生态城市的构架理论研究

生态城市的建设是可持续发展战略的一项重要内容。近几年关于生态城市的研究较多,然而生态城市的构架体系至今不明确。文章探讨了生态城市的内涵、特征和指标体系等构架理论,提出了创建生态城市的基本策略,以期推动我国生态城市的建设工作。     

唐山生态城市建设核心指标体系与评价

以我国东部沿海重工业城市—唐山市为例,通过分析其背景及发展特色,应用层次分析法结合专家评价法构建了一套唐山生态城市建设核心指标体系。体系主要包括4类1级指标、13类2级指标和49类3级指标,同时采用线性加权法计算得出唐山生态城市建设过程中不同发展阶段的生态化水平。结果表明,唐山市现阶段已经处于较高的生态化水平;2015年综合指数值可望处于Ⅰ级生态化水平,基本达到生态城市标准;且有望在2020—2030年建成中等发达国家水平的生态化城市。     

生态城市的指标体系与评价方法

本文从城市生态系统结构，功能和功调度三方面构建了生态城市的指标体系，提出了生态城市的评价方法，并选择上海，深圳，天津，香港等五个沿海城市进行了城市生态化程度的分析。     

城市生态监测指标体系研究——以江苏省城市为例

从生态监测的发展出发,总结了目前江苏省城市主要的生态问题,并从城市生态系统原理的角度,分析了江苏城市问题的生态学实质。根据生态检测指标体系制定的目的性,以生态系统理论为基础,提出了构建思路和构建原则,最后进行了生态监测指标体系的构建,并指出了构建意义。     

城市生态住宅评价及规划设计

城市生态住宅是21世纪人居环境可持续发展的一种新型模式。文章提出了生态住宅，介绍了其评价指标体系和生态规划设计理念，并就其发展存在的问题以及未来发展的趋势和前景进行了探索。     

生态文明视角下城市水安全评价指标体系的构建

水安全既是城市生态文明建设的重要内容,也是生态文明建设的重要保障,而水安全评价则是实现水安全的必然途径。本文旨在以生态文明建设为宗旨,以水安全的影响因素为依据,构建水安全评价指标体系。生态文明导向下的城市水安全评价更强调水资源的循环性、效率性、可持续性,水生态与社会发展的和谐性及平衡性。评价指标体系可分为自然生态、社会行为、制度规则和精神意识4个维度,然后根据每个维度下水资源的特征及外部因素对水资源的影响方式设计具体的评价指标,并运用层析分析法为各指标赋权。     

城市土地利用生态经济适宜性评价—以天津居住新区为例

土地利用生态经济评价是近年来国际上进行土地开发与规划,合理利用土地资源的一种重要手段.土地利用不仅要考虑经济上的合理性,而且要考虑与其相关的社会效益和环境效益.本文运用城市复合生态系统理论,采用计算机辅助支持下的定性与定量分析相结合方法,通过专家咨询对评价指标体系中的关键指标进行筛选,在上地利用生态潜力与限制性分析的基础上,采用等级合并规则的选图分析法,得到天津市居住新区土地利用生态适宜性等级.该项结果可为天津市有关决策部门进行居住新区规划提供科学依据.     

生态城市规划需要优先考虑的几个问题

建设生态城市是城市发展的未来方向,而生态城市规划则是生态城市建设的起点,因此在规划中需要优先考虑城市经营成本问题、人力资源转化问题、区域生态安全问题和增长空间控制问题,从而使城市的生态设计建立在理性分析的基础上。     

生态宜居城市建设指标与评价方法——以天津市为例

将定量指标与定性指标融为一体,从城市经济、文化教育、基础设施、生态环境和社会保障5个方面,构建生态宜居城市指标体系,并整合层次分析法（AHP）和风玫瑰图法,进行生态宜居化程度综合评价与分析。以天津市为例进行研究,结果显示本文所建立的指标体系能够客观地反映城市的生态宜居建设情况,并能根据评价结果分析出城市的发展潜力与存在...     

