金-银建造和金-锑建造矿床形成的物理-化学条件

<正> 金-锑建造和金-银建造矿床广泛发育于世界上许多矿区。但是在所有地方,这两种建造的矿床在空间上都是分离的。在太平洋成矿带中,金-银矿床位于外带;而金-锑矿床位于内带。在两个带相接地段有时形成过渡的金-锑-银建造的矿床。具有数量比值不同的金和锑是上述矿床中的共同点。至于银,它对金-锑建造     

锡与金的关系

<正> 近几十年来发现了一系列综合性的金-锡矿床、金-锡-钨矿床。在苏联东北部,锡矿带和金矿带在空间上的掩覆是有规律的。在锡石-硫化物建造的矿石中经常有银存在,这就使我们可以提出关于这种锡-银矿床具有独立建造以及这种矿床在空间上与金-银建造矿床相共生的观点。     

汞——金-银矿化的指示剂

<正> 人们对热液成矿作用中汞行为特征的浓厚兴趣,在很大程度上与汞是金-银矿床的特征元素有关。以前曾有人指出,汞在金、银矿床范围内可形成地球化学晕。还查明,主要是在银矿床的矿物和矿石中有Hg的聚集标志,在矿带的中心部分有低温升华Hg的富集,而在矿床深部和侧部的矿体中以高温升华汞占优势。     

银矿与莫霍面的关系——以浙闽和天山地区为例

银是我国的紧缺矿种,也是全世界最走俏的金属商品,世界各国都在积极寻找新的银矿床。陆相火山岩 次火山岩型银矿床是最重要的银矿工业类型,多产于大陆板块边缘陆相火山岩广泛分布地区。根据元素组合可将银矿床分为单银型、金银型、银铅锌型和铜银型等等。它们在空间分布上与莫霍面有一定关系。单银型矿床多产于莫霍面比较浅的地区,铜银型矿床一般分布在莫霍面相对比较深的地区,金银型矿床和银铅锌型矿床通常置于单银型 铜银型中间地区。金银型与银铅锌型相比,前者分布地区的莫霍面深度比后者可能相对浅一些。     

朝鲜半岛南半部金-银矿床的矿物学和地球化学

<正> 前言南朝鲜的金、银矿床大多分布在前寒武纪的花岗片麻岩中,和/或与侏罗纪的花岗岩有密切关系。所有这些金、银矿床(一般称为“朝鲜”金-银矿床)都属于高温热液或中温热液型。本文所讨论的朝鲜型金-银矿床的地质和矿     

四川呷村多金属矿床的垂向分带

呷村多金属矿床是典型的海相火山热液一喷气沉积块状硫化物矿床。它具明显的垂向分带性,自下而上依次为铅锌矿带、铜铅锌银矿带和重晶石矿带,类似于日本黑矿型矿床的黄矿带、黑矿带和重晶石矿带。下部矿石主要呈粒状结构,脉状、网脉状构造;上部矿石常呈胶状、草莓状结构,块状、条带状、层纹状构造.围岩蚀变在铅锌矿带及其下伏火山岩中非常发育,而在上部块状矿层中却十分微弱。按蚀变的种类和强度,矿区分五个蚀变带。cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au、S、Ba等元素含量在含矿带内有随层位升高而增大的变化规律。研究表明,成矿溶液的温度、物质成份、fO_2、pH值,以及围岩岩性等因素控制呷村矿床的垂向分带。     

中国东南沿海金、银矿床区域成矿规律

中国东南沿海的金、银(银铅锌)矿床平行东海岸线分带,东带以银矿化为主,西带以金矿化为主。金、银矿床(点)明显地受断裂构造和火山构造所控制,矿床类型主要有变质热液型、火山(含次火山)热液型、地热水溶滤型和岩浆—热液型。成矿物质是多来源的,主要来自前寒武纪基底变质岩系或古大陆壳。成矿水介质除变质热液型金矿床以变质水为主外,其他类型矿床大气降水起着重要作用。在此认识的基础上,探讨区域金、银矿床的成矿作用,提出成矿作用图式。     

金-银建造的矿床类型

<正> 近年来,所获得的关于金-银矿床形成条件的资料,表明了必须准确地说明“金-银建造”概念,以及建造划分准则和矿床分类。多年来,一直认为金-银建造只与年轻的火山岩带有联系(В.Линдгрен,Γ。Шнейдерхен等)。近期通过对研究鄂霍茨克-楚克奇火山岩带中生代矿床和天山古生代矿床的研究,扩大了金-银建造的时代范围,同时对作为最典型的火山岩系列成矿建造之一的金-银建造的认识没有改变。     

火山成因矿床中金-银矿化与锡-银矿化的关系

近年来,在文献中就锡矿化和金矿化的关系问题发表了各种不同的观点。彼特罗夫斯卡娅(1973)认为,锡和钨、钼矿物构成的组合属于金矿床的排斥性的、非典型的矿物组合。涅克拉索夫(1973)以深成矿床为例指出,金和锡不是对抗元素,能形成这两种元素高度富集的综合矿床。马凯耶夫和波利托夫(1972)指出,苏联东部的中生代褶皱带的含锡构造中,锡矿化和金-银矿化在空间上是共生的。     

粤西长坑金银矿床成因的硫、铅同位素地球化学研究

长坑金银矿床是近年来国内发现的矿床新类型，金、银既共生于同一矿床中又分别构成独立矿体；金、银矿体在硫、铅同位素组成方面存在明显差异，金矿体铅同位素组成与围岩铅相似，表明金、银在成矿物质来源或成矿过程方面存在差异。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.