黑藻和苦草对氨氮、硝态氮和磷吸收动力学研究

为在不同营养状况的富营养化水体修复中选择相应的养分吸收效率的水生植物,比较黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)对氨氮、硝态氮和磷的吸收动力学特征。结果表明,黑藻和苦草对氨氮、硝态氮和磷的最大吸收速率Vmax分别为4.38、5.31;3.15、2.23;1.63、3.57μmol/(L.h.g)。米氏常数Km分别为84.7、376.7;45.8、6.0;54.4、516.2μmol/L。苦草对氨氮和磷的吸收具有较高的Vmax和Km值,而黑藻对氨氮和磷的吸收具有较低的Vmax和Km值。     

沉水植物黑藻对不同磷化合物的转化与吸收

研究了以磷酸二氢钾、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、甘油磷酸钠、三磷酸腺苷钠(ATP-Na)为磷源的Hoagkand培养液培养黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)时,上覆水中磷浓度、碱性磷酸酶活力、氧化还原电位(Eh)和黑藻体内磷含量的变化.结果表明,黑藻对各试验组上覆水中总磷影响差异不大,但对活性磷影响差异较大.各磷化合物转化为活性磷的速率顺序为磷酸二氢钾>ATP-Na>甘油磷酸钠>焦磷酸钠>六偏磷酸钠.上覆水及间隙水中聚合有机磷酸盐和聚合无机磷酸盐浓度是碱性磷酸酶活力的重要影响因子.不同磷化合物对上覆水Eh值有重要影响.黑藻对各种磷化合物均能吸收,吸收速率大小为ATP-Na>磷酸二氢钾>焦磷酸钠>甘油磷酸钠>六偏磷酸钠.     

洱海常见沉水植物磷含量的种间差异及季节性变化特征

P是湖泊生态系统中很重要的生命元素,水生植物对于湖泊中P的生物化学循环至关重要. 通过分析不同季节下洱海7种常见的沉水植物地上部分w(P),研究了洱海常见沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异及季节性变化特征. 结果表明:洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)总体呈正态分布,平均值为2.64 mg/g,范围为0.90~6.79 mg/g. 沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异和季节差异显著,其中7种沉水植物地上部分w(P)平均值为苦草(3.32 mg/g)>轮叶黑藻(2.88 mg/g)>金鱼藻(2.72 mg/g)>微齿眼子菜(2.53 mg/g)>穗花狐尾藻(2.39 mg/g)>篦齿眼子菜(2.34 mg/g)>马来眼子菜(2.27 mg/g);季节间表现为春季(3.46 mg/g)>夏季(3.05 mg/g)>冬季(2.20 mg/g)>秋季(1.98 mg/g). 环境中w(P)、叶与茎生物量比值和生活史特征可能是决定植物地上部分w(P)的重要因素. 此外,由于环境中有效P含量较低,洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)低于长江中下游湖泊.      

不同磷质量浓度对穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻生长的影响

实验研究了不同质量浓度(0.02、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg·L-1)磷对穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻生长状况的影响.结果显示,当磷质量浓度为0.2 mg·L-1时,是轮叶黑藻适宜生长的磷质量浓度,表现为分枝数、株高和根长均显著增加且达到最大,而穗花狐尾藻的适宜生长磷质量浓度为0.4 mg·L-1.两种沉水植物株高和根长增加量在磷质量浓度小于0.2 mg·L-1时,表现为轮叶黑藻大于穗花狐尾藻;当磷质量浓度大于0.4mg·L-1时,表现为穗花狐尾藻大于轮叶黑藻.实验结果表明,穗花狐尾藻比轮叶黑藻更能耐受高质量浓度的磷,并且两种沉水植物适宜生长的磷质量浓度都高于目前富营养化湖泊水体中的磷质量浓度,也远高于湖泊富营养化的磷质量浓度标准(0.02 mg·L-1).因此,单纯的磷质量浓度并不是富营养化水体中沉水植物退化消亡的直接原因.     

Influence of environmental factors on arsenic accumulation and biotransformation using the aquatic plant species Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla verticillata(waterthyme) has been successfully used for phytoremediation in arsenic(As) contaminated water.To evaluate the effects of environmental factors on phytoremediation,this study conducted a series of orthogonal design experiments to determine optimal conditions,including phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and arsenate(As(Ⅴ))concentrations and initial pH levels,for As accumulation and biotransformation using this aquatic plant species,while also analyzing As species transformation in culture media after 96-hr exposure.Analysis of variance and the signal-to-noise ratio were used to identify both the effects of these environmental factors and their optimal conditions for this purpose.Results indicated that both N and P significantly impacted accumulation,and N was essential in As species transformation.High N and intermediate P levels were critical to As accumulation and biotransformation by H.verticillata,while high N and low P levels were beneficial to As species transformation in culture media.The highest total arsenic accumulation was(197.2±17.4) μg/g dry weight when As(V) was at level 3(375μg/L),N at level 2(4 mg/L),P at level 1(0.02 mg/L),and pH at level 2(7).Although H.verticillata is highly efficient in removing As(Ⅴ) from aquatic environments,its use could be potentially harmful to both humans and the natural environment due to its release of highly toxic arsenite.For cost-effective and ecofriendly phytoremediation of As-contaminated water,both N and P are helpful in regulating As accumulation and transformation in plants.     

