高效海洋溢油降解菌降解海洋溢油条件的优化研究

针对海洋溢油污染问题,采用实验室筛选的海洋溢油降解菌HJ01和HJ02开展海洋溢油微生物降解优化研究,采用单因素实验和多因素正交实验进行降解率测定。结果表明,单因素实验条件下,当pH值为7、培养温度35℃、石油初始浓度7 500mg/L、NaCl含量20 000mg/L时,HJ01和HJ02对海洋溢油的降解效果最佳。正交实验条件下,HJ01在pH值为7、培养温度35℃、石油初始浓度7 500mg/L、NaCl含量10 000mg/L时降解效果最佳;HJ02在pH值为7、培养温度30℃、石油初始浓度11 000 mg/L、NaCl含量10 000mg/L时降解效果最佳。     

浅谈突发溢油事件应急处置技术及装置的应用

概述了海洋溢油应急处置的技术方法,分析了溢油应急处置装置设备的应用特点,为海洋溢油应急处置工作提供理论依据。     

海洋石油溢油探测与处理技术进展

随着石油开发逐渐走向深海,海洋石油已成为石油工业的重要组成部分。海洋溢油是严重的环境事件,是海洋石油面临的重要挑战之一。文章总结了钻完井溢油、海底管道溢油、油轮溢油三种常见情况下的溢油情形,并对其原因进行了分析。针对海洋石油溢油,对视觉感受器、红外传感器、激光荧光传感器、无源微波传感器、雷达、卫星六种探测技术的原理、适用条件等开展了论述。最后,文章对围油栏、撇油器、原位燃烧等处理技术进行了论述,并提出建议,针对已发生溢油,可采用围油栏进行围控,采用撇油器、原位燃烧等方式对围控的溢油进行处理。     

海洋粘土颗粒物对溢油生物降解的影响

海上发生溢油后会严重影响海洋的生态环境。海洋中广泛存在粘土颗粒物,可以和溢油发生相互作用生成油-颗粒物聚集体,进而促进溢油的清除。本研究介绍了几种典型的油-颗粒物聚集体的形貌特性,分析了聚集体在海洋溢油去除中的作用,综述了粘土颗粒物对石油降解菌和海洋溢油生物降解的影响。结果表明,油-颗粒物聚集体在石油污染海岸线的自然清理中起着重要的作用;粘土颗粒物可以降低石油对微生物的毒性,并能促进海上溢油的生物降解。     

海洋溢油的风化过程及其对环境的影响

随着沿海和海上油田的大规模开发，溢油事故屡有发生。据估计，我国海洋年均溢油量约为２万ｔ，对海洋环境构成了严重的危害，成为海洋环境中的主要污染源。根据近年来对海洋溢油污染的研究，详细介绍溢油进入海洋环境的扩散、挥发、溶解、分散及乳化等过程，并进而阐述了对海洋环境的影响。     

胜利油田海洋溢油回收装置与回收方法研究

通过对胜利油田海洋应急中心在溢油应急守护、溢油回收及海上环保巡逻检查等方面的描述,找出与国外发达国家的差距,并提出响应的改进措施。同时还以埕岛油田附近海域发生的溢油事故为例,进行了溢油回收方式的探讨。     

海洋石油污染处理方法优化配置

溢油是石油进入海洋的主要方式之一,如何对溢油事故进行有效的预防和处理成为有效预防海洋污染、保护海洋环境的重要举措。文章从三个方面介绍了如何进行溢油防治,并对溢油处理措施进行了详细说明,论证了不同海面状况下各种处理方法的优化组合,并以辽河油田浅海石油开发公司导管架平台溢油事故为例进行了说明。     

海上溢油污染的危害及防治措施

随着海上交通运输业的蓬勃发展和海洋石油资源的不断开发,海上溢油污染已成为人类面临的一大难题。阐述了海上溢油可能对海洋生态系统及人类带来的危害,分别介绍了海上溢油事故处理的物理、化学和生物方法,建议应探索综合防治方法。     

