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1.
Perceiving the Environment from the Lay Perspective in Desertified Areas,Northern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Investigating local people’s environmental perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into decision
making processes that help resolve environmental problems. Although China is undergoing severe desertification, the perceptions
of the local people toward their degraded environment and the related issues have so far not been actively solicited. This
article, which is a supplement to Lee and Zhang’s (2004, 2005) studies, seeks to further investigate the lay public’s general environmental attitudes, perceptions of desertification, interpretations
of land-degrading activities, and particularly their interrelations in severely desertified areas. Minqin County in Gansu
Province, northern China, was chosen to be the study area. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1138) administered in December 2002. Major findings were: (1) Most respondents had only weak altruistic environmental attitudes,
with educational level to be a significant determinant. (2) Respondents’ perceptions of desertification and interpretations
of land-degrading activities were contingent on personal attributes, general environmental attitudes, and other conceptions
related to desertification. It is recommended that the interrelations between the various aspects of the public’s environmental
perceptions should be thoroughly examined to facilitate their participation in environmental management. 相似文献
2.
Ezebilo EE 《Environmental management》2012,49(1):207-218
The prior identification of local people’s preferences for conservation-development projects will help gear nature-conservation
strategies toward the needs of different groups of local people. This will help policy-makers in designing a more acceptable
and effective conservation strategy. This article reports a study of local perceptions of a community forestry project that
aims to help improve the design as well as local acceptance of the project. The data originated from personal interviews conducted
in communities around Okwangwo Division of the Cross River National Park in southeast Nigeria and were analysed using ordered
logit and binary logit models. The results showed that >50% of the respondents were satisfied with the community forestry
project. The respondents’ perceptions were mainly influenced by education, age, gender, and willingness to contribute money
to tourism as well as the contributions of cocoa, banana, and afang (Gnetum
africanum) to the respondents’ income. The results from this study have important implications for nature conservation in Nigeria and
potentially other conservation contexts across the developing world. 相似文献
3.
4.
Bhatnagar YV Wangchuk R Prins HH Van Wieren SE Mishra C 《Environmental management》2006,38(6):934-941
An emerging conflict with Trans-Himalayan pastoral communities in Ladakh’s Changthang Plateau threatens the conservation prospects
of the kiang (Equus kiang) in India. It is locally believed that Changthang’s rangelands are overstocked with kiang, resulting in forage competition
with livestock. Here, we provide a review and preliminary data on the causes of this conflict. Erosion of people’s tolerance
of the kiang can be attributed to factors such as the loss of traditional pastures during an Indo-Chinese war fought in 1962,
immigration of refugees from Tibet, doubling of the livestock population in about 20 years, and increasing commercialization
of cashmere (pashmina) production. The perception of kiang overstocking appears misplaced, because our range-wide density estimate of 0.24 kiang
km−2 (± 0.44, 95% CL) is comparable to kiang densities reported from Tibet. A catastrophic decline during the war and subsequent
recovery of the kiang population apparently led to the overstocking perception in Ladakh. In the Hanle Valley, an important
area for the kiang, its density was higher (0.56 km−2) although even here, we estimated the total forage consumed by kiang to be only 3–4% compared to 96–97% consumed by the large
livestock population (78 km−2). Our analysis nevertheless suggests that at a localized scale, some herders do face serious forage competition from kiang
in key areas such as moist sedge meadows, and thus management strategies also need to be devised at this scale. In-depth socioeconomic
surveys are needed to understand the full extent of the conflicts, and herder-centered participatory resolution needs to be
facilitated to ensure that a sustainable solution for livelihoods and kiang conservation is achieved. 相似文献
5.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
6.
Donald B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(2):165-194
The term natural is effective in the marketing of a wide variety of foods. This ambiguous term carries important meaning in Western culture.