不同营养水平下苦草对附着和浮游藻类的影响

通过室内培养,研究了不同营养盐浓度下苦草对附着藻类和浮游藻类的影响,同时比较了两种藻类对不同营养盐浓度的响应,结果发现附着藻类在中高营养盐浓度下生物量较高而浮游藻类在中低营养盐浓度下生物量较高,虽然两者对营养盐的响应不一致,但其最大量都出现在中高浓度的营养盐状态下。在中低营养盐浓度下(ρTN=0.4～2.5mg/L),苦草促进附着藻类而抑制浮游藻类,即相比于浮游藻类而言,附着藻类对苦草的敏感性较低。在较高营养盐浓度(ρTN=4.5～6.5mg/L)下,苦草对附着藻类产生了极显著的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用随着营养盐浓度的增加而增强,在ρTN=6.5mg/L的处理条件下,苦草对附着藻类的抑制率近80%,但是在此营养盐浓度处理下,苦草对浮游藻类的抑制作用却减弱甚至消失了。     

Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)及其复合胁迫对苦草的毒害

利用微宇宙系统研究了不同浓度的Hg2+、Cd2+单一及复合处理下,苦草对这三种胁迫的响应。三种胁迫下,3d内苦草现存量增加百分比与金属离子浓度间显著负相关,其中在[Hg2+]或[Hg2++Cd2+]([Hg2+]/[Cd2+]=1)>5μmol/L时,2～3d可致死;总生产力、净生产力、呼吸强度以及叶绿素含量均随着金属离子浓度的增加而下降,同时叶绿素含量还随着胁迫时间的延长而降低,但上述四个指标在低浓度胁迫时常略有升高;可溶性蛋白含量在[Hg2+]或[Hg2++Cd2+]≤2.5μmol/L、以及[Cd2+]≤10μmol/L时升高或基本稳定,之后随着金属离子浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而明显降低。Hg2++Cd2+的复合胁迫效应略小于相应浓度的Hg2+,但明显大于相应浓度的Cd2+。Hg2+对苦草的毒性数倍于Cd2+,二者对苦草的毒性有相加或协同效应。     

多种湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果

通过室内静水实验,研究了再力花(Thalia dealbata)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、茭白(Zizania aquatica)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona Georgi)、大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng)7种不同生态型的湿地植物进行镶嵌组合后各组合对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明,不同生态型的湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果较好,8种组合中对总氮和氨氮去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花(S+Z)和睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C),最大去除率分别为92.29%和95.50%.对总磷的去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y),较无植物对照组的最大净化率提高了43.73%.不同水生植物组合后对氮、磷的净化效果差异较小,种湿地植物组合对总氮、氨氮和磷的去除率范围分别为83.19%～92.29%、86.50%～95.50%和85.67%～99.87%.运用隶属函数进行综合评价,筛选出对污水中氮和磷净化能力较强的组合为:睡莲+再力花(S+Z)、睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C)、睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y)及睡莲+再力花+茭白+菖蒲(S+Z+J+C).     

Phytotoxicity of four herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii

The physiological effects of 4 herbicides (butachlor, quinclorac, bensulfuron-methyl and atrazine) on 3 submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii) were tested in laboratory conditions. The variables of the relative growth rate and the photosynthetic pigments content showed that all of the tested herbicides affected the growth of the plants obviously. The abnormal growth of the plants was observed in most treatment groups, even at the lowest concentration (0.0001 mg/L). Except for the C. demersum treated with quinclorac at 0.005 and 0.01 mg/L, the relative growth rates of the plants were inhibited significantly (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis of Chl-a content was carried out with both the t-test and one-way ANOVA to determine the difference between the treatment groups and control. The results showed that Chl-a contents of the plants in all treatment groups were affected by herbicides significantly, except for the C. demersum treated with bensulfuron-methyl at 0.0005 mg/L. The decrease content in Chl-a was positively correlated to the dosage of the herbicides in most treatment groups. It was suggested that herbicides in water body might potentially affect the growth of aquatic macrophytes. Since the Chl-a content of submerged macrophytes responded to the stress of herbicides sensitively and directly, it could be used as biomaker in environmental monitoring or in the ecological risk assessment of herbicide contamination.     

