硫磺和黄铁矿为填料的生物滤池自养反硝化强化处理二沉尾水

采用硫自养反硝化工艺处理模拟污水厂二沉尾水,分别以硫磺/白云石、黄铁矿/白云石为填料,考察不同填料下生物滤池的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,在HRT(水力停留时间)为1 h的条件下,硫磺/白云石反应器在10 d内能迅速启动,出水ρ(NO₃--N)小于1.00 mg/L,去除率高达99%,反应器的最佳实际HRT为45 min.进水中的DO对硫磺/白云石反应器反硝化效果没有明显影响,但会对黄铁矿/白云石反应器的反硝化效果产生影响.去除进水中的DO后,在HRT为4 d下,黄铁矿/白云石反应器出水NO₃--N和TP的质量浓度分别为10.31和0.10 mg/L,其去除率分别为67.2%和90.7%.采用高速水流反冲洗后,两个反应器的脱氮效果均能在2 d内迅速恢复.在12 ℃的低温条件下,硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石反应器的处理效果均变化不大.去除一定量的NO₃--N时,硫磺/白云石反应器的SO₄2-生成量与理论值相符合,黄铁矿/白云石反应器的略高于理论值.研究显示,硫磺/白云石体系可有效去除二沉尾水中的NO₃--N,而黄铁矿/白云石体系具有同时脱氮除磷的功能.      

异养与硫自养反硝化协同处理高硝氮废水特性研究

在异养反硝化反应器中添加单质硫,实现硫自养与异养反硝化联合处理NO_3~-废水,探讨异养和硫自养反硝化协同过程中的p H恒定及污泥减量化的特性.结果表明,硫自养反硝化菌在异养反硝化反应器内能够实现快速生长.经过65d的运行,控制进水TOC/N为0.65~0.75时,协同反硝化在无额外碱添加的情况下,厌氧反硝化产生的碱度满足自养反硝化的需求;运行至116d时,协同反硝化的总氮去除率为85%以上,脱氮效能稳定在2.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).通过与完全异养反硝化相比,协同反硝化的污泥产量仅为完全异养反硝化的60%,极大地降低了污泥产量.但是利用协同自养反硝化处理高浓度NO_3~--N废水时,存在NO_2~--N累积的现象,即使是最终稳定期也有20 mg·L~(-1),需进行深度处理.     

硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水可行性

为了研究硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水的可行性,室温(20~25℃)下,采用驯化后的硫自养反硝化生物膜反应器,探究了不同进水F-浓度对硫自养反硝化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当进水F-浓度为0~700 mg·L~(-1)时,随着F-浓度的提升,反应器的脱氮效能逐渐提升,且当F-浓度为700 mg·L~(-1)时,可获最大TN去除速率1.0 kg·(m3·d)-1.当进水F-浓度在700~900 mg·L~(-1)时,经短期驯化,TN去除速率可稳定在0.81~0.87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当进水F-浓度提升至900 mg·L~(-1)以上时,反应器的TN去除速率随进水F-浓度的提升而下降,最低至0.4~0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).以光伏废水为研究对象,在进水F-浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)左右,进水NO_3~--N浓度为390~420 mg·L~(-1),HRT为8.8 h的条件下,经50 d运行后,获得稳定的脱氮效能,TN去除速率为1.1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水TN为15~25 mg·L~(-1),达到污水接管排放标准.采用传统反硝化工艺和硫自养反硝化工艺脱氮处理光伏废水的成本分别为2.468元·t~(-1)和2.072 8元·t~(-1),硫自养反硝化工艺更节约脱氮处理成本.     

