Fisheries management: integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment

Fisheries management is the practice of analyzing and selecting options to maintain or alter the structure, dynamics, and interaction of habitat, aquatic biota, and man to achieve human goals and objectives. The theory of fisheries management is: managers or decision makers attempt to maximize renewable `output' from an aquatic resource by choosing from among a set of decision options and applying a set of actions that generate an array of outputs. Outputs may be defined as a tangible catch, a fishing experience, an existence value, or anything else produced or supported by renewable aquatic resources. Overall output is always a mix of tangible and intangible elements. However defined, management goals and objectives are essential components of fisheries management or any other field of renewable natural resource management. Reaching consensus on management goals and objectives has never been a simple task. Beyond the broad and often conflicting goals of an agency, managers must decide who should set specific management objectives — agency personnel, the public, or a combination of the two. Historically, rhetoric aside, fisheries managers in North America nearly always have consulted with professionals in governmental roles to set management objectives. In a strongly pluralistic society, this often resulted in protracted political and legal conflict. Increasingly, there are calls for use of risk assessment to help solve such ecological policy and management problems commonly encountered in fisheries management. The basic concepts of ecological risk assessment may be simple, but the jargon and details are not. Risk assessment (and similar analytical tools) is a concept that has evoked strong reactions whenever it has been used. In spite of the difficulties of defining problems and setting management objectives for complex ecological policy questions, use of risk assessment to help solve ecological problems is widely supported. Ecological risk assessment will be most useful (and objective) in political deliberations when the policy debate revolves around largely technical concerns. To the extent that risk assessment forces policy debate and disagreement toward fundamental differences rather than superficial ones, it will be useful in decision making.     

The significance of information frameworks in integrated risk assessment and management

We present an analysis of frameworks for information on integrated risk assessment and management, focusing on issues related to environmental and health risks of chemicals and their regulation at the EU level. By frameworks we understand the conceptual and procedural constructs within which information is assimilated, processed and given meaning. We examine different aspects of integrated risk information and how these are handled in different frameworks. We mainly address integration in relation to policy, specifically in risk evaluation and risk–benefit considerations, in interaction of assessment and management, and in policy level uncertainties. We show how the policy level influences the frameworks and hence the level and use of integrated assessments, and how they interact with new information and scientific frameworks in EU chemicals control such as the REACH legislation. We conclude that by paying better attention to the nature of the framework it is possible to focus on the most crucial aspects of integration. In this way it is possible to develop appropriate flexible assessments that focus on key complexities and issues without getting entrenched in details of minor significance for the policy problem at hand.     

水体病原微生物定量风险评价:历史、现状与发展趋势

环境风险评价是成型于1970年代的多学科交叉新兴领域,为环境风险管理提供决策的科学依据.环境风险评价研究的发展经历以意外事故为风险源的事故风险评价,以化学品为风险源和人体健康为风险受体的健康风险评价,以生态系统为风险受体的生态风险评价.以微生物污染为风险源和人体健康为风险受体的定量微生物风险评价(QMRA)也于1990年代开始发展.QMRA确定微生物的摄入量及其对人体产生不良作用概率之间关系的数学描述.作为一种前沿的微生物健康风险评估手段,QMRA为公共卫生政策和标准制定、采取可行的健康干预决策提供有力支撑,已被美国、加拿大、荷兰、澳大利亚等多个国家应用于环境管理.本文梳理了环境风险评价的发展历史,系统详细综述水媒传播病原微生物定量风险评价的研究与应用,同时指出当前QMRA面临的问题并提出针对性的建议.     

决策支持系统在污染场地管理中的应用

目前污染场地的风险评价与环境监管是我国环境保护领域的热点问题.污染场地环境管理问题包含很多环节,涉及信息量大,采用决策支持系统管理污染场地是一种有效的技术手段.污染场地管理和修复决策支持系统的研究在我国还处于探索阶段,全面了解欧美发达国家污染场地管理决策支持系统的应用现状与趋势,对于我国科学开展与实施污染场地管理工作具...     

白洋淀湿地生态系统健康评价研究进展综述

白洋淀湿地生态系统健康评价是白洋淀环境管理和研究的热点问题之一。以生态系统健康概念为基础,阐述了白洋淀湿地生态系统健康评价的研究方法、研究现状,系统梳理了目前应用的白洋淀健康评价指标,对众多评价标准进行了分析,总结了白洋淀系统健康状况,比较并重点讨论了白洋淀湿地健康评价指标体系及存在的问题。在此基础上探讨了今后发展的方向。     

环境责任险试点行业定量化选取标准研究——以河南省化工行业为例

将经济规模、污染特征、国家名录制定、国家行业政策、环境风险事故5个方面作为行业选取的影响因素进行分析,构建了行业选取的定量化指标体系,采用层次分析法对权重进行赋值,并制定了不同指标等级判别标准。同时以河南省化工行业为实例进行了细类行业的选取研究,并进一步制定15个行业清单,建议其作为河南省环境责任险制度的试点行业,为管理部门的精细化和针对性管理提供了科学依据。     

