Photochimie et environnement - V. Photohydrolyse du monochlorobenzene en solution aqueuse diluee

A primary photohydrolysis of monochlorobenzene into phenol in dilute aqueous solution is occuring quantitatively whatever the experimental conditions were: pH (1<pH<12), excitation wavelength (253.7 nm or 300 nm), presence or absence of oxygen, initial concentration (in the range 10^?4M – 4.10^?3 M). The initial quantum yield of appearance of phenol has been found to be 0.10 ± 0.02 at 253.7 nm, and 0.19 ± 0.06 at 300 nm. The excited state leading to phenol cannot be quenched by acetonitrile at concentration up to 1.9 M. An heterolytic scission of the C-Cl bond parallels the concerted scission of water; a photosubstitution mechanism cannot account for the observed phenomena, especially in acidic media.Monofluoro- and bromobenzene irradiated in degased solution undergo a similar photohydrolysis; the initial quantum yields of appearance of phenol are 0.003 ± 0.001 and 0.06 ± 0.01, respectively for fluoro- and bromobenzene.     

Comportement du metoxuron dans le sol

Abstract

The depressive effect of metoxuron which is sometimes observed on nitrifying bacteria, evolves with time to become harmless a month later, under laboratory conditions.

This phenomenon is explained by the present work carried out with two different soils, freshly sampled or airdried.

Metoxuron disappeared very quickly in the soil; the kinetics of disappearance were similar for the two soils studied.

This phenomenon, which results from a biological degradation, was not modified by supplying soil with ammoniacal nitrogen.     

微波辅助催化湿式氧化技术降解高浓度苯酚废水

以纳米CuO为催化荆,采用微波辅助催化湿式过氧化氢氧化方法对高浓度苯酚废水(1 000 mg/L)进行降解处理,并与传统的催化湿式过氧化氢氧化技术进行比较,研究了微波强化作用对该技术的处理工艺条件、降解效率及机制的影响.结果表明,在微波的辅助作用下,当温度仅为60℃、压力为0.3 MPa时,催化湿式氧化反应15.0 min,苯酚废水的TOC去除率即达到90.8%.这表明微波促使催化湿式氧化反应可以在温和的条件下实现,而且效率高、速率快.进一步的降解机制研究发现,在微波的作用下,苯酚于2.0min内完全氧化转化,主要发生直接开环反应,生成短链羧酸,所经历氧化过程更为简单.     

Destruction of phenol aqueous solution by photocatalysis or direct photolysis

The photodegradation of phenol has been investigated under a high-pressure mercury lamp with a kind of jacket (glass or quartz) depending on used UV light range and a variety of experimental conditions: UV (lambda > 200 nm) with oxygen or with TiO2 and oxygen or with N2; UV (lambda > 330 nm) with oxygen or with TiO2 and oxygen or with N2. Photocatalysis and direct photolysis of phenol have different reaction pathways. Direct photolysis of phenol yielded a brown-yellow complex organic polymer in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. The polymer cannot be mineralized in an anaerobic environment. The effects of catalyst amount and oxygen concentration in the reaction atmosphere on the destruction of phenol were studied. The results prove that an appropriate catalyst amount can avoid direct photolysis and increase the mineralization rate of phenol.     

超声波-光催化联合降解苯酚废水研究

超声降解和光催化降解均为自由基历程的高级氧化技术,同时,超声空化能够改善传质效果,因此,二者耦合能否产生协同效果是值得研究的。本文考察了苯酚溶液的超声降解、光降解、光催化降解、超声-光催化降解以及温度对光降解和光催化降解的影响。结果表明,40kHz,0.4w/cm2的超声波对苯酚没有明显的降解作用,而对光催化降解只有轻微的促进作用。光降解和光催化降解的过程曲线显著不同,但温度对二者均有显著的促进作用。     

炭化百合杆对废水中苯酚的吸附

采用聚乙二醇活化原材料百合杆,分别在300％和600℃对活化后百合杆进行炭化,制得炭化百合杆,用于吸附废水中的苯酚。实验考察了pH值、吸附时间和吸附质初始浓度对苯酚吸附的影响,采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin．Radushkevich等温式分别对该吸附过程进行描述,并结合实验数据对比了准一级和准二级动力学模型。结果表明：炭化百合杆对苯酚的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温式和准二级动力学模型,计算了热力学参数（△G、△H和△s）,说明该吸附过程为自发进行。碳化百合杆对苯酚具有良好吸附性能。     