1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌DK1的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从某反应器活性污泥中分离筛选出1株假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)细菌,命名为DK1,并对该菌进行脱氮特性研究.在以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N量比为5时,分别以NaNO_3和NaNO_2为氮源,二者的好氧反硝化速率为4.09 mg·(L·h)-1和4.43mg·(L·h)~(-1).以二者同时为氮源脱氮率为100%;此外,菌株DK1具有异养硝化性能,NH_4~+-N平均去除速率为2.32mg·(L·h)-1.缺氧时以NO_2~--N为氮源菌株DK1可将一系列梯度浓度NO_2~--N(约100~300 mg·L-1)在36 h内降为0.当NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N同时存在时,菌株DK1会优先利用NO_3~--N进行反硝化.同时该菌株还具有同步硝化反硝化(SND)性能,可同时去除NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N或NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N,30 h内脱氮率分别达95.06%和94.69%.相同时间内在NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N三者均存在时,脱氮效果最佳,达100%.菌株DK1的高效SND及反硝化性能表明其在处理含氮废水方面有一定的潜力和应用价值.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,其出水加入定量的Na NO_2作为厌氧氨氧化过程厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水.在温度为24℃、pH为7. 2±0. 2时,考察不同进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.结果表明:(1)进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1. 4～1. 6时系统脱氮效能最佳,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和COD平均出水浓度分别为2. 14、1. 07和30. 50 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为93. 62%、97. 79%和74. 75%,ΔNO_2~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1. 60和0. 17,TN的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果.(2)随着进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N的逐渐增大,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.(3)典型周期内,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解过程均为零级反应,线性关系良好,比降解速率分别为0. 404 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和0. 599 mg·(g·h)~(-1),两者的比降解速率之比为1. 48,COD的比降解速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势.     

采用含硫铁化学污泥作为反硝化电子供体进行焦化废水中总氮深度去除

城市污水处理和大部分的工业废水处理工艺的出水总氮普遍难以达标排放,基于进水水质的C/N值不稳定、提高回流比造成水力负荷增大、降低反应动力学并且耗能、投加有机碳源带来二次污染以及高污泥产率等问题,急需寻求一种节能降耗、操作简单的深度脱氮方法.对此,利用含硫工业废水预处理产生的含硫铁化学污泥作为固相电子供体进行自养反硝化深度脱氮,实验过程中,以焦化废水二级生物出水作为研究对象,考察脱氮性能、硫铁泥转变过程及微生物群落变化,求出废水深度脱氮新工艺的优化反应条件与效果范围.当进水NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N浓度分别是(74.54±0.57)mg·L~(-1)、(1.11±0.19)mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为18 h时,对应出水浓度分别降低至(2.78±1.08)mg·L~(-1)、(2.87±0.71)mg·L~(-1);TON(NO_3~--N+NO_2~--N)去除率高达90.0%;NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N累积速率分别为12.06 mmol·(L·d)-1、7.74 mmol·(L·d)-1.结果表明,以副产物化学硫铁泥作为电子供体深度脱氮有潜在的工程应用价值,以水处理工艺过程中原位利用废物,解决部分富硫铁化学污泥后续处理问题,表现出资源化利用的综合特征.     

不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布与细菌群落结构的关系

为探究不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布规律及其与细菌群落结构的关系,运用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2018年1月澜沧江小湾、漫湾水库建库后沉积物细菌群落结构特征,并采用Cannoco软件对细菌群落与环境因子关系进行了冗余分析.结果表明,调查期间小湾水库水体表底温差3. 3℃,最大温度梯度为0. 2℃·m~(-1)属于分层水体,漫湾表底温差0. 1℃属于混合水体.小湾间隙水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N平均质量浓度分别为2. 233 mg·L~(-1)和0. 030 mg·L~(-1),漫湾分别为2. 569 mg·L~(-1)和0. 016 mg·L~(-1).间隙水NH_4~+-N在两个水库沉积物中均表现垂向向下增大的趋势,而NO_3~--N垂向变化则不明显但均在深层质量浓度最底,库区间比较来看,只有NO_3~--N具有极显著性差异,其中小湾明显高于漫湾.菌群分类发现,小湾与漫湾沉积物细菌群落具有相同的优势菌门和优势菌属,水温分层对间隙水营养盐及细菌群落结构无显著影响.而漫湾相比小湾沉积物中反硝化菌相对丰度更高,硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度更低,同一库区沉积物深层中反硝化菌相对丰度较高,有机物降解菌、硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和溶磷菌相对丰度较低,是造成沉积物营养盐库间差异和垂向差异的原因.     

