林丹和呋喃丹对赤子爱胜蚓存活、生长和繁殖能力的影响

采用人工土培养法,通过急性和亚急性暴露实验,研究了林丹和呋喃丹对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)存活、生长和繁殖能力的影响.结果表明,1)林丹对蚯蚓14d LC50为162.09mg·kg-1,属低等毒性;呋喃丹对蚯蚓14d LC50为3.11mg·kg-1,属中等毒性.2)林丹在急性暴露期显著抑制蚯蚓的生长,在亚急性暴露期低浓度林丹对蚯蚓生长影响不显著,高浓度林丹则显著抑制蚯蚓的生长;呋喃丹在急性和亚急性暴露期对蚯蚓的生长均具有极显著的抑制作用.3)林丹和呋喃丹均可显著抑制蚯蚓的繁殖能力.4)林丹和呋喃丹均可对蚯蚓皮肤结构造成损伤,林丹的损伤程度较严重,呋喃丹相对较弱.5)LC50可以迅速有效地对农药的毒性进行初步判断,而生长抑制率和幼虫孵化数是更加敏感的评估农药对蚯蚓毒性的指标.     

Integrated urban ecosystem evaluation and modeling based on embodied cosmic exergy

This paper presented a thermodynamic synthesis that involved resource accounting, evaluation and modeling of urban ecosystems based on embodied cosmic exergy (EcE), which redefined embodied exergy with the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) as the reference for solar exergy. In a case study of the Beijing urban ecosystem, the major resources supporting the urban ecosystem, both from free natural resources and from the economy, were accounted for, analyzed and evaluated in the same units, Cosmic Joules (Jc). These indicators revealed the current performance of the Beijing urban ecosystem by considering five aspects of the system: EcE sources, EcE intensity, EcE welfare, environmental impacts and economic efficiency. Moreover, through the combination of the EcE synthesis with a systems dynamics, this research constructed an embodied cosmic exergy-based urban system model (EESM) using Beijing as an example of urban development. The results show that the 10 years from 2010 to 2020 will be very critical for the sustainable development of Beijing because many key factors, such as water resources, wastes and urban assets, might be confronted with great changes during this period. These changes will inevitably transform the urban system not only in its external circumstances but also in its inner structure and may lead to serious consequences. Of all the necessary resources, the most sensitive factor is water supply.     

A new synergetic paradigm in environmental numerical modeling: Hybrid models combining deterministic and machine learning components

A new type of environmental numerical models, hybrid environmental numerical models (HEMs) based on combining deterministic modeling and machine learning components, is introduced and formulated. Conceptual and practical possibilities of developing HEM, as an optimal synergetic combination of the traditional deterministic/first principles modeling (like that used for solving PDEs on the sphere representing model dynamics of global climate models) and machine learning components (like accurate and fast neural network emulations of model physics or chemistry processes), are discussed. Examples of developed HEMs (hybrid climate models and a hybrid wind–wave ocean model) illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of the new approach for modeling extremely complex multidimensional systems.     

水产养殖对水生生态系统中汞甲基化影响研究进展

水产养殖造成的水体富营养化不仅导致有机质增加,而且致使很多水体理化参数发生变化,包括水中溶解氧下降、沉积物中有机质和硫酸盐、硫化氢的增加、pH值的下降、生物和微生物群落的破坏等.然而,目前国内外在这方面的研究极少,水产养殖对水体汞甲基化的影响尚不清楚,对其进行深入的研究,并提出合理利用和开发水资源的科学建议具有重要的现实意义.     

