AC electric field conditions and consequently led to enhanced removal rate, which was 2.5 times higher than that of the conventional CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) method. Furthermore, in spite of enhanced removal rate the surface roughness was comparable to CMP method.     

The CALGRID mesoscale photochemical grid model—I. Model formulation

A new photochemical oxidant model, CALGRID, has been developed for regulatory assessments of ozone control strategies. The model features: low numerical diffusion transport schemes that explicitly conserve mass on a terrain following mesh; modern boundary-layer representations converted to K-theory and applied to a variety of both fixed level and space-time variable vertical meshes; the ability to switch chemical schemes easily among the SAPRC hierarchy; a comprehensive resistance-based, dry deposition algorithm; and a highly-modular, streamlined FORTRAN 77 code that is highly vectorized and easily adapted to emerging parallel processor technology. The model is controlled by an easy to modify, self-documenting “control file” which also enables many consistency checks and serves to protect against a number of simple, yet common, simulation errors. The paper describes each of the model's principal technical modules in detail.     

正交曲线坐标下Boussinesq方程的研究

从质量守恒方程和Euler方程出发,推导出包含底摩擦耗能、波浪破碎效应和亚格湍流效应的改进型Boussinesq方程,并对该方程以及边界条件进行了正交曲线转换,建立了正交曲线坐标系下的二维波浪模型并用实验地形对本文模型进行了验证,计算结果与实测数据吻合很好,说明模型可以较好地模拟波浪传播过程中的浅水变形、折射、绕射和反射等现象.     

裂隙介质VOCs赋存迁移特征与场地修复难点

梳理了裂隙介质污染的研究方法,分析裂隙介质中VOCs的赋存迁移特征与修复技术原理,结合我国实际情形分析该类场地修复治理的难点并提出相关建议.裂隙介质场地中,对流弥散、吸附解吸、跨界输移的协同作用影响VOCs的环境行为与归趋.在理论层面,基于分离、化学氧化与生物转化过程的修复原理能够实现裂隙中VOCs的去除,但由于氧化还原产物堵塞、吸附态污染物反向扩散等原因,裂隙介质VOCs污染修复过程可能存在拖尾、修复后可能存在反弹的问题.与孔隙介质场地相比,不确定性是造成裂隙介质场地修复困难的主要原因,主要体现在场地调查阶段样品代表性差、修复治理过程中裂隙对污染物的阻滞作用所致传质受限、污染物易发生跨介质迁移风险等方面.后续研究亟需在充分认识裂隙污染物迁移转化机制的基础上,进一步探索适合我国修复与再利用实际情形的修复和风险管控模式.     

Experimental investigation and characterization of nano-scale dry electro-machining

This paper presents an experimental investigation and characterization of a novel technique of nanoscale electro-machining (EM) in atmospheric air, named dry nano-EM, by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) as the platform for nanomachining. The electro-machining has been conducted in near field by maintaining a gap distance of 1–2 nm between the Platinum–Iridium [Pt–Ir (80:20)] tool electrode and atomically flat gold substrate with the air as dielectric medium. An in situ process of evaluating the tool quality before and after machining has been used by monitoring the current–displacement (I–Z) spectroscopy curves. The mechanism of dry nano-EM has been presented as well as the machining performance of the process has been evaluated. Based on the observations, it has been established that field induced evaporation due to intense heat generated at the gap width is the primary mechanism of material removal in dry nano-EM. The experimental results show that dry nano-EM is capable of fabricating consistent nano-features with good repeatability. The volume of material removal increases almost linearly with increasing number of features machined and machining time, indicating the consistency in the dimensions of the nano-features. Finally, dry nano-EM is established as a technique capable of machining 50–100 features in a pre-defined manner with average feature size of 7.5–10 nm in a single pass, thus suitable for nano-patterning in atomically flat electrically conducting surfaces.     

城市环境PM2.5空间分布监测方法研究进展

随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市环境中日益增多的PM_(2.5)对人类健康造成了严重威胁。本文旨在分析总结目前PM_(2.5)空间分布的相关监测方法以及空气质量预测模型。当下,PM_(2.5)浓度的监测不仅涉及大气化学、污染物的源解析、大气化学运输模型、线性及非线性空气质量模拟等方面,还涉及地理信息系统与卫星遥感等新技术的运用。本文在比较传统PM_(2.5)监测与新型监测方法不同的基础上,分析了各自的优劣,为空气质量监测提供建议和指导。     

表面活性剂强化空气扰动修复污染地下水影响区域研究

为了强化空气扰动技术(Air Sparging,AS)的处理效果,通过向不同介质的地下水中添加表面活性剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS),考察表面活性剂强化空气扰动技术对曝气影响区域的影响.实验结果表明:当介质为砾石时,加入表面活性剂后影响区域没有明显变化;当介质为粗砂时,用500 mg·L-1 SDBS溶液饱和时的空气...     