To challenge an uncritical understanding of natural with respect to food and to explore the ambiguity of the term, the development of Western ideas of nature is first discussed. Personification and hypostasization of nature are given special emphasis. Leo Marx’s idea of the pastoral
design in literature is then used to explore the meaning of natural as applied to food, emphasizing Marx’s distinction between
a sentimental and a complex pastoral. The latter is applied to natural as a means of collapsing a dichotomy of man and nature to the idea of second nature. From this perspective an understanding of the industrialization of the food system and the importance of local and organic
food are considered. The extent to which processed foods might properly be considered natural is raised and discussed for
several common foods. Although marketing of natural foods might make us think that we consume nature, I suggest that what
is consumed is more appropriately second nature. I suggest that in order to maintain a critical perspective about one’s relationship
to the natural world, everyone should make an attempt to experience the complex pastoral with respect to at least something
that is consumed as food. When nature is understood as second nature in the context of a complex pastoral, the question of
whether a food or ingredient is to be considered natural is replaced by deliberative thought based on our best knowledge and
judgment, and the result will be less constrained by ideology. 相似文献
7.
Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ramona Cristina Ilea 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):153-167
By 2050, global livestock production is expected to double—growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector—with most
of this increase taking place in the developing world. As the United Nation’s four-hundred-page report, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, documents, livestock production is now one of three most significant contributors to environmental problems, leading to
increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. The paper draws on the
UN report as well as a flurry of other recently published studies in order to demonstrate the effect of intensive livestock
production on global warming and on people’s health. The paper’s goal is to outline the problems caused by intensive livestock
farming and analyze a number of possible solutions, including legislative changes and stricter regulations, community mobilizing,
and consumers choosing to decrease their demand for animal products. 相似文献
8.
In this work we characterize the public perception of one kind of ecological risk—blue-algae bloom in Hongze Lake, China,
based on the psychometric paradigm method. In the first survey of May 2008, 300 respondents of Sihong County adjacent to Hongze
Lake were investigated, with a total of 156 questionnaires returned. Then in a second survey of July 2008, 500 respondents
from the same research area were investigated, with 318 questionnaires collected. This research firstly attempted to explore
the local respondents’ degree of concern regarding ecological changes to Hongze Lake in the last ten years. Secondly, to explore
the public perception of blue-algae bloom compared to three typical kinds of hazards including earthquake, nuclear power and
public traffic. T-test was used to examine the difference of risk perception in these four hazards over time. The third part
of this research, with demographic analysis and nonparametric statistical test, predicted the different groups of respondents’
willingness to accept (WTA) risk of blue-algae bloom in two surveys. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the risk perception
model explained 28.3% of variance in the WTA blue-algae bloom risk. The variables of Knowledge, Social effect, Benefit, Controllability
and Trust in government were significantly correlated with WTA, which implied that these variables were the main influencing
factors explaining the respondents’ willingness to accept risk. The results would help the Chinese government to comprehend
the public’s risk perception of the lake ecosystem, inducing well designed communication of risks with public and making effective
mitigation policies to improve people’s rational risk judgment. 相似文献
9.
Yung-Ping Tseng Gerard T. Kyle C. Scott Shafer Alan R. Graefe Timothy A. Bradle Michael A. Schuett 《Environmental management》2009,43(3):496-507
Along with the growing boating population and the number of boats in use on limited inland waterways, boater expectations
of setting density, safety perceptions, and the associated impacts on their experience (e.g., satisfaction) are becoming increasingly
important. The primary purpose of this article was to explore a recreational boating crowding–satisfaction model derived from
previous work using safety and enjoyment as mediating variables. We also tested our crowding–satisfaction model among day
and overnight users. Our analysis revealed no significant difference between day and overnight users for any of the relationships
tested in our model. Our final model indicated as respondents’ expectations for seeing people increased along with their feelings
of being crowded, they were more inclined to consider the conditions on the lake as being unsafe. They were also more inclined
to indicate that the number of people they had seen on the lake detracted from their boating experience. Respondents’ satisfaction
was tied to their perceptions of crowding. Mediating variables illustrated that the relationship was conditioned by perceptions
of safety and enjoyment. Analysis of the indirect effect observed in our study illustrate that when the number of people seen
on the lake exceed respondents’ expectations, their perceptions of safety and enjoyment both decline, resulting in lower satisfaction.
These findings have implications for managing recreational boating use on inland lake systems. Given the role played by expectations
in our model, efforts to communicate with boaters about conditions on these waterways is important for helping them plan their
boating experience and avoid situations they consider unsafe or unsatisfactory. 相似文献
10.