煤炭资源型城市生态脆弱性研究进展

随着煤炭资源的大量开采,煤炭资源型城市发展面临严重生态环境问题,其生态脆弱性研究为城市可持续发展、生态文明建设和区域协调发展提供了新思路。当前,煤炭资源型城市生态脆弱性是生态脆弱性历史遗留问题与城市自然状况、社会活动和经济发展扰动共同作用的结果。通过对煤炭资源型城市生态脆弱性内涵、评价方法、规避措施等方面研究的综述,分析了煤炭资源型城市生态脆弱性研究领域的发展状况和评价方法以及不同视角下规避措施的差异,对生态脆弱性内涵不确定性、评价指标复杂性和研究方法适用性等问题进行探讨。总体认为,煤炭资源型城市生态脆弱性是城市自身结构具有的固有属性,是一个对比性概念;选取评价指标和方法时应注重城市发展等相关指标及生态脆弱程度的测算。未来研究应重点关注煤炭资源型城市生态脆弱性内涵界定、评价指标和方法的完善以及研究时空范围的扩展等方向。     

Methodology for an urban ecological footprint to evaluate sustainable development in China

The ecological footprint (EF) is a method for measuring sustainable development through ecological impact. A methodology is presented for predicting urban ecological footprints. Urban energy use and natural resource consumption were analyzed to calculate an EF based on land type (arable, pasture, forest, fossil energy land, built-up area and water area) and consumption (food, housing, transportation, goods, services and waste). The result was then compared with the local ecological carrying capacity to develop criteria for sustainable ecological footprints. Case studies of four cities in China (Guangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Yangzhou) illustrate the urban EF approach. The time series of EF in a case study of Guangzhou for 1991–2001 was analyzed and the consumption–land-use matrix of urban EF was established. The results show that the cities are ecologically unsustainable, with average ecological conflicts per capita of more than 2 ha. The urban EF method is useful to measure urban sustainable development and provides policy proposals for decision-making. However, the EF method still has limitations and weaknesses.     

基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展研究——以常州市为例

以常州市为例,探讨了基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展的内涵,提出“生态保育区-生态提升区-生态新建区”的生态建设分区模式和市域生态防护网架是构建区域生态安全格局的基本框架和促进区域生态可持续发展的调控途径。     

重视生态策略在建筑设计中的运用

建筑既作用于生态环境，也作用于人类，它始终持续地影响着周围的环境和使用者的生活，特别是对于我国高速发展的城市来说，其影响更是巨大。生态建筑将成为21世纪建筑设计的主流。建筑与可持续发展的三个重要方面(环境保护、经济发展和社会进步)密切相关，生态建筑应是可持续发展的一个组成部分。文章针对我国生态环境与建筑设计中存在的主要问题，提出在建筑设计中要注重生态策略的运用，推动生态建筑设计要依靠全社会生态意识的提高，增强人与自然环境的沟通，完善生态建筑设计的法律规范。     

Is Scotland sustainable? A the series of indicators of sustainable development

Seven measures of sustainable development for Scotland are examined for the period 1980-1993. These measures are green net national product, genuine savings, ecological footprint, environmental space, human appropriation of net primary production, the index of sustainable economic welfare and the genuine progress indicator. Very different messages concerning sustainable development in Scotland emerge from these measures.     

生态伦理:可持续发展的伦理基础

可持续发展是始源于人类所面面临的生态危机、以人与自然关系的协调发展为基本内容的一种生态化发展模式,它所面对和需要处理的是人类发展需求无限性与自然资源有限性这一矛盾,即人类对自然的价值取向、开发强度是否符合自然规律的问题.目前学界对它的研究已突破"经济-科技-政治"等实践层面,开始深入到"观念-价值-文化"等认识论、价值论领域.生态伦理是对人与自然关系的哲学反思中应运而生的一种革命性的伦理思想,本质上属于人类社会的"观念-价值-文化"领域,其理论构成、研究对象正契合人类的可持续发展.生态伦理作为可持续发展伦理基础是可持续发展的客观要求和必然选择:①生态伦理突破传统的道德定义,将伦理关怀的对象扩展到人与自然界关系的领域,为可持续发展奠定了坚实的思想基础,提供可靠的伦理前提;②生态伦理肯定自然价值和自然权利,直接回应了在可持续发展中人为何要尊重自然价值与权利这一理论课题,为人类对大自然的价值认同寻到理论根基,使可持续发展寻找到坚实的价值支点;③生态伦理在反思和批判传统道德评价标准的基础上,提出全新的道德评价标准,为现实的可持续发展战略的设计与安排提供伦理支持和辩护.     