施肥量对福州平原稻田CO2排放及其温度敏感性的影响

为了阐明施肥量对稻田CO_2排放及其温度敏感性的影响,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对福州平原稻田对照(CK)、常规施肥组(CG)和倍增施肥组(BZ)的CO_2排放及其温度敏感性进行了测定和分析.结果表明,CK、CG和BZ的CO_2排放通量变化范围分别为32.33~3181.97、30.68~3701.05和32.81~3206.29 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CG的CO_2排放通量比较CK增加了14.16%,BZ的CO_2排放通量较CK增加了8.04%,CK、CG和BZ之间CO_2排放通量差异不显著(p0.05);稻田CO_2排放与土温(r=0.683,p0.01)、株高(r=0.820,p0.01)及含水量(r=0.309,p0.05)具有显著的正相关关系;CK、CG和BZ的CO_2排放通量与土温和气温均具有显著的正相关关系(n=42,p0.01);CK、CG、BZ的Q_(s10)值和Q_(a10)值分别为28.13、18.88、13.24和9.86、7.64、6.35,CK的温度敏感性显著高于CG和BZ(p0.05),施肥显著降低了稻田CO_2排放的温度敏感性(p0.05).     

Foraging ants trade off further for faster: use of natural bridges and trunk trail permanency in carpenter ants

Trail-making ants lay pheromones on the substrate to define paths between foraging areas and the nest. Combined with the chemistry of these pheromone trails and the physics of evaporation, trail-laying and trail-following behaviours provide ant colonies with the quickest routes to food. In relatively uniform environments, such as that provided in many laboratory studies of trail-making ants, the quickest route is also often the shortest route. Here, we show that carpenter ants (Camponotus rufipes), in natural conditions, are able to make use of apparent obstacles in their environment to assist in finding the fastest routes to food. These ants make extensive use of fallen branches, twigs and lianas as bridges to build their trails. These bridges make trails significantly longer than their straight line equivalents across the forest floor, but we estimate that ants spend less than half the time to reach the same point, due to increased carriage speed across the bridges. We also found that these trails, mainly composed of bridges, are maintained for months, so they can be characterized as trunk trails. We suggest that pheromone-based foraging trail networks in field conditions are likely to be structured by a range of potentially complex factors but that even then, speed remains the most important consideration.     

吐温20吸附改性聚乙烯膜改善MBR抗污染性能

通过物理吸附Tween20对聚乙烯中空纤维微孔膜(polyethylene hollow fiber microporous membranes,PEHFMM)进行表面改性。衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱(attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR/ATR)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(field emission scanning electron microscopy,FE-SEM)观察结果表明:吐温20有效地吸附到了PEHFMM上。采用停滴法测定水接触角(contact angle,CA)以表征膜表面的亲水性。数据显示:30℃时随着吸附量的增加膜的水接触角先降后升并出现最低值;40℃吸附时水接触角则单值下降直至稳定。为建立吸附量与膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)中膜污染作用之间的关系,使用人工污水进行了活性污泥过滤实验。结果发现:吐温20吸附量大约是100～200μmol/g时可以明显地提高膜在MBR中的抗污染能力。     

人工湿地沸石填充方式研究

针对传统的沸石湿地系统中沸石用量大,与沸石相关的费用高的缺点,提出采用前置沸石和表铺沸石填充方式来改善湿地中的污染物去除效果.对比研究了人工湿地中3种沸石填充方式(底铺、前置和表铺)对农田排灌水中污染物的去除效果.结果表明:茭白-土壤湿地的污染物去除效果优于无植物的土壤湿地系统.沸石-土壤-植物系统比传统的土壤-植物系统有更好的COD_Cr,总氮和氨氮去除效果.3种不同沸石填充方式中,底铺沸石的总氮和总磷去除效果最好;表铺沸石的总氮、总磷和COD_Cr去除效果比前置沸石的好,有植物和土壤的湿地系统增加前置沸石段后COD_Cr的去除率升高3.4%,增加表铺沸石后COD_Cr去除率提高12.3%.      

2种原油中烃类生物标志物生物降解性评价

通过室内微生物降解模拟实验,考察了海上中质原油BZ34-1和重质原油SZ36-1中类异戊二烯类、萜烷类和甾烷类生物标志物组分的生物降解性.结果表明,在60 d的实验周期内,尽管2种原油中类异戊二烯类生物标志物包括姥鲛烷和植烷都发生明显降解,其中,中质原油BZ34-1中姥鲛烷和植烷的降解率分别为20.2%和15.0%,重质原油SZ36-1中姥鲛烷和植烷的降解率分别达到95.6%和75.4%;但2种原油中类异戊二烯类生物标志物发生降解的阶段不同,重质原油SZ36-1中类异戊二烯类生物标志物在实验初期(20 d)就开始发生降解,中质原油BZ34-1中类异戊二烯型生物标志物的降解主要发生在中后期(20～60 d).而2种原油中萜烷和甾烷类生物标志物在整个实验周期内都未发生明显降解.这表明在设定的实验周期内,植烷或姥鲛烷适用于评价降解初期的中质原油生物修复效果;而萜烷和甾烷类则适用于2种原油不同阶段生物修复效果评价.     