Practitioners and stakeholders involved in environmental and risk assessment and decision-making efforts have access to a
growing list of policies and guidance for implementing good process. The advice is often general. There is little understanding
of how situation specific features are relevant in new circumstances. In a series of ten case studies we investigated how
people’s (a) perceptions of the context, (b) preferences for outcomes, and (c) affiliations, experiences and motivations are
related to their preferences for process features in a particular situation. The cases are in three policy areas: watershed
management, forestry management, and clean-up and public health management of radioactively contaminated sites. We conclude
this paper with a discussion of how the results can inform process design. Process design should be based on a diagnostic
approach that specifically assesses relevant situational characteristics. 相似文献
11.
Estimation and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Methane Emissions from Agriculture in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Estimating and analyzing the temporal and spatial patterns of methane emissions from agriculture (MEA) will help China formulate
mitigation and adaptation strategies for the nation’s agricultural sector. Based on the Tier 2 method presented in the 2006
guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and on existing reports, this article presents a systematic
estimation of MEA in China from 1990 to 2006, with a particular emphasis on trends and spatial distribution. Results from
our study indicate that China’s MEA rose from 16.37 Tg yr−1 in 1990 to 19.31 Tg yr−1 in 2006, with an average annual increase of 1.04%. Over the study period, while emissions from field burning of crop residues
remained rather low, those from rice cultivation and from livestock typically decreased and increased, respectively, showing
extremely opposite trends that chiefly resulted from changes in the cultivated areas for different rice seasons and changes
in the populations of different animal species. Over the study period, China’s high-MEA regions shifted generally northward,
chiefly as a result of reduced emissions from rice cultivation in most of China’s southern provinces and a substantial growth
in emissions from livestock enteric fermentation in most of China’s northern, northeastern, and northwestern provinces. While
this article provides significant information on estimates of MEA in China, it also includes some uncertainties in terms of
estimating emissions from each source category. We conclude that China’s MEA will likely continue to increase in the future
and recommend a demonstration study on MEA mitigation along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. We further recommend
enhanced data monitoring and statistical analysis, which will be essential for preparation of the national greenhouse gas
(GHG) inventory. 相似文献
12.
Citizens’ Views on Farm Animal Welfare and Related Information Provision: Exploratory Insights from Flanders,Belgium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Filiep Vanhonacker Els Van Poucke Frank Tuyttens Wim Verbeke 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):551-569
The results of two independent empirical studies with Flemish citizens were combined to address the problem of a short fall
of information provision about higher welfare products. The research objectives were (1) to improve our understanding of how
citizens conceptualize farm animal welfare, (2) to analyze the variety in the claimed personal relevance of animal welfare
in the food purchasing decision process, and (3) to find out people’s needs in relation to product information about animal
welfare and the extent to which the current information caters to these needs. The first study consisted of a survey conducted
in three consecutive years (2000–2002, n = 521) and was complemented with more recent qualitative data from four focus group discussions (2006, n = 29). Citizens’ conceptualization of farm animal welfare matched reasonably well with those in the scientific literature,
although it is clearly influenced by a lower level of practical experience and a higher weight of empathy. In general, respondents
indicated that animal welfare was an important product attribute, although it was less important than primary product attributes
such as quality, health, and safety. Moral issues, rather than a perception of higher quality, were the main influence on
preferences for higher welfare products. At present, higher standards of animal welfare are mostly guaranteed within more
general quality assurance schemes. Yet people’s decisions to not choose higher welfare products seems to be related to the
perceptual disconnection between eating animal food products and the living producing animals. Respondents generally thought
better information provision was required and the present level of provision was strongly criticized. In combination, the
findings of both studies help inform the discussion about how citizens can be informed about animal welfare and the preferred
content, source, and medium of such information. The paper also provides insights into citizens’ semantic interpretation of the concept of animal welfare (what wordings they use) and the range of relevance that animal welfare has for different groups that, in turn is useful in identifying which segments can be targeted. This can contribute to a more effective valorization of animal welfare as a product attribute. 相似文献
13.