Spatial statistics for modeling of abundance and distribution of wildlife species in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya

This study illustrates the use of modern statistical procedures for better wildlife management by addressing three key issues: determination of abundance, modeling of animal distributions and variability of diversity in space and time. Prior information in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is used to improve estimates of abundance. Measures of autocorrelation are included when modeling distributions of animal counts, and a diversity index to indicate species abundance and richness for large herbivores is developed. Data from the Masai Mara ecosystem in Kenya are used to develop and demonstrate these procedures. The new abundance estimates are up to 35% more accurate than those obtained by existing methods. Significant temporal changes in spatial patterns are found from a space-time analysis of elephant counts over a 20-year period, with strong interactions over 5 km and 6 months space and time separations, respectively. The new diversity index is sensitive to both high abundance and species richness and is also able to capture year to year variation. It indicates an overall marginal decrease in diversity for large herbivores in the Mara ecosystem. The space-time analyses and diversity index can easily be computed thereby providing tools for rapid decision making.     

Inverse uncertainty characteristics of pollution source identification for river chemical spill incidents by stochastic analysis

Identifying source information after river chemical spill occurrences is critical for emergency responses. However, the inverse uncertainty characteristics of this kind of pollution source inversion problem have not yet been clearly elucidated. To fill this gap, stochastic analysis approaches, including a regional sensitivity analysis method, identifiability plot and perturbation methods, were employed to conduct an empirical investigation on generic inverse uncertainty characteristics under a well-accepted uncertainty analysis framework. Case studies based on field tracer experiments and synthetic numerical tracer experiments revealed several new rules. For example, the release load can be most easily inverted, and the source location is responsible for the largest uncertainty among the source parameters. The diffusion and convection processes are more sensitive than the dilution and pollutant attenuation processes to the optimization of objective functions in terms of structural uncertainty. The differences among the different objective functions are smaller for instantaneous release than for continuous release cases. Small monitoring errors affect the inversion results only slightly, which can be ignored in practice. Interestingly, the estimated values of the release location and time negatively deviate from the real values, and the extent is positively correlated with the relative size of the mixing zone to the objective river reach. These new findings improve decision making in emergency responses to sudden water pollution and guide the monitoring network design.

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化学物质水体归趋与影响数据库(CAFE)，一种用于评估水环境中化学物质溢出水平的工具

化学物质水体归趋与影响 (简称CAFE)数据库是一个允许快速并无限制访问数据的集中式数据库。CAFE将现有的32 377种化学物质的归趋数据和4 498种化学物质的毒性效果数据整合至用户友好的工具中,以物种敏感度分布(SSD)的形式总结毒性数据,并提供了相关的1%和5%危害浓度(HC₁和HC₅)。为探究CAFE数据与报道的化学事故之间的联系,一项数据可用性评估显示,2000年至2014年间在美国国家应急中心呈报的55种化学物质中,32种物质的归趋和20种物质的毒性在CAFE中均有记录;2003年至2014年间由美国海洋及大气管理局呈报的205种化学物质中,86种物质的归趋和103种物质的毒性在CAFE中也均有记录。我们假设2种化学物质在环境中溢出(丙烯腈,溢出量为625桶 ;变性乙醇,溢出量为857桶),根据模型对其环境浓度进行模拟,进而说明CAFE在实际中的应用。在24 h时程的SSD中,大多数物种很可能分别在溢出后最初的35 min内和15 h内受到丙烯腈和变性酒精的影响。丙烯腈浓度在溢出后45 min已低于HC₅(17 mg?L^L-1),变性酒精浓度在溢出后60 h已低于HC₅(2 676 mg?L^L-1)。将100种化学物质以CAFE数据为基础得出的HC₅与发表的HC₅进行对比,我们发现超过一半的数值都在2倍差异以内,较少的一部分数值则超过了10倍差异。CAFE的发展提高了获取相关环境信息的能力,并可能应用于水体环境污染物溢出分析之外的更多领域。
精选自Adriana C. Bejarano, James K. Farr, Polly Jenne, Valerie Chu, Al Hielscher. The chemical aquatic fate and effects database (CAFE), a tool that supports assessments of chemical spills in aquatic environments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1576–1586, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3289
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3289/full
     