海水异养硝化-好氧反硝化芽孢杆菌SLWX2的筛选及脱氮特性

从分离自刺参养殖环境的7株候选菌株中筛选出1株具有较强异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的菌株SLWX_2,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因测序分析鉴定其为花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis).该菌株脱氮特性研究结果表明,SLWX_224 h对氨氮、亚硝酸氮和硝酸氮的去除率分别达到100%、99.5%和85.6%;当3种无机氮源同时存在时,菌株优先利用氨氮,再利用NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N,72 h 3种无机氮的质量浓度均降至0.013 mg·L~(-1)以下,表明该菌株能同时进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化完成脱氮;在氨氮负荷500 mg·L~(-1)、亚硝酸氮负荷100 mg·L·~(-1)和硝酸氮负荷200 mg·L~(-1)范围内,该菌的脱氮能力不受明显抑制,对3种形态的氮均有良好去除效果,96 h最多可去除180 mg NH_4~+-N、30 mg NO_2~--N和120 mg NO_3~--N,并且在硝化过程中没有亚硝酸氮积累.该菌株在海水养殖和高盐高氮工业废水的脱氮处理方面具有更大潜力.     

不同碳氮比下污水反硝化过程中亚硝氮积累的特性研究

以乙酸钠为碳源,在不同的碳氮比(COD/NO_3~--N)条件下,通过控制反应器中反硝化时间,将NO_3~--N仅还原至NO_2~--N,实现NO_2~--N的稳定积累.结果表明,反硝化时间从60 min缩短至20 min,NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N积累速率分别增大至0.417 g·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以VSS计,下同)和0.402g·g~(-1)·h~(-1).经过108 d的培养,NO_2~--N的积累率为95%.反硝化活性随碳氮比的增大而增大,而较低碳氮比更有利于NO_2~--N的稳定积累.在反硝化亚硝氮积累过程中,当碳源充足时,由于电子受体NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N相互竞争碳源,NO_3~--N的存在会抑制NO_2~--N的还原,从而导致NO_2~--N积累;而当碳源不足时,基质限制使NO_3~--N优先还原,导致NO_2~--N的积累.微生物宏基因组测序结果表明,培养污泥中的优势菌群为Thauera(71.85%),该菌仅能将NO_3~--N还原为NO_2~--N,从而导致NO_2~--N的积累.     

乙酸钠作为碳源不同污泥源短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累特性

为探究乙酸钠作为碳源时,不同污泥源外源短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性,采用1号和2号SBR分别接种某污水处理厂二沉池和同步硝化反硝化除磷系统剩余污泥,通过合理控制初始硝酸盐浓度和缺氧时间,实现了短程反硝化的启动,并考察了其在不同初始COD和NO_3~--N浓度条件下的碳、氮去除特性.试验结果表明:以乙酸钠为碳源,1号和2号SBR可分别在21 d和20 d实现短程反硝化的成功启动,且其NO_2~--N积累量和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均维持在较高水平,分别为12. 61 mg·L-1、79. 76%和13. 85 mg·L-1、87. 60%.当2号SBR初始NO_3~--N浓度为20 mg·L-1,且初始COD浓度由60mg·L-1升高至140 mg·L-1时,系统实现最高NO_2~--N积累时间可由160 min逐渐缩短至6 min,同时NO_3~--N比反硝化速率(以VSS计)由3. 84 mg·(g·h)-1增加至7. 35 mg·(g·h)-1,初始COD浓度的提高有利于实现短程反硝化过程NO_2~--N积累. 2号SBR初始COD浓度为100 mg·L-1,当初始NO_3~--N浓度由20 mg·L-1增加至30 mg·L-1时,系统NAR均维持在90%以上,最高可达100%(NO_3~--N初始浓度为25 mg·L-1);当初始NO_3~--N浓度≥35 mg·L-1时,系统COD不足导致NO_3~--N不能被完全还原为NO_2~--N.此外,在不同初始COD浓度(80、100、120 mg·L-1)和NO_3~--N浓度(20、25、30、40 mg·L-1)条件下,2号SBR的脱氮除碳和短程反硝化性能均优于1号SBR.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.