安徽省中小型城市用地扩展研究——以滁州市为例

以滁州市1966年的地形图,1978年、1987年、1995年、2000年及2006年的遥感影像为数据源,提取滁州市6个时段的建成区面积对其用地扩展进行了研究。结果表明,滁州市建成区面积在1966-2006年间面积增加了7．84倍,扩展速度经历了先快后慢的过程;发展方向以东南方向为主,40年间城市中心向东、南方向分别迁移了1084m和1940m对揭示安徽省中小型城市用地的发展特征具有一定意义。     

基于遥感数据的生态脆弱区森林景观分类及格局研究——以香格里拉为例

以Landsat-7 ETM＋为数据源,在遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术的支持下,对云南省香格里拉县北部进行森林景观分类及其景观结构分析。结果表明,研究区以针叶林为主要森林景观,阔叶混交林的形状结构较为松散,景观破碎化程度最严重,人为干扰强烈。因此,需加强森林保护,减少人为干扰,防止景观破碎化程度的进一步加深。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的城市土地利用景观格局分析

以IKONOS卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下,获取了泸州市区的土地利用类型。借鉴景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了泸州市区土地利用景观格局的特征。分析结果表明,泸州市区土地利用景观类型丰富,景观多样性程渡高,景观类型均匀程度也较高,但优势景观类型不明显;由于人类干扰程度较大,土地利用景观破碎,稳定性较差。     

基于土地利用的生态移民安置区景观格局变化——以宁夏红寺堡为例

为了探讨生态移民安置区土地利用的景观格局特征,以及研究区不同土地利用的变化,以宁夏回族自治区红寺堡区为研究区,选取1995年、2005年和2015年三期遥感影像数据,运用RS和GIS技术分析了该区域的土地利用的景观格局变化特征,定量分析了几种常用景观格局指数随尺度的变化规律。结果表明:红寺堡区土地景观要素占绝对主导地位的是草地,其次为耕地;各类土地景观变化较为复杂,总体而言,红寺堡区土地景观正朝着破碎度、异质性程度增加的趋势发展。     

基于GIS的山东省乡村聚落空间格局研究

以山东省2014年、2015年Landsat-8遥感影像和山东省行政区划作为数据源,对山东省乡村聚落进行提取,运用平均最邻近指数、核密度分析和景观指数等方法,探索山东省乡村聚落分布特征,研究表明:山东省乡村聚落平均最邻近距离比率R为0.693,呈明显的聚集模式;乡村聚落平均分布密度为0.724个/km2,空间分布特征呈现西高东低,中部大于四周的聚集模式;规模分布特征中部规模较小,西部、北部和南部则出现高值集聚,整体规模在空间上呈现出中间低、四周高的"盆地"特征;在形态分布上西部和南部平稳,东部和北部聚落形态比较复杂。     

基于土地利用变化的大通县域生态补偿研究

以青海省大通县2015年Landsat-8TM遥感影像数据、社会经济统计数据和野外勘查数据为基本数据源,探讨大通县土地利用和生态系统服务功能在不同空间尺度上的表现特征和分布规律,研究大通县不同空间尺度上生态补偿的时空配置。结果表明:大通县生态功能总价值约为133.32亿元,其中水域生态系统的贡献率达到65.56%,其次为林地,占14.81%。大通县生态补偿的最终价值为111.77亿元。初步完成了大通县"生态立县"的目标,推动了县域生态系统良性循环发展。     

青藏高原湖泊变化监测研究

文章采用多源多时相遥感影像为数据源,以Arc GIS、Erdas、Envi等遥感地信软件为信息提取处理平台,对青海可可西里国家级自然保护区高原湖泊进行遥感监测分析。结果显示:1该区土地利用/覆盖类型主要为草地、水域湿地、人工用地和未利用土地,其中草地为主要类型,占区域总面积的68.04%;2调查区以中、小湖为主,共占全区湖泊总数量的91.46%,其中小湖泊占71.95%,面积大于1km2的湖泊总面积3 018.85km2;32006~2013年间,区域内湖泊数量总体上呈增加趋势,其中较大湖泊保持不变、大湖泊增加1个、中湖泊减少2个、小湖泊增加3个。西北部的勒斜武担湖和东北部的库赛湖变化较为显著。     