系统工程视野下的再生水饮用回用安全保障体系构建

再生水是就地可取、稳定可靠的城市第二水源.再生水饮用回用（补充水源）技术经济性可行,是解决城市缺水问题的重要途径和构建可持续水循环系统的重要组成部分.作为具有复杂系统特征的非传统供水工程,再生水饮用回用的关键是保障水质安全稳定和系统可靠高效运行,因此需要构建包括水质安全管理、健康风险评价和多重屏障工程措施在内的安全保障体系.水质安全管理方面需建设包括制订科学的饮用回用水质标准和再生水处理工艺要求,建立针对再生水处理工艺和饮用回用全系统的危害分析关键控制点管理（HACCP）体系,并加强水质安全监管和认证.健康风险评价方面需开展全方位、统筹性和持续性的化学污染物和微生物风险评价方法.工程措施方面需建设包括源头控制、再生水厂净化、环境缓冲和饮用水厂净化在内的多重屏障系统,以确保水质安全.在多重屏障系统中,再生水厂是保障饮用回用水质安全的核心环节,“反渗透-高级氧化”和“臭氧-生物活性炭”是再生水处理的可行工艺.今后需深入、持续开展新兴高风险污染物控制技术、再生水环境储存和饮用回用模式等方面的研究.      

改进密切值法在地面水环境质量评价中的应用

密切值法(OsculatingMethod)作为一种多目标优选方法,在水环境质量评价中具有一定的应用。经过改进,将环境标准作为评价样本,参与到地面水环境样本的矩阵中,可以分析出各个监测断面的水质优劣排序,并使其与各级环境标准的关系一目了然。引入层次分析法,对各评价指标的贡献程度加以确定,保证了地面水环境质量评价的科学性。     

Getting stakeholder participation ‘right’: a discussion of participatory processes and possible pitfalls

The planning step of an ecological risk assessment includes the largest role for public participation in the entire assessment, for it is here that the risk manager must ensure that the assessment will yield the information he needs to make a decision. This essay discusses some general characteristics of public participation in ecological risk assessments, including the ways in which different lifestyles may lead to the establishment of community specific management goals and hence of different endpoints; the type and nature of the input provided by the public to the risk assessment and the ways in which input from the public differs from input from the scientific community; and a discussion of definitions of stakeholders and participatory processes which emphasizes their contextual nature. The essay concludes with a review of some of the challenges facing a risk manager as he designs a participatory process. Six major areas are discussed, each incorporating suggestions that should reduce difficulties in implementation of such a process and increase the likelihood of acceptance of its outcome, and hence the overall quality of the risk assessment.     

世界卫生组织(WHO)颁布环境健康基准的历程及对我国的借鉴

随着我国环境质量的不断改善,预防和控制由环境因素导致的健康风险正在成为环境管理制度的重要内容. 我国在环境基准理论和方法学领域取得了一些研究成果,而环境健康基准研究仍然存在不足,面临诸多挑战. 在回顾WHO启动环境健康基准项目背景,厘清起草、审阅和颁布环境健康基准的程序,系统总结244个环境健康基准核心内容的基础上,提出环境健康基准研究的几点建议:①运用组学和高时空人群精细化暴露评价等技术方法,开展环境致病因素和健康结局因果关系研究;②建立有效评价环境多因素暴露以及社会、经济发展状况相互作用产生健康风险的方法;③加强对影响我国居民健康,以及在环境介质中赋存量高的新型环境污染物健康基准研究;④推动建立符合我国环境质量管理需要的环境健康风险评价技术.      

关于环境风险评价的若干问题探讨

环境风险评价能避免突发性环境污染事故的发生,并为环境风险管理决策提供科学依据,促进社会可持续发展。介绍了国内外环境风险评价的发展,提出环境风险评价面临社会经济条件和社会期望变化引起的五点挑战,重点论述了环境风险评价标准和不确定性分析。讨论了环境风险评价标准制定的原则和方法,列举出各国有关机构推荐的可接受和可忽略风险值;分析了造成环境风险评价不确定性的客观和主观原因,提出不确定性解决对策和不确定性分析方法。最后提出展望与建议。     

Risk-cost trade-offs in environmental risk management decision-making

Risk-cost trade-offs are deemed to provide a basis for selecting between those risk reductions which are economic and those which are non-economic. Insufficient work has been done in environmental risk management decision-making practice to validate this assumption, or to develop an analytical framework within which it may be employed. Empirical evidence from the literature is offered for the existence of risk-cost trade-offs and the relationship of risk-cost trade-offs to the benefits side of the management decision-making issue is discussed. The risk-cost trade-off curve alone does not provide a complete basis for selecting between economic and non-economic risk-cost combinations. When combined with information on the willingness-to-pay for risk reductions, the risk-cost trade-off curve may be used to distinguish between risk reduction possibilities in a risk management decision-making context. Results allow for a more developed theoretical decision- making framework that, when amended for uncertainty, produces decision criteria useful for environmental risk management decision-making.     