Determining work-brush interface temperature in magnetic abrasive finishing process

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is a process in which the work surface is finished by removing the material in the form of micro chips by magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) in the presence of magnetic field in the finishing zone. During the MAF process, the frictional heat is generated at the workpiece surface due to the rubbing action of magnetic abrasive particles with the work surface. The order of temperature rise is important to study, as finishing mechanism and surface integrity of work materials depend upon it. The measurement of temperature distribution during MAF operation at the interface of work piece and flexible magnetic abrasive brush (FMAB) interface is difficult. In the present analysis, finite element based ANSYS software has been used to model and simulate magnetic field distribution, magnetic pressure and temperature distribution at work-brush interface during the process. In this work the maximum magnetic flux density has been simulated of the order of 0.223 T at 0.91 A of current in electromagnet coil. Magnetic pressure on MAPs due to magnetic field of electromagnetic coil has been calculated to evaluate the frictional heat flux generated at the work-brush interface. Transient thermal analysis of workpiece domain has been performed to predict the temperature rise due to frictional heat flux. The predicted temperature on work-brush interface was found in the range of 34–51 °C. The developed simulation results based on FEA have been validated with experimental findings.     

二氧化硫体内衍生物诱发CHL细胞染色体畸变效应

研究了SO2在体内的衍生物一亚硫酸氢钠和亚硫酸钠对中国仓鼠肺纤维细胞（CHL）细胞染色体畸变（CA）的诱发作用研究结果表明,SO₂的衍生物不论是否有S₉混合物的存在情况下,均可诱发CHL细胞的CA频率显著增高,且呈明确的剂量一效应关系．这说明SO₂不需要体内代谢转化的直接的细胞染色体断裂剂和基因毒性因子研究亦发现,SO₂产低浓度下主要诱发染色单体型畸变,在高浓度下既可引起染色单体型畸变,又可引起染色体型畸变研究还发现,SO₂衍生物处理细胞时间愈长,引起细胞遗传损伤所需的最低浓度就越低．提示：长期接触环境低浓度SO₂污染,有引起接触人群体内细胞遗传物质损伤的潜在危险。     

DEM合成实验的优化设计

正交实验法就是一种研究多因子实验问题的重要数学方法,目前已在冶金,化工,橡胶,纺织,无线电,医药卫生等方面得到了广泛的应用。根据前人的试验总结出影响DEM合成产率的因素主要有反应时间,催化剂比例和原料配比。本文采用三因素三阶梯的正交表设计了的DEM合成实验方案,并根据该方案进行了9组实验（每组均包含2-3次平行实验）。由实验结果并根据正交实验的统计分析方法,分析了上述三因素对DEM产品含量的影响,确定了主要影响因素,并得到了最佳反应条件。     

不锈钢电极对重金属污染土壤的强化电动修复及电极腐蚀结晶现象与机制

电极腐蚀和盐分结晶是制约土壤电动修复技术工程化应用的重要难题.本研究选择不锈钢作为电极,采用去离子水(DW)、柠檬酸(CA)和聚天冬氨酸(PASP)作为电解液,对Pb、Cu污染土壤进行强化电动修复,考察了重金属去除作用及影响因素,探讨了电极腐蚀和盐分结晶现象与机制.结果表明,在电场作用下,土壤中的Ca会迁向阴极在碱性条件下形成CaCO_3和Ca(OH)_2晶体,降低了电极的导电性;PASP对不锈钢电极有明显的缓蚀作用,CA和PASP都能明显地破坏CaCO_3晶体的形成,但无法对Ca(OH)_2晶体形成有效的破坏;CA和PASP都能促进土壤中Pb的去除,但PASP对Cu去除强化作用不明显,而CA对Cu的去除强化作用非常显著;不锈钢配合不同的缓蚀剂、增强剂联合使用,可以作为电动修复技术工程化应用的电极选择.     

Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by calcium alginate immobilized kaolin

Kaolin has been widely used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. However, the lower heavy metal adsorption capacity of kaolin limits its practical application. A novel environmental friendly material, calcium alginate immobilized kaolin (kaolin/CA), was prepared using a sol-gel method. The e ects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature on Cu2+ adsorption by kaolin/CA were investigated. The Langmuir isotherm was used to describe the experimental adsorption, the maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity of the kaolin/CA reached up to 53.63 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process.     

高铁酸盐去除水中消毒副产物前体物的研究

对含藻类水采用高铁酸盐强化混凝去除消毒副产物及其前体物的影响因素与预氯化进行了对比 ,结果表明 :投加 0 .42、0 .84、1 .40mg/L的高铁酸盐再与 30mg/L的聚合铝联用 ,对TOC为 6 .2mg/L的含藻类源水强化混凝的TOC去除率分别为 2 9.8%、32 .6 %、33 .5 % ,比单纯投加 50mg/L的聚合铝都高 ,显示高铁酸盐在一定用量范围内用量越大 ,强化混凝对TOC的去除率也越高 ;当高铁酸盐投加量一定时 ,水样的 pH值在 5～ 6之间时 ,强化混凝对TOC的去除率最高 ;高铁酸盐强化混凝的效果比预氯化好 ,并且产生THMS的量明显比预氯化少 ,是一种可取代预氯化对含藻类水处理的新药剂。