融合GF-2与开放地图数据的城市绿地精细化分类研究

城市绿地是城市生态效益的重要载体,高精度的绿地目标检测与属性分类为优化城市生态空间结构、维护城市生态平衡以及建设“碳中和”城市提供基础数据支撑。通过改进经典U-Net算法,进行GF-2多光谱遥感影像图像分类;同时,基于景观生态学理论,采用POI和OSM为代表的开放地图数据,对绿地斑块进行多维度精细化分类;进一步选择深圳市福田区与罗湖区交界处的矩形区域为样本进行验证。结果表明：所提出的ASPP+SFAM融合U-Net网络模型与U-Net和UNet3+模型相比,所识别的城市绿地边界和真实城市绿地边界更吻合。所提出的模型的总体分类精度为90.87%,比U-Net和U-Net3+模型分别提高了11.13%和7.39%。同时,针对遥感影像纹理特征无法直接进行小区域城市绿地社会属性分类的问题,利用POI数据包含的属性信息、城市绿地与OSM道路网的拓扑关系以及景观形态指数,最终实现功能分类、类型特征、服务范围和形态特征4个维度的城市绿地的精细化分类。     

基于遥感影像的小流域土地利用景观格局研究CSSCI

以SPOT-5卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下获取刘家河流域的土地利用类型。引入景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了该流域土地利用景观格局。结果表明,刘家河流域内的耕地是景观的主体类型,流域水资源丰富、交通条件便利,非常适合发展现代农业,但应注意生态环境保护,尤其应注意对坡度大于25°的耕地实施退耕还林,以防止出现水土流失等环境问题。     

基于遥感影像的小流域土地利用景观格局研究

以SPOT-5卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下获取刘家河流域的土地利用类型。引入景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了该流域土地利用景观格局。结果表明,刘家河流域内的耕地是景观的主体类型,流域水资源丰富、交通条件便利,非常适合发展现代农业,但应注意生态环境保护,尤其应注意对坡度大于25°的耕地实施退耕还林,以防止出现水土流失等环境问题。     

Scale Effects on Spatially Varying Relationships Between Urban Landscape Patterns and Water Quality

Scientific interpretation of the relationships between urban landscape patterns and water quality is important for sustainable urban planning and watershed environmental protection. This study applied the ordinary least squares regression model and the geographically weighted regression model to examine the spatially varying relationships between 12 explanatory variables (including three topographical factors, four land use parameters, and five landscape metrics) and 15 water quality indicators in watersheds of Yundang Lake, Maluan Bay, and Xinglin Bay with varying levels of urbanization in Xiamen City, China. A local and global investigation was carried out at the watershed-level, with 50 and 200 m riparian buffer scales. This study found that topographical features and landscape metrics are the dominant factors of water quality, while land uses are too weak to be considered as a strong influential factor on water quality. Such statistical results may be related with the characteristics of land use compositions in our study area. Water quality variations in the 50 m buffer were dominated by topographical variables. The impact of landscape metrics on water quality gradually strengthen with expanding buffer zones. The strongest relationships are obtained in entire watersheds, rather than in 50 and 200 m buffer zones. Spatially varying relationships and effective buffer zones were verified in this study. Spatially varying relationships between explanatory variables and water quality parameters are more diversified and complex in less urbanized areas than in highly urbanized areas. This study hypothesizes that all these varying relationships may be attributed to the heterogeneity of landscape patterns in different urban regions. Adjustment of landscape patterns in an entire watershed should be the key measure to successfully improving urban lake water quality.     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press     

Forecasting the Effects of Land-Use Change on Forest Rodents in Indiana

Forest cover in the upper Wabash River basin in Indiana was fragmented due to agricultural conversion beginning more than 175 years ago. Currently, urban expansion is an important driver of land-use change in the basin. A land transformation model was applied to the basin to forecast land use from 2000 to 2020. We assessed the effect of this projected land-use change scenario on five forest rodent species at three scales: using occupancy models at the patch level, proportional occupancy models at the landscape level, and ecologically scaled landscape indices to assess the change in connectivity at the watershed level. At the patch and landscape scales, occupancy models had low predictability but suggest that gray squirrels are most susceptible to land-use change. At the watershed scale, declines in connectivity did not correspond with the decline of forest. This study highlights the importance of map resolution and consideration of matrix elements in constructing forecast models. Unforeseen drivers of land use, such as changing economic incentives, may also have important ramifications.     