三氯生在水生生态系统中的污染现状及其生物毒性效应

三氯生(triclosan, TCS)是一种合成型广谱类抗菌剂,广泛应用于人类的生产生活,使用中伴随生活污水进入环境并已广泛分布,其中水生生态系统是TCS的主要污染区域之一。通过汇总分析国内外不同类型水生生态系统中TCS的调查研究结果,发现TCS已经普遍存在于淡水和近海水生生态系统中,生活污染处理厂出水是河流中TCS的主要污染源,区域污染水平与人口密度和工业发展程度密切相关;水体中的浓度受降雨、河口区潮汐作用以及季节影响; TCS对水生生物存在显著毒性效应,其效应浓度因物种而异,与生物的发育阶段也有关系。     

溴氯海因在水环境中的降解及其对4种水生生物的急性毒性

研究了新型消毒剂溴氯海因(BCDMH)在水环境中的降解规律及其影响因素以及BCDMH对4种不同生态位水生生物(发光菌、小球藻、大型溞和斑马鱼)的急性毒性.结果表明:1)BCDMH的正辛醇/水分配系数(Kow)为3.74(25℃),在水环境中的降解符合一级动力学方程C=C0×e-k·t,其一级反应速率常数k随温度升高而增大,25℃时k值为0.3577,半衰期为1.72d.2)pH6～9时,pH值越低BCDMH降解越快,碱性条件对其降解有显著抑制;自然光照和曝气有利于BCDMH的降解.3)BCDMH对斑马鱼的96hLC50=3.68mg·L-1,属高毒;对大型溞的24hLC50=1.44mg·L-1,属高毒;对小球藻的96hEC50=4.15mg·L-1,属高毒;对发光菌的1hEC50=0.62mg·L-1,属极高毒.     

重金属对水生生物的生态毒理效应及生物耐受机制研究进展

近年来,随着国民经济的快速发展,重金属以其特有的性质而被大量的应用于生产生活当中,同时也由于各种原因造成了水体重金属污染现象。水体重金属污染不仅对水生生物的生长和繁殖造成了严重的威胁,同时也威胁到人类的健康。因此,重金属污染具有潜在的生态与健康风险。本文主要概括介绍了重金属对水生植物、动物、微生物的生态毒理效应以及水生生物对重金属的各种耐受机制,展望了重金属对水生生物生态毒理效应的未来研究重点和方向。     

Green supply chain management in the chemical industry: structural framework of drivers

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is to improve the quality of supply chain management strategies and environmental performance. As per current statistics, the chemical industry is growing fast in Bangladesh. In order to compete for global competition, GSCM is essential in this sector. This paper proposes a systematic approach of structural framework whose aim is to enhance the probability of constructive implementation of GSCM in the field chemical industry in Bangladesh. Therefore, this framework evaluates the appropriate interrelationship along with the drivers of GSCM in the chemical industry. In total, eight drivers were finalized from an associated literature review with the help of survey and by taking expert opinions via the Delphi methodology. In addition to MICMAC analysis, the driving and the dependence powers for all the drivers were determined. Moreover, the structural frameworks for the drivers were developed by means of total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) technique. As a result, the findings indicate that the most significant driver was supplier pressure and willingness and the most important barrier was high cost. Finally, the main objective of this research is expected to help industrial managers to evaluate and understand the critical areas where they should emphasize to implement GSCM in the chemical industry.     

硫丹的环境行为及水生态毒理效应研究进展

有机氯农药硫丹作为一种典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs)曾广泛应用于农业生产,我国曾大量使用。硫丹作为一种重要的污染物通过地表径流、淋、溶、干/湿沉降等方式进入水体,在直接影响大型水生植物和浮游藻类的同时,给鱼类等水生动物也带来了一定的毒性效应。由于其半衰期较长、迁移能力强、富集性高,在水体环境中已普遍检测出硫丹的存在,因此,对硫丹的水生生态安全性评价显得十分重要。硫丹对水生生物具有高毒性,它可影响生物正常受体配体作用、损伤生物膜、影响活性氧代谢并具有潜在的内分泌干扰作用。本文介绍了硫丹的环境行为效应,并综述了硫丹对水生生物的毒性及几种致毒机制,展望了该领域今后的研究重点和方向。     