苦草对水-底泥-沉水植物系统中氮素迁移转化的影响

通过模拟水-底泥-沉水植物(苦草)系统,检测了苦草整个生命周期内总氮及各形态氮含量的变化,以反映N在该系统内的迁移转换.结果表明,在整个研究阶段,空白组和苦草组系统氮含量(水体+底泥+苦草中氮含量)均持续降低,但苦草组(实验始末)氮含量降低幅度明显高于空白组,其中苦草组系统中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N含量分别减少了41.68%、81.96%、93.34%,分别比空白组提高了11.39%、31.90%、0.28%;苦草组底泥中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N含量分别减少了43.45%、87.41%、96.50%,分别比空白组提高了13.78%、37.26%、1.68%.苦草的存在促进了底泥氮的释放,显著提升了底泥微生物活性及氮循环菌的数量,从而加快了系统内的氮素循环,并在其生命周期的不同阶段明显改变各形态氮的迁移及转化方式.2012年7~10月,苦草组系统总氮(TN)减少幅度最大,到10月份,水体中氮素含量达到最少.     

Effects of elevated CO_2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of alga

Introduction The atm ospheric C O 2 concentration increases at a rate of 1.5 滋 m ol/(m ol·a) and w ill double com pared to pre-industrial levels around the year 2050 (W atson et al., 1990). Its effects and m echanism by elevated CO 2 on global clim ate,…     

Effects of elevated CO2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of algae

Effects of elevated CO, （5000 μl/L） on sensitivity comparison of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of algae were investigated. The results showed that, the cell densities of six species of algae grown in elevated CO2 significantly increased compared to those in ambient CO2 （360 μl/L）, and with the time prolonged, the increasing extent increased. Therefore, elevated CO2 can promote the growth of six species of algae. However, there were differences in sensitivity between six species of algae. Based on the effects of elevated CO2 on biomass, the sensitive order （from high to low） was Platymanas sp., Platymanas subcordiformis, Nitzschia closterium, Isochrysis golbana Parke 8701, Dunoliella salina, Chlorella sp., on the condition of solitary cultivation. Compared to ambient CO2, elevated CO2 promoted the growth of three species of algae, Platymanas subcordiformis, Nitzschia closterium and Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701 under the condition of mixed cultivation. The sensitivity of the three species to elevated CO2 in mixed cultivation changed a lot compared to the condition of solitary cultivation. When grown in elevated CO2 under the condition of mixed cultivation, the sensitive order from high to low were Nitzschia clostertium, Platymonas subcordiformis; and Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701. However, under the condition of solitary cultivation, the sensitive order in elevated CO2 was Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701, Nitzschia clostertium, Platymonas subcordiformis, from sensitive to less sensitive. On the day 21, the dominant algae, the sub-dominant algae and inferior algae grown in elevated CO2 did not change. However, the population increasing dynamic and composition proportion of three algal species have significantly changed.     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻种间竞争的影响

通过单独培养和共同培养的方法,以Na NO3和KH2PO3为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比(4、6、9、10、13、16、22、36和91)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长和种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨.结果表明:在单独培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻在N/P为4~22时生长适宜,N/P22时生长受抑制,而塔玛亚历山大藻在N/P为4和6时生长适宜,N/P6时生长受抑制;在共同培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻具有竞争优势,而塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受抑制,且N/P为13和16时蛋白核小球藻种群竞争优势最明显;蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的培养滤液对彼此生长均未产生抑制作用,由此推测,两种微藻的种间竞争主要以资源利用性竞争为主.结果可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一些理论依据.     

不同生物量苦草在生命周期的不同阶段对水体水质的影响

在玻璃温室大棚内,模拟太湖的水、土、植物情况,研究了不同生物量苦草在1年内生命周期中不同阶段对水体水质的影响.研究结果表明,不同生物量的苦草在对水体水质的影响有较大的差异,此差异受苦草生长状况的影响显著.通过单因素方差分析得出从整个生命周期看,苦草生物量为992.00g时,对水体pH值影响最大,不利于苦草吸收NH4+-N和ρ(TOC)的降低;为496.00g时,水体ρ(DO)的周年平均值处于较高水平,约8.65mg/L;为228.00g时,有利于ρ(TP)的降低,不利于其吸收NO3--N和ρ(TN)的降低.其中,生长期,苦草对水体营养盐的去除率随生物量的增加不断增大,当生物量达到2380.00g时,去除率放缓;衰亡期,苦草生物量为168.00g时,水体TN去除率取得极大值,为784.00g时,水体TP去除率取得极小值.最终确定214.00g的苦草残余生物量为最佳滞留量,此时苦草密度为118.00g/m2.     