化工生产中环境风险及对策研究

根据当前我国化工生产发展和环境风险管理现状,探讨了我国化工生产中环境风险的类型及发生原因,从加强合理布局、修订和完善各类污染物排放标准、强化行业管理、污染物排放总量控制、改进环境影响评价体系及方法和革新环境风险防范管理机制等方面提出了相应的对策建议。     

沈阳市污泥堆存处置过程恶臭预警集成技术研究

为解决沈阳市污泥堆存处置过程恶臭污染管理与预警方面存在的问题,文章研究了污泥恶臭产生条件、污泥堆存处置过程恶臭污染特征,明确了污泥堆存处置过程的恶臭风险因素。应用层次分析法构建了恶臭风险评估与分级预警指标体系,并通过案例分析对指标体系进行了优化,在此基础上开发了恶臭风险评估与分级预警系统软件,为企业恶臭风险管理提供了技术支撑,为环境管理部门提供了科学的监管方法。     

区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价与风险管理

<正>随着社会经济的飞速发展,人类生存空间不断向山区扩展,使得近年滑坡等山地灾害的发生越来越频繁,人们越来越认识到防范和减轻滑坡等地质灾害对社会经济发展的重要性,迫切需要寻求对滑坡地质灾害进行更为有效地控制和管理的现实途径。而区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价是滑坡地质灾害风险评价和风险管理的基础,本文在这一领域做了有益的探讨,取得了以下主要成果:     

我国水环境风险管理进展、挑战与战略对策研究

近年来我国水环境质量持续改善,但水环境风险及管控形势仍然严峻,化工厂爆炸和尾矿泄漏等突发性水环境事故频发,有毒有害污染物超标等累积性污染风险突出.该文着眼于水环境污染风险,对影响推进我国水环境风险管理的突出问题进行梳理,发现部分法律法规内容可操作性和防控力度有待完善提升、管理体系制度间衔接亟需加强、基础研究及支撑技术规范化不足、企业责任主体对风险防控的主动性不够、流域风险底数不清等问题,提出针对性的战略对策建议,包括加强顶层设计、统筹管理体系和制度的3个衔接、加强环境基准标准/风险评估/监测/应急处置4个方面的科学研究、构建以环境责任险和损害评估为核心的主动防控风险倒逼机制、开展重点水域风险普查摸清底数,提出水环境风险管理战略路线思路,强调环境风险防控关口前移、与现有环境管理体系相结合,统筹推进水环境风险管理.      

危险化学品环境风险评估报告编制中若干问题的研究

为加强重点危险化学品环境管理工作,国家要求实行重点危险化学品环境风险评估制度。在风评制度尚未全面开展的情况下,通过先行对一家重点环境管理危险化学品使用企业开展风险评估,从而对风评报告编制过程中存在的问题与困难进行总结,并提出建议与对策,可为其他编制机构开展环境风险评估工作提供指导作用。     

Development and verification of new evaluation indicators for chemical management in corporations to meet WSSD goals

During the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), it was agreed that adequate chemical management based on risk assessment should be achieved by 2020. To achieve the WSSD goals, it is important to evaluate and enhance the voluntary activities of corporations because they are the main agents dealing with chemical management. To this end, we developed new evaluation indicators that were combined with the SCP Axes (Science Axis - evaluation of the scientific basis; Capacity Axis - evaluation of the abilities of personnel and organizations; and the Performance Axis - evaluation of results of activities and information disclosure to the community, etc.) and 4 elements (hazard assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and risk management). We administered surveys to Japanese corporations from 2006 to 2008 to verify the developed indicators. The survey results showed that the activities concerning chemical management were very different across corporations for each industry category and that the hazard assessment improved, reflecting a vigorous social movement that included legal obligations. Therefore, the new evaluation indicators possessed high resolution and precisely grasped the changes in corporate activities. We found that these indicators provided an effective way to understand corporate activities designed to meet the goals of the WSSD.     

环境风险评价中若干问题探讨

社会经济的高速发展,也诱发了新的环境风险可能性的发生,特别是近年来的多种环境风险灾害事故的发生已引起了各国和国际组织的普遍关注。环境风险评价与环境风险管理已成为保护生态环境、维护公众健康的重要内容和制定决策的重要依据。文章结合目前环境风险评价的发展,探讨有关两大类环境风险评价(突发性与非突发性)以及环境风险评价与安全评价的区别,环境风险评价评估标准以及环境风险评价与城市环境管理的一些问题。     

流域累积性环境风险评价研究进展

对当前流域累计性环境风险评价方面的研究进展进行梳理并对未来研究进行展望。通过概念辨析和文献调研的方法,指出了现有研究存在的3个问题:综合生态风险评价结果过于宏观,健康风险评价暴露途径考虑单一以及健康风险评价不确定性未有实质改变。进而得出结论:克服上述问题,需要在加强风险过程模型的构建与应用;开展多暴露途径的健康风险评价;将健康风险评价纳入我国现行流域管理以及开展完整的流域累积性环境风险评价等4个方面进行加强。