四川遂宁现代生态田园城市建设的研究

生态田园城市是现代城市的发展目标,已成为我国城市建设的热点.现代生态田园城市建设的关键在于建立城市生态基础设施系统,为城市可持续发展和营造宜居环境提供生态系统服务.遂宁现代生态田园城市规划将生态基础设施规划、产业发展规划、社会公共服务设施规划"三规合一",营造一个生态安全健康、生产低碳高效、生活安康富裕,社会公平和谐的美丽新城市.     

A study on vertical greening practice emphasizing ecological benefits in Xiamen City of China

Through the practice of vertical greening, which is an important method for modern city greening, a city’s natural geographic conditions and rich plant resources can be efficiently utilized. Using vertical greening to shape the characteristics of a city is a promising method for sustainable development. Integration of vertical greening with urban characteristics offers huge ecological and cultural benefits. Vertical greening was adopted in China much later than other developed cities in the world and is still in the exploratory stage in most of the cities. As one of the pioneer cities to carry out vertical greening in China, Xiamen has managed to project it as one of the city highlights. In this study, we analyzed the problems that Xiamen City faced during its development and the important role vertical greening has played in the urban landscape. In addition, humanistic and ecological benefits of vertical greening are illustrated through an experimental study.     

PICABUE: a methodological framework for the development of indicators of sustainable development

SUMMARY

Significant interest in the concept of sustainable development exists amongst scientists, planners, policy makers and the public, and considerable effort and expenditure is made or envisaged at local, national and international levels to promote a more sustainable society. Until ‘green accounting’ and similar systems are made available and are implemented, the sustainability indicator will be the most effective tool available for monitoring progress towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability indicators are already available but are characterized by a poor or absent theoretical underpinning. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a methodological framework that can be applied to the construction of indicators of sustainable development. In order to be consistent with widely accepted definitions of sustainable development, considerations relating to the measurement of quality of life and ecological integrity are central to the methodology. The methodological framework has relevance to a variety of spatial scales and to geographically diverse areas (urban or rural, developed or developing countries) so that a suite of sustainability indicators can be produced that is tailored to the needs and resources of the indicator user, but which remains rooted firmly in the fundamental principles of sustainable development.     

Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen,China

Urban ecological risk is one of the important factors that may restrict the social and economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks so that an ecological risk prevention and control plan can be scientifically formulated. In this paper, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system of Xiamen was established based on local ecological properties and socioeconomic status. This indicator system covers seven indicators including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, fresh water consumption, change in land use, occupation of key zones with ecological functions, and road network expansion. Based on this indicator system and in conjunction with the single factor assessment of ecological risks, this study constructed a model of comprehensive ecological risk assessment and forecasted the comprehensive ecological risk of Xiamen in 2020. The results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk level of Xiamen in 2020 is medium and the main stressors are the discharge of air and water pollutants. From the perspective of risk receptors, i.e. the ecosystem services, the risk posed to the ecosystem services associated to the maintenance of air quality and water purification is the highest. Therefore, this study proposed the recommendations on ecological risk prevention and regulation in Xiamen based on the comprehensive assessment of ecological risks, in the hope to provide scientific support for local ecological protection and sustainable development.     

城市可持续发展的生态原则

从人类和城市面临的问题出发,本文介绍了可持续发展的概念及其基本原则,可持续城市的基本内涵;重点探讨了城市可持续发展的七条生态原则：（１）预防和保护为主的原则;（２）普遍联系原则;（３）废物最小化原则;（４）最大限度地利用可更新和可循环的物质;（５）认别和尊重地方、区域和全球的环境容忍度;（６）保持和扩大“必要的多样性;（７）通过研究增进对环境的认识。