磷对小麦细胞镉、锌的积累及在亚细胞内分布的影响

研究了小麦细胞在含有０．５０μｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１镉的ＭＳ培养液中，提高磷浓度对细胞内磷，镉，锌浓度及磷，镉，锌在细胞壁，液泡，细胞质内含量分布的影响。提高介质供磷水平促进了细胞的生长，但降低镉，锌两种元素在细胞中的含量，增磷还能降低镉 和锌在细胞壁，液泡和细胞质中含量。     

反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的参数优化

为促进反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化工艺的耦合,实现污水氮、磷的同步高效去除,构建序批式反应器(Sequencing batch reactor,SBR),优化了反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的工艺参数.SBR在厌氧-缺氧-微好氧运行条件下,缺氧段投加模拟硝酸盐工业废水逐步实现了反硝化除磷过程的亚硝酸盐积累.结果表明,经过142d的培养驯化,在进水C/P比为55时,缺氧段引入NO₃^--N浓度为23mg/L时,亚硝酸盐积累率为51.01%,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率为40.22%,硝酸盐去除率为72.14%,PO₄^3--P去除率最高达88.17%.出水COD浓度低于25mg/L,COD去除率维持在90%以上.微生物群落结构分析表明,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为系统内优势菌门.通过参数优化实现了聚磷菌的驯化,Candidatus Accumulibacter为代表的反硝化聚磷菌丰度增加(累积丰度由1.49%增加到5.08%),以Candidatus Competibacter为代表的反硝化聚糖菌丰度增加更为明显(累积丰度由1.02%增加到15.49%),聚磷菌与聚糖菌的共同作用有利于实现除磷过程的亚硝酸盐累积.     

基于黄磷生产工艺的磷物质流分析及磷污染减排对策

黄磷是我国重要的基础工业原料,而黄磷生产行业是高污染、高耗能行业。采用物质流分析方法研究我国黄磷生产工艺的磷污染减排,汇总生产过程各含磷环节数据,绘制黄磷生产工艺磷走向图,并建立磷平衡图。结果表明:磷在生产过程中共有4类输出单元,其中产品和副产品(黄磷、斜板槽回收磷、转锅精制磷、磷铁等)占比为87.62%;固体废物(转锅炉灰、磷渣),占比为9.38%;黄磷尾气占比为0.37%;冲渣水占比为2.56%。结合实际调研及磷物质流分析情况,提出黄磷生产企业面临的主要磷污染问题环节,并提出进行无组织废气的收集、生产厂区污水基础设施防渗处理、含磷尾气的深度净化以及泥磷的综合利用等措施建议。     

EDTA对剩余污泥磷释放及MAP法磷回收影响

探究乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）的添加对剩余污泥厌氧过程中磷释放及后续鸟粪石（MAP）法磷回收的影响.根据EDTA添加量对污泥上清液中总磷（TP）、蛋白质、多糖、DNA和SCOD的影响确定了最优释磷条件,采用响应曲面法（RSM）构建MAP磷回收的二次多项式模型并验证了模型的有效性.结果表明：EDTA添加量为5mmol/L,厌氧5d时预处理效果最佳.污泥SCOD破解度（DD）和TP、DNA、蛋白质及多糖均有显著相关,其中TP相关性最强,皮尔逊相关系数为0.866.MAP磷回收的最佳工艺参数是：pH=9.5,n（Mg）：n（P）=1.6,搅拌时间22min,此时磷回收率可达95.68%,形成晶体的主要成分为磷酸铵镁（MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O）,纯度为79.19%.     

丝状绿藻腐烂过程对水质和沉水植物黑藻生长的影响实验研究

从野外采集沉水植物黑藻种植于120L的塑料桶内,然后采集丝状绿藻放在培养黑藻的桶内.设种植黑藻而不放入丝状绿藻的桶为对照.由于夏季高温和强光,丝状绿藻在数天内会逐渐腐烂.研究发现,在丝状绿藻腐烂过程中,水体的溶解氧(DO)、pH值、水下光强度与水面光强度的比值均比对照组大大降低,尤其是溶解氧,有时甚至下降为零.而水体的温度、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)在丝状绿藻腐烂过程中则上升,后3个指标大大高于对照.有丝状绿藻处理的试验组,随着丝状绿藻的腐烂,沉水植物黑藻亦慢慢腐烂,最后消失.而对照组黑藻生长良好,生物量大大上升.因此,我们认为,丝状绿藻腐烂过程中引起的水质指标变化,尤其是降低溶解氧、降低水下光照强度、降低pH和使水体温度上升是沉水植物黑藻死亡的主要原因.这种现象在进行沉水植被恢复过程中值得注意,并应寻找对策.