存储于苯酚溶液后的好氧颗粒污泥的活性恢复效果

通过调控SBR的进水COD、曝气量和污泥沉淀时间,对储存于苯酚溶液后的好氧颗粒污泥进行了活性恢复研究,为好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复方法的选择提供参考。结果表明,室温下在60 mg·L⁻¹苯酚溶液中储存150 d的好氧颗粒污泥,经过28 d的培养即可恢复其结构完整性和微生物活性。在活性恢复期间中,好氧颗粒污泥经历了破碎到重塑的演变过程。恢复后的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能,微生物量较大且活性较高,SVI₃₀和SVI₅分别为26.1 mL·g⁻¹和27.6 mL·g⁻¹,MLSS和MLVSS分别为16 903 mg·L⁻¹和12 001 mg·L⁻¹,MLVSS/MLSS为0.71,DHA为71.36 μg·(g·h)⁻¹。好氧颗粒污泥的EPS组分在恢复期间不断发生改变,代表酪氨酸/色氨酸类蛋白和芳香族蛋白类物质的荧光强度随颗粒污泥的活性恢复逐渐增强。恢复后的好氧颗粒污泥对COD、TP和TN的去除率分别为97.34%、89.88%和64.37%。     

固体超强酸SO24-/TiO2-SnO2/Ce4+光催化降解含酚废水

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-SnO2/Ce4+,并用XRD、SEM等方法对其结构进行了表征.以苯酚的光催化降解为反应模型,确定了最佳的工艺条件和催化剂再生方法.结果表明:在pH值为6,苯酚初始浓度为50mg/L,催化剂投加量4 g/L,光照距离12 cm,光照时间为150 min,降解率达67.73％,添加助催化剂H2O2后,反应60 min,苯酚降解率达到86.33％,催化剂的最佳再生方法是先用1 mol/L的硫酸浸渍24 h后,在450℃下焙烧6h.     

Removal of phenol from aqueous solution by coupling alternating current with biosorption

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present research was devoted to water decontamination through the valorization of cellulosic fibers for the preparation of performing biosorbent,...     

Photooxidation of phenol in aqueous solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

The combination of ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide was demonstrated to be a useful method for removing COD and TOC in aqueous phenol solutions. Both COD and TOC decreased to nearly zero in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.     

麦芽糖假丝酵母降解苯酚和4-氯酚的特性

考察麦芽糖假丝酵母对单底物4-氯酚的降解特性,研究苯酚与4-氯酚在双底物降解体系中的相互作用,并对比分析该菌株对苯酚和4-氯酚的降解能力。研究发现,麦芽糖假丝酵母能以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,可在93 h内降解350 mg/L 4-氯酚,其降解4-氯酚的能力低于苯酚。酶活分析表明,4-氯酚降解遵循邻位裂解途径。细胞生长动力学过程符合Haldane方程,动力学参数为:μmax=0.252 h-1,Ks=33.58 mg/L,Ki=147.44 mg/L,相关系数R2=0.99。在苯酚/4-氯酚双底物降解体系中,较低浓度苯酚(200~400 mg/L)可以促进4-氯酚的降解,而较高浓度苯酚会产生抑制作用,当苯酚初始浓度为300 mg/L时,4-氯酚降解速率最大;4-氯酚的存在会抑制苯酚的降解。采用Abuhamed等人提出的动力学方程可以准确描述苯酚/4-氯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长过程,得到两物质之间的相互抑制参数: I1,2=1.71,I2,1=3.25,相关系数R2=0.93。     

Concentrations en plomb du plancton de la Mer Ligure (Mediterrannee Nord-Occidentale)

Plankton samples were collected from different parts of the Ligurian Sea during 1980 and 1983. Lead, but also cadmium, copper and zinc have been determined in these samples. The results indicate that nearshore samples display significantly higher lead concentrations (7.8 μg g^?1) than offshore samples (1.9 μg g^?1).     

Role of amination of a polymeric adsorbent on phenol adsorption from aqueous solution

Adsorption of seven phenols, one aromatic carboxylic acid and one sulfonated aromatic acid from aqueous solution, by a hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (CHA-111) and the derivative animated by dimethylamine was compared. The results of different adsorption isotherms indicated that amino group on the polymeric matrix played a significant role on adsorption of almost all the employed compounds. For most employed compounds adsorption capacities increase to different degree and significantly for those with lower value of pK(a). It may be attributed to the enhanced adsorbent-adsorbate interaction for amino group introduced on the polymeric matrix. The empirical Freundlich isotherm equation was employed to interpret the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. The adsorption enthalpy change indicated the uptake of phenols on MCH-111 to be an enhanced physical adsorption because of the hydrogen-bonding interaction. Adsorption kinetic study of phenols on CHA-111 and MCH-111 was also conducted and amino group on the matrix will reduce the adsorption rate for change of pore size distribution and loss of macroprous volume as well as the hydration effect on the surface partly.     