离子液体的水生生态毒理及其毒性影响因素研究进展

离子液体具有极低挥发性等良好理化性质而被公认为是传统有机溶剂的替代品,然而其较强的水溶性对水环境造成的潜在威胁受到关注。本文归纳总结了国内外有关不同类型离子液体对不同营养级水生生物个体、组织器官、细胞、酶等的毒性影响,并对碳链长度、阴阳离子以及环境因子等毒性影响因素的最新研究进展进行了综述,为设计绿色离子液体及合理控制管理水环境提供参考。     

2种典型家用消毒剂对水生生物的急性毒性影响及生态效应阈值研究

家用消毒剂大量用于日常生活中,进入水体环境后对水生生物产生潜在危害效应,目前尚缺乏保护水生生物安全的生态效应阈值。本研究以2种典型家用消毒剂(有效成分分别为对氯间二甲苯酚和次氯酸钠,前者命名为消毒剂A、后者为消毒剂B)为研究对象,开展其对8种不同营养级淡水水生生物的急性毒性效应研究。结果表明,除底栖动物外,消毒剂B对藻类、溞类和鱼类的急性毒性均高于消毒剂A;我国本土种稀有鮈鲫对2种消毒剂的敏感性高于其他2种鱼类;2种消毒剂对藻类的毒性高低均为近头状伪蹄形藻斜生栅藻蛋白核小球藻;近头状伪蹄形藻对2种消毒剂最敏感。基于上述毒性数据构建了物种敏感分布(SSD)曲线,计算对保护95%的物种不受影响时所对应的污染物浓度(HC5),并结合评估因子法推导出2种消毒剂预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值作为急性生态效应阈值,消毒剂A和消毒剂B的PNEC值分别为13.16 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分对氯间二甲苯酚PNEC值为0.33 mg·L~(-1))和0.71 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分次氯酸钠PNEC值为0.01 mg·L~(-1)),消毒剂A对淡水生物的PNEC比消毒剂B大了一个数量级,表明相较于消毒剂B,消毒剂A对水生态环境更为友好。本研究结果可为制订典型家用消毒剂的水质基准提供科学依据。     

双酚S和双酚F在水环境中的分布、毒理效应及其生态风险研究进展

双酚S(BPS)和双酚F(BPF)作为双酚A(BPA)的替代品在工业中被广泛使用。近年来BPS和BPF在水环境中不断检出,因其难降解、易蓄积,可能会对水生态系统和人体健康造成不利影响。因此对BPS和BPF在水、沉积物等水环境介质中污染状况进行综述,发现BPS和BPF的含量有日益升高的趋势,甚至在某些水体中的浓度超过BPA。然后,从急性毒性、内分泌干扰效应、发育毒性等3个方面,阐述了它们对水生生物产生的毒理效应。并且基于水环境介质中的检出浓度和实验室毒理数据,对水体和沉积物中BPS和BPF的生态风险进行评估,发现沉积物中的风险要高于水体。最后对目前研究局限以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

Spatially distributed modeling of the long-term carbon balance of a boreal landscape

Spatially and temporally distributed information on the sizes of biomass carbon (C) pools (BCPs) and soil C pools (SCPs) is vital for improving our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere C fluxes. Because the sizes of C pools result from the integrated effects of primary production, age-effects, changes in climate, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, N deposition, and disturbances, a modeling scheme that interactively considers these processes is important. We used the InTEC model, driven by various spatio-temporal datasets to simulate the long-term C-balance in a boreal landscape in eastern Canada. Our results suggested that in this boreal landscape, mature coniferous stands had stabilized their productivity and fluctuated as a weak C-sink or C-source depending on the interannual variations in hydrometeorological factors. Disturbed deciduous stands were larger C-sinks (NEP₂₀₀₄ = 150 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹) than undisturbed coniferous stands (e.g. NEP₂₀₀₄ = 8 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹). Wetlands had lower NPP but showed temporally consistent C accumulation patterns. The simulated spatio-temporal patterns of BCPs and SCPs were unique and reflected the integrated effects of climate, plant growth and atmospheric chemistry besides the inherent properties of the C pool themselves. The simulated BCPs and SCPs generally compared well with the biometric estimates (BCPs: r = 0.86, SCPs: r = 0.84). The largest BCP biases were found in recently disturbed stands and the largest SCP biases were seen in locations where moss necro-masses were abundant. Reconstructing C pools and C fluxes in the ecosystem in such a spatio-temporal manner could help reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of terrestrial C-cycle.     