Characterizing scale- and location-dependent correlation of water retention parameters with soil physical properties using wavelet techniques

Understanding the correlation between soil hydraulic parameters and soil physical properties is a prerequisite for the prediction of soil hydraulic properties from soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to examine the scale- and location-dependent correlation between two water retention parameters (alpha and n) in the van Genuchten (1980) function and soil physical properties (sand content, bulk density [Bd], and organic carbon content) using wavelet techniques. Soil samples were collected from a transect from Fuxin, China. Soil water retention curves were measured, and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained through curve fitting. Wavelet coherency analysis was used to elucidate the location- and scale-dependent relationships between these parameters and soil physical properties. Results showed that the wavelet coherence between alpha and sand content was significantly different from red noise at small scales (8-20 m) and from a distance of 30 to 470 m. Their wavelet phase spectrum was predominantly out of phase, indicating negative correlation between these two variables. The strong negative correlation between alpha and Bd existed mainly at medium scales (30-80 m). However, parameter n had a strong positive correlation only with Bd at scales between 20 and 80 m. Neither of the two retention parameters had significant wavelet coherency with organic carbon content. These results suggested that location-dependent scale analyses are necessary to improve the performance for soil water retention characteristic predictions.     

URBAN IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL STREAM CONDITION: EFFECTS OF SPATIAL SCALE,CONNECTIVITY, AND LONGITUDINAL TRENDS1

ABSTRACT: An assessment of physical conditions in urban streams of the Puget Sound region, coupled with spatially explicit watershed characterizations, demonstrates the importance of spatial scale, drainage network connectivity, and longitudinal downstream trends when considering the effects of urbanization on streams. A rapid stream assessment technique and a multimetric index were used to describe the physical conditions of multiple reaches in four watersheds. Watersheds were characterized using geographic information system (GIS) derived landscape metrics that represent the magnitude of urbanization at three spatial scales and the connectivity of urban land. Physical conditions, as measured by the physical stream conditions index (PSCI), were best explained for the watersheds by two landscape metrics: quantity of intense and grassy urban land in the subwatershed and quantity of intense and grassy urban land within 500 m of the site (R²= 0.52, p > 0.0005). A multiple regression of PSCI with these metrics and an additional connectivity metric (proximity of a road crossing) provided the best model for the three urban watersheds (R²= 0.41, p > 0.0005). Analyses of longitudinal trends in PSCI within the three urban watersheds showed that conditions improved when a stream flowed through an intact riparian buffer with forest or wetland vegetation and without road crossings. Results demonstrate that information on spatial scale and patterns of urbanization is essential to understanding and successfully managing urban streams.     

地方文化在城市雕塑设计中的表达——以山东省威海市海滨雕塑为例

城市雕塑是城市文化的载体,具有重要的文化意义,但目前我国城市雕塑缺乏地方文化特色的现象较突出.在对国内外相关研究文献回顾的基础上借鉴雕塑设计、景观设计、旅游规划和公共艺术设计的研究成果,确定了城市地方文化在城市雕塑设计中表达的理论与方法以及相应的实施程序,并以山东省威海市为例进行了理论验证,提出了新型城市雕塑的概念设计与实施建议.     