NiO/AC催化臭氧氧化去除水中的苯酚

采用低温湿式浸渍法制备了负载氧化镍/活性炭(简称NiO/AC)催化剂。在不同pH、叔丁醇浓度等条件下,对NiO/AC与臭氧联合催化臭氧氧化苯酚的降解效果等进行了研究。用XRD、SEM及BET技术分析了活性炭与催化剂的组成、形貌及结构变化。结果表明,镍以棒状氧化镍的形式负载在活性炭表面,与AC相比,NiO/AC比表面积减少了47.9%。在O3/NiO/AC与苯酚的反应体系中,反应遵循羟基自由基(HO.)机理,苯酚的去除率比单独臭氧氧化提高了29%,且与溶液pH呈正相关。NiO/AC催化性能较稳定,镍离子最大析出浓度仅为7 mg/L,可重复使用。     

电解液条件对苯酚降解及羟自由基生成的影响

以钛基PbO2电极为活性阳极,通过电化学氧化法降解处理苯酚模拟废水,系统考察了羟自由基（·OH）抑制剂、支持电解质、酸碱性等电解液条件对苯酚水溶液COD去除率的影响。同时,以水杨酸（SA）为·OH捕捉剂,通过高效液相色谱分析技术对不同电解液条件下·OH的生成量进行间接检测。结果发现,PbO2电极上苯酚水溶液的COD去除符合一级反应动力学规律,其表观反应速率常数在分别加入·OH抑制剂NaHCO3、Na2CO3和叔丁醇时显著下降,表明苯酚的电化学氧化降解遵循·OH反应机理;支持电解质对电解液体系中·OH生成量的影响不明显,主要通过在阳极氧化生成的氧化剂参与苯酚的降解,以NaCl为支持电解质时降解效率最高,其次是Na2SO4,最后为NaNO3;随电解液pH值的增加,苯酚水溶液的COD去除速率不断提高,而·OH的生成量在碱性条件下亦显著增加。     

水溶液中苯酚电离形态表征及电渗析过程迁移特征

建立了紫外全波长扫描水溶液中苯酚电离形态的表征与定量分析方法,在此基础上,阐明了不同电离形态苯酚在电渗析过程中的迁移特征。结果表明：离子态、分子态和混合态（离子态和分子态的混合物）苯酚紫外全波长扫描在220～260 nm特征区间存在不同形状的特征峰,其浓度分别与特征波长258、236和236 nm处的吸光度有显著的线性定量关系;在电渗析过程中,离子态苯酚迁移特征为电渗迁移,分子态苯酚与酸协同迁移,混合态符合电离平衡控制迁移;离子态、分子态、混合态苯酚的迁移率分别为42%、4%和13%,在电渗析水处理过程中,有机污染物分子态和混合态的迁移也是重要的研究内容。     

微波辅助光催化降解水中酚的研究

利用改装的家用微波炉和自制的无电极灯（EDL）试验了5种酚在水溶液中的微波辅助光催化降解效果.结果表明,反应30 min,微波辅助光催化作用（MW/EDL/TiO2）能去除80%以上的苯酚、间硝基苯酚、对氯苯酚和对甲酚,相应溶液的总有机碳（TOC）均减少70%以上,2-萘酚的去除率为59%,溶液TOC减少54%;微波（MW或MW/TiO2）作用对酚的去除率有一定贡献;对上述5种酚的微波辅助光催化反应动力学进行了初步研究,发现均符合准一级动力学方程.     

微波辅助光催化降解水中酚的研究

利用改装的家用微波炉和自制的无电极灯(EDL)试验了5种酚在水溶液中的微波辅助光催化降解效果.结果表明,反应30 min,微波辅助光催化作用(MW/EDL/TiO2)能去除80%以上的苯酚、间硝基苯酚、对氯苯酚和对甲酚,相应溶液的总有机碳(TOC)均减少70%以上,2-萘酚的去除率为59%,溶液TOC减少54%;微波(MW或MW/TiO2)作用对酚的去除率有一定贡献;对上述5种酚的微波辅助光催化反应动力学进行了初步研究,发现均符合准一级动力学方程.     

超声-过氧化氢-氧化铜组合技术催化氧化水中苯酚

研究了超声-H2O2-CuO组合技术对苯酚的降解效果。考察了苯酚初始浓度、溶液温度及鼓入空气对苯酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明，与未鼓入空气时相比，连续鼓气时苯酚的降解效果较好；初始浓度低，苯酚去除率高；溶液温度从20％上升到55％时，苯酚去除率随温度升高而增大，温度对该过程的影响主要表现为对催化剂的影响而不是对超声作用的影响。高效液相色谱分析表明，苯酚降解的中间产物主要为对苯二酚、邻苯二酚及其他有机小分子物质，最终产物为草酸、二氧化碳和水。     

超声-过氧化氢-氧化铜组合技术催化氧化水中苯酚

研究了超声-H2O2-CuO组合技术对苯酚的降解效果。考察了苯酚初始浓度、溶液温度及鼓入空气对苯酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明,与未鼓入空气时相比,连续鼓气时苯酚的降解效果较好;初始浓度低,苯酚去除率高;溶液温度从20℃上升到55℃时,苯酚去除率随温度升高而增大,温度对该过程的影响主要表现为对催化剂的影响而不是对超声作用的影响。高效液相色谱分析表明,苯酚降解的中间产物主要为对苯二酚、邻苯二酚及其他有机小分子物质,最终产物为草酸、二氧化碳和水。