亚热带典型花岗岩小流域径流化学特征与化学风化

为了解小流域尺度下生物地球化学过程对径流水体的影响及花岗岩化学风化对CO2的吸收,对亚热带典型花岗岩区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F-森林、FA-森林/农田)的地表径流及其常量离子和溶解Si含量进行了连续3年的定期观测和分析.结果表明,溶解Si,Na+和HCO3-构成地表径流的主要化学成分,FA流域离子总量高于F流域,反映了流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献.皖南典型花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流中Sidiss/Na+和NO3-/SO24-比值均远高于同一生物气候带内富含碳酸盐岩的太湖流域径流中的相应值,揭示了区域岩性差异和人类活动导致的大气酸沉降组成差异是决定径流化学组成的主要因素.皖南花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流化学组分约43%和38%来源于大气降水,57%和50%来源于岩石风化,FA流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献约为12%.皖南小流域(F、FA)花岗岩化学风化过程对CO2的消耗通量分别为(0.67—0.96)×105 mol.km-.2a-1和(0.64—1.05)×105 mol.km-.2a-1,远低于同一生物气候带内石灰岩母质流域.     

Secretion-grooming in aquatic beetles (Hydradephaga): A chemical protection against contamination of the hydrofuge respiratory region

Summary All Hydradephaga investigated so far crawl onto land when exposed to an increase in water temperature and light intensity and spread the secretion from their pygidial glands over the body surface (secretion-grooming). The secretions have antimicrobial properties and are mainly applied to hydrofuge body regions important for aquatic respiration. Experimental prevention of secretion-grooming leads to the loss of the respiratory air bubble and a significant increase in mortality. These findings support the view that the secretion-grooming of adephagous aquatic beetles, like in some aquatic Heteroptera, inhibits the growth of microor-ganisms, thus preventing the contamination and wetting of the cuticular respiratory structures. Thus it keeps functional the air-retaining hydrophobous body regions essential for aquatic respiration. A model is presented on how secretion-grooming may have evolved in the Hydradephaga. Other possible functions of the pygidial gland secretions are discussed.     

锌在长柔毛委陵菜细胞内的分布和化学形态研究

采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法研究了Zn在长柔毛委陵菜(Potentilla grifithii Hook)叶片、叶柄和根系中的亚细胞分布和赋存形态。研究表明,细胞壁是Zn在长柔毛委陵菜细胞内的主要分布位点,其次是含核糖体的可溶部分和细胞核部分,而在叶绿体和线粒体的分布很少。叶片中,提高Zn处理水平,Zn向细胞壁和可溶部分的分配减少,而在细胞核部分的分配增加;叶柄中,提高Zn处理浓度增加了Zn在可溶部分的分配;根系中,Zn在各组分中的分配不受Zn浓度影响。在Zn赋存形态上,植物体内以氯化钠提取态和水提取态为主导形态;提高Zn处理水平,醋酸提取态的分配明显减少,水和乙醇两种提取态的分配增加;而其他形态Zn在植物体内的分配则很少。显示细胞壁和液泡是Zn在长柔毛委陵菜细胞内的重要结合位点,且可能主要与水溶性和酯溶性的有机配位体结合。     

水体、土壤和沉积物中铊的化学形态研究进展

铊(TI)是一个典型性的毒害重金属元素,在环境中的迁移转化行为、富集机制、毒性和生物效应与其赋存化学形态密切相关.本文对水体、土壤和沉积物中Tl化学形态分布、演化特征和化学形态分析方法作了系统总结和评述,并对Tl化学形态分析存在问题及未来发展趋势进行了展望.