由“20万罚款太轻”谈法律的修改完善

前不久,国家海洋局在北京召开蓬莱19—3油田漏油事故通报会。会上中国海监第二支队政委何建苗表示,此次溢油事故涉嫌违反海洋环境保护法第50条,最高处罚是20万。此言一出,引来发布会现场一片叹息：“太轻了。”     

渤海湾漏油事故引发系列诉讼案

正2011年夏季,我国渤海油田发生重大溢油事故,总溢油量达到7070吨,造成周边6200平方公里海域海水被污染。事故后,在油田作业的康菲公司海国家海洋局支付近17亿元洋生态向组定性损害赔偿。这起被国务院调查为中国迄今最严重的海洋生态事故和漏油事故,它所引发的污染治理和诉讼直到今天也没有完结。     

海上溢油事故应急反应系统的框架研究

一旦发生海上溢油事故,溢油事故应急反应系统将有效地组织溢油事故的各种应急处理,以确保海洋生态系统的安全和减少经济损失。文章对海上溢油事故应急反应系统的总体框架进行了分析,并详细介绍了以溢油信息收集子系统、溢油模拟子系统、环境与资源信息数据库、溢油应急指挥中心及溢油应急处理系统五大部分为主体的框架及其主要功能。该框架可作为建立海上溢油事故应急反应系统的基础。     

海洋石油开发中含油污水处理与溢油防治技术

海洋石油工业清洁生产的关键是防止油污染,而油污染的主要来源是日常排放的含油污水中的油及事故性溢油。首先概述了海上含油污水的处理方法及其原理,并结合实际论述了主要采用的处理工艺,并分析了各工艺技术的处理效果和存在的问题。文章还叙述了海上溢油事故及防止溢油事故发生所应采取的多方位预防措施;建立管理体系,加强管理,通过培训来提高全员操作管理水平,建立溢油处置应急计划和组织系统。在溢油控制方面建立海上溢油漂移模拟程序,对溢油进行实时监控,并对采用的溢油处理装置及方法进行了评述     

Comments on current environmental events in Kuwait

This article describes and assesses the impact of oil spillage and oil well fires on Kuwait and its surroundings. The marine ecology of the Arabian Gulf is shown to be relatively resistant to damage from oil spillage. The risks of the contamination of thermal desalination plants by oil and oil products are assessed, and remedies are suggested. Air pollution from burning oil wells is described and its consequences are predicted. Editor’s note: Professor Hosny Khordagui worked as a research scientist at the Environmental and Earth Science Department of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, led to the permanent loss of most of his data, research reports, and laboratory equipment, and Prof. Khordagui was constrained to live under the Iraqi occupation for a few weeks. His article “A Conceptual Approach to the Selection of a Control Measure for Residual Chlorine Discharge in Kuwait Bay” will appear in a forthcoming issue ofEnvironmental Management.     

海洋石油开发周边海域重金属锌的时空分布特征研究

海洋石油开发过程中重金属锌对海洋的影响日益受到关注。依据曹妃甸油田群海域2010—2018年长期海洋环境监测数据,采用克里金插值法和Hakanson生态风险指数法,分析了海域重金属锌的变化趋势、时空分布特征和潜在生态风险,探讨了可能来源并提出减缓措施。结果表明：研究海域海水水质锌呈现先降低后升高的趋势,平均含量2010年5月最高。2010年5月沉积物锌含量为(44.9±14.3)×10^-6低于渤海表层沉积物锌含量背景值(67.6±17.0)×10^-6。各期监测结果显示,油田区域未形成明显锌高值区。陆源排污、河流入海携带、航运、大气湿沉降等是研究海域重金属锌的重要来源。     

The oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon: Assessing impacts and possible solutions