大气干湿沉降对城市景观水体水质影响的评价

选择上海城市化地区的绿地、水体、道路、工地及空中5个类型的环境区域,定期收集大气干湿沉降。测定其大气沉降通量及CODCr、TN、TP的沉降量,并计算分析了其对城市景观水体水质的影响。研究结果表明：在仅受大气干湿沉降影响的条件下,水质处于地表水V类中值、水深为0.5m、1.0m、1.5m和2.0m的城市景观水体,经过28d、54d、83d和214d即可转变为劣V类水体。通过实例分析,提出了应对大气干湿沉降影响的水质保持措施。研究成果为城市景观水体的水质保育提供了评价依据与借鉴。     

Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: A conceptual overview and generic framework

This article outlines conceptual and methodological issues that must be confronted in developing a sound scientific basis for investigating cumulative effects on freshwater wetlands. We are particularly concerned with: (1) effects expressed at temporal and spatial scales beyond those of the individual disturbance, specific project, or single wetland, that is, effects occurring at the watershed or regional landscape level; and (2) the scientific (technical) component of the overall assessment process. Our aim is to lay the foundation for a research program to develop methods to quantify cumulative effects of wetland loss or degradation on the functioning of interacting systems of wetlands. Toward that goal we: (1) define the concept of cumulative effects in terms that permit scientific investigation of effects; (2) distinguish the scientific component of cumulative impact analysis from other aspects of the assessment process; (3) define critical scientific issues in assessing cumulative effects on wetlands; and (4) set up a hypothetical and generic structure for measuring cumulative effects on the functioning of wetlands as landscape systems.We provide a generic framework for evaluating cumulative effects on three basic wetland landscape functions: flood storage, water quality, and life support. Critical scientific issues include appropriate delineations of scales, identification of threshold responses, and the influence on different functions of wetland size, shape, and position in the landscape.The contribution of a particular wetland to landscape function within watersheds or regions will be determined by its intrinsic characteristics, e.g., size, morphometry, type, percent organic matter in the sediments, and hydrologic regime, and by extrinsic factors, i.e., the wetland's context in the landscape mosaic. Any cumulative effects evaluation must take into account the relationship between these intrinsic and extrinsic attributes and overall landscape function. We use the magnitude of exchanges among component wetlands in a watershed or larger landscape as the basis for defining the geographic boundaries of the assessment. The time scales of recovery for processes controlling particular wetland functions determine temporal boundaries. Landscape-level measures are proposed for each function.     

REVIVING URBAN STREAMS: LAND USE,HYDROLOGY, BIOLOGY,AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR1

ABSTRACT: Successful stream rehabilitation requires a shift from narrow analysis and management to integrated understanding of the links between human actions and changing river health. At study sites in the Puget Sound lowlands of western Washington State, landscape, hydrological, and biological conditions were evaluated for streams flowing through watersheds with varying levels of urban development. At all spatial scales, stream biological condition measured by the benthic index of biological integrity (B‐IBI) declined as impervious area increased. Impervious area alone, however, is a flawed surrogate of river health. Hydrologic metrics that reflect chronic altered streamflows, for example, provide a direct mechanistic link between the changes associated with urban development and declines in stream biological condition. These measures provide a more sensitive understanding of stream basin response to urban development than do treatment of each increment of impervious area equally. Land use in residential backyards adjacent to streams also heavily influences stream condition. Successful stream rehabilitation thus requires coordinated diagnosis of the causes of degradation and integrative management to treat the range of ecological stressors within each urban area, and it depends on remedies appropriate at scales from backyards to regional storm water systems.     

Effects of Increasing Urbanization on the Ecological Integrity of Open Space Preserves

This article analyzes the effects of increasing urbanization on open space preserves within the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Time series analysis is used in 10-year increments over 40 years to study urban landscape change. Three landscape metrics—(1) matrix utility (measures intensity of adjacent land uses), (2) isolation (measures distances to other open space patches), and (3) connectivity (measures physical links to other open space patches and corridors)—are used to assess changes in landscape patterns and serve as indicators of urban ecological integrity of the open space preserves. Results show that in the case of both open space preserves, general decline in indicators of urban ecological integrity was evident. The matrix utility analysis demonstrated that increasing intensity of land uses adjacent to preserve is likely to increase edge effects, reducing the habitat value of interior or core habitat areas. Isolation analysis showed that both preserves have experienced increasing isolation from other open space elements over time. Also, connectivity analysis indicated that terrestrial connections to other open space elements have also deteriorated. Conclusions of this research demonstrate that while preservation of natural areas as open space is important in an urban context, intense development of surrounding areas reduces the urban ecological integrity significantly.