The city of Bangalore in southern India is rapidly expanding, resulting in major transformations in land use, wetland management,
and the distribution of green spaces. This paper examines how transformations in land use and governance consequent to urbanization
can change people’s perceptions of and interactions with an urban ecological commons, using the case study of the Agara lake
in the south Indian city of Bangalore. In less than four decades, the landscape surrounding the lake has altered from a fundamentally
agricultural area, dependent on the lake for irrigation and drinking water, to a densely urbanized area where the lake is
used predominantly for recreation. A change in governance from community management to state management has sidelined the
fishers, fodder collectors and agricultural users who traditionally maintained this lake. The governmental agencies that are
supposed to maintain the lake are unable to do so due to a complex governance structure, with overlapping jurisdictions, compounded
by an ongoing litigation. Over the past decades, the lake has largely transitioned into an urban green space primarily used
for recreation and nature watching. This case study provides us with a broader understanding of how changes in governance
consequent to urbanization and city expansion can impact interactions between people and ecological commons in a rapidly growing
Indian city. 相似文献
14.
This article compares a range of initiatives aimed at involving people in the management of forest resources in Nepal and
India. In Nepal, we focus on three categories of state-initiated programs: community forestry, the parks’ buffer zone program,
and leasehold forestry. In the southern Indian state of Karnataka, we study the state-initiated Joint Forest Planning and
Management program along with older institutions of leaf manure forests (Soppina betta) and historical sacred forests (Kans). We conclude that state-initiated approaches to involving communities have been limited, at best, promote standardized and
relatively inflexible management practices, and lead to partial improvement in biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. When
management is initiated and owned by the community, as in the case of sacred groves in India, and when other conditions are
appropriate, communities can have the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for putting effective and adaptive conservation
practices in place. 相似文献
15.
The European Union’s policies regarding genetically modified food (GMF hereafter) are based on the precautionary principle
and the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy. We ask whether the requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy regarding
GMF implies that both GMF and non-GMF products should be available in the market. According to one line of thought, consumers’
choices may be autonomous even when the both types of products are not available. A food market with only GMF or only non-GMF
products does not strictly speaking compel people to buy the type of products available, and a possibility to refuse to buy
is enough for consumers’ choice to be autonomous. According to another line of thought, the unavailability of GMF or non-GMF
products restricts the autonomy of those consumers who are unwilling to use the only type of products (GMF or non-GMF) available
in the market. From the point of view of autonomy, a food market with only GMF or only non-GMF products does not offer enough
alternatives for consumers. Moreover, the whole point of the European Union’s requirement of respecting consumers’ autonomy
is to enable an autonomous choice between GMF and non-GMF—not just to give a possibility to refrain from buying. However,
this does not imply that producers, processors, wholesalers, retailers, or public authorities have a moral duty to see that
there are both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. The requirement to respect autonomy is prima facie in nature, and in the context of GMF, other prima facie requirements are often stronger and override it. Not only the consumers’ autonomy of choice but also environmental values,
other people’s well-being, and the autonomous choice of farmers, retailers, and other relevant parties should be respected.
Thus, according to the both lines of thought, the requirement to respect consumers’ autonomy of choice does not imply that
there should be both GMF and non-GMF products available in the market. 相似文献
16.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
17.
Unni Kj?rnes 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):145-162
The lack of consistency between people’s engagement in ethical issues and their food choices has received considerable attention.
Consumption as “choice” dominates this discourse, understood as decision-making at the point of purchase. But ideas concentrating
on individual choice are problematic when trying to understand how social and ethical issues emerge and are dealt with in
the practices of buying and eating food. I argue in this paper that “consumer choice” is better understood as a political
ideology addressing a particular way in which everyday practices can be directed so as to solve social problems. It is a way
that makes questions of power particularly challenging. Some assume consumer sovereignty, emphasizing consumer choice as a
reflection of neoliberal deregulation and commercialization. Others worry that ongoing changes increase consumers’ powerlessness.