While the oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon has made important contributions to the national economy, this has been accompanied with adverse environmental impacts. There has been significant pollution from oil drilling, refinery waste, oil spillage, gas and flaring. After discussing these impacts, this paper argues that prevailing regulations are inadequate and need overhauling. It proposes that cleaner production requires:

(i)

specific laws to protect dwellers in the neighbourhood of oil refineries, filling stations, service stations and pipelines;     

埕岛油田2号中心平台除砂工艺

介绍了中心平台油气处理工艺、清除采出砂的必要性和要求。论述了地面集输系统的除砂方法以及中心平台除砂工艺，评价了除砂方法和工艺的优、缺点。供海上油田作业时借鉴。     

Physicochemical Characteristics and Pollution Indicators in the Intertidal Zone of Kuwait: Implications for Benthic Ecology

/ The coastal environment of Kuwait has been under considerable stress since the onset of the oil era in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Oil, sewage, and industrial pollution were believed to be the main environmental problems in the coastal zone. The huge oil spill and destruction caused by the Gulf War further complicated those problems. In this article, the temperature, pH, salinity, and total dissolved sulfide (TDS) of the interstitial water in the intertidal zone and the water content and total organic carbon (TOC) of the intertidal sediment were investigated. The purpose of the study was to understand the effect of the physicochemical characteristics on the intertidal benthic ecology and to identify the level and sources of organic pollution in the intertidal zone. The study results indicated that the prevailing harsh environmental conditions, especially high temperature and salinity, restricted benthic fauna diversity and led to the development of a fragile intertidal ecosystem. The fauna inhabiting the intertidal zone was dominated by a few species probably living at their limit of tolerance. Organic pollution was evident mainly in Sulaibikhat Bay and to a lesser extent in Kuwait City waterfront and Shuaiba coast in the south. The pollution was attributed mainly to land-based sources such as the occasional discharge of raw sewage through stormwater outlets, the direct oil spillage, and industrial effluents from refineries, oil terminals, and petrochemical plants. Quantitative analysis was inconclusive in establishing a significant correlation between the chemistry and composition of the benthic fauna. However, close examination of sites with high TOC and TDS concentrations indicated that the benthic fauna in those sites was showing evidence of degradation. A number of strategies were recommended to ensure protection and sustainable management of the coastal environment.KEY WORDS: Intertidal environment; Pollution; Total organic carbon; Dissolved sulfide; Interstitial water; Benthic fauna     

Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability and the protective capacity in some oil producing communities of western Niger Delta

Oil spills have become a major environmental hazard constituting serious social problems in Nigeria, especially in the oil producing communities. The spills contaminate the aquifer if the subsurface layers are not protected. Geoelectric technique of geophysical investigation has been used to evaluate the protective capacity of six oil producing communities: Oleh, Olomoro, Uzere, Afiesere, Ekakpamre and Uvwiamuge in the western Niger Delta. A total of 139 vertical electrical sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger electrode configuration were occupied in these communities. The longitudinal conductance maps delineated areas with poor (<0.1 mho), weak (0.1–0.19 mho), moderate (0.2–0.69 mho) and good protective capacity (0.7–4.9 mho). The study has shown that the protective capacity of most parts of the communities studied is poor with Uvwiamuge and Ekakpamre communities not protected hence the aquifer in these oil producing communities are vulnerable to contamination by hydrocarbon in the event of pollution. Hence proper environmental protection measures have been suggested to safeguard the aquifer from pollution by hydrocarbon in the event of spillage.     

A港区海上溢油事故数值模拟预测

为研究A港区溢油事故的影响,通过MIKE21软件建模、并综合考虑风向、风速和潮流等因素设定6种不同情景进行模拟预测。结果显示,在不利风条件下,72 h油膜扩散距离为0.7~39.50 km,扫海面积可达0.03~142.97 km²,风场对油粒子的漂移和扩散起决定性作用,潮流场次之。通过模拟预测,为加强区域溢油应急联动、充分利用周边溢油应急资源,做好溢油应急防范提供参考。