None of these seem to capture that there is active regulation, where public as well as commercial and civil actors are making
strong efforts to make people do the right thing—voluntarily. Labeling is the key measure. In practice, the individualized
and rationalized model of responsibility depends not only on market opportunities, but even political and social expectations
and trust. People may lack concrete capabilities and power to follow up on moral calls, but they may also have a different
understanding of who is responsible and what is a “good deed,” or their actions may, in a Foucauldian sense, represent resistance.
The paper will, with examples from European empirical studies, discuss how mobilization as well as inertia and disinterest
emerge within specific political constellations and practical contexts. 相似文献
18.
The aim of this study was to assess the potential for coexistence between rural people (living adjacent to a protected area)
and predators (from the same area) ranging onto communal land. Ninety members of local communities bordering Manyeleti Game
Reserve, which is contiguous with Kruger National Park, South Africa were interviewed. Respondents expressed diverging attitudes
toward predators, which were more favorable among participants with higher education. Negative views were particularly due
to fear of human and livestock losses, especially to lions, Panthera leo. Lions were thought to be the most abundant predator both within and outside the reserve. Lions were also the best known
predator and were most often held responsible for killing livestock. Despite these livestock losses and a lack of conservation
education, most participants voiced favorable opinions about large carnivore conservation, as predators were considered an
integral part of the respondents’ natural heritage. Thanks to this cultural tolerance and also because of a largely accepted
management policy regarding predator control, large carnivores and people can coexist in the vicinity of Kruger National Park. 相似文献
19.
This paper investigates local recognition of the link between incentive-based program (IBP) benefits and conservation, and
how perceptions of benefits and linkage influence attitudes in communities surrounding Chitwan National Park, Nepal. A survey
of 189 households conducted between October and December 2004 examined local residents’ perceived benefits, their attitudes
toward park management, and perception of linkages between conservation and livelihoods. Linkage perceptions were measured
by a scale compared with a respondent’s recognition of benefits to determine whether IBPs establish a connection between benefits
and livelihoods. An attitude scale was also created to compare attitudes toward park management with perceptions of benefits
and linkage to determine if IBPs led to positive attitudes, and if the recognition of a direct tie between livelihoods and
natural resources made attitudes more favorable. Research results indicate that as acknowledgement of benefit increases, so
does the perception of linkage between the resource and livelihoods. Similarly, when perceived benefit increases, so too does
attitude towards management. Positive attitude towards park management is influenced more by perception of livelihood dependence
on resources than on benefits received from the park. However, overwhelming positive support voiced for conservation did not
coincide with conduct. In spite of the positive attitudes and high perception of linkage, people did not necessarily behave
in a way compatible with conservation. This suggests that while benefits alone can lead to positive attitudes, without clear
linkages to conservation, the IBP may lose persuasion when alternative options—conflicting with conservation objectives—arise
promising to provide greater economic benefit. 相似文献
20.
C. Louise Goggin Patricia M. Please Malcolm J. Ridges Charles A. Booth Geoffrey R. Simpson Richard Green 《Local Environment》2017,22(10):1217-1236
Connecting people with nature improves well-being, but how people connect with natural places is not well documented. We asked 43 people (19 Aboriginal Australians, 24 non-Aboriginal people) about the messages they received from Country during an interactive experience in the remote Mungo National Park, Australia, and analysed the physical senses, emotions and cognitive processes they mentioned. The physical senses mentioned by most respondents were sight, hearing and motion (particularly walking). These senses helped people receive messages from Country and connect with place. We used the primary-process emotional systems of Panksepp [2010. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12 (4), 533–545] as a framework to capture the emotional dimension of experience. Most people reported positive emotions; they spoke about being nurtured by the group and the land (CARE), and the intense joy (PLAY) of being part of the community, being on Country and being accompanied by Aboriginal people. However, our results indicate the framework does not capture the breadth of positive emotions, particularly those associated with connection to place and spiritual experiences. Both groups mentioned cognitive processes reflecting their beliefs, existing knowledge, or sharing and acquiring new knowledge. Our results indicate that the emotional dimension of experience has the potential to measure connection to place, and provide a subjective measure of well-being. More research is needed to document this dimension of experience, and how it changes with context. Our case study provides further insight for those who manage protected areas and seek to enrich the experience of visitors. 相似文献