我国伴生放射性矿开发利用的辐射环境监管现状与对策

从伴生放射性矿辐射环境安全监管角度出发,分析了与伴生放射性矿开发利用辐射环境监管有关的法律法规具体条款要求,梳理了相关法律法规之间的逻辑关系,提出了伴生放射性矿开发利用辐射环境监管制度方面存在的问题,结合实际调研活动,提出了监管制度框架的建议。     

新疆伴生放射性矿产资源开发利用的辐射安全和污染问题探讨

新疆伴生放射性矿产资源种类和数量较多,在开发利用过程中监管不严,会带来环境污染和辐射安全问题.本文通过介绍新疆伴生放射性矿的辐射水平状况,从伴生矿存在的辐射安全问题、摸清伴生矿的分布、履行环境影响评价制度、编制科学且实用的审管标准及做好伴生矿企业的监管等方面对新疆伴生矿开发利用过程的污染防冶、安全管理措施进行探讨,并提出相关建议.     

新疆某伴生放射性钒矿氡浓度水平调查及防治措施的探讨

在伴生矿的勘探、开采过程中,如果井下工作场所通风不足,矿石、土壤和岩石等所释放的氡气会造成局部的放射性污染,因此了解伴生矿矿井中氡气的水平并探讨有效的防护措施是非常必要的。本文就新疆某矾矿在矿井建设初期和通风设施建成后两时间段的氡浓度水平及防治措施进行探讨,并提出相应的防护措施和建议。     

新疆放射性废物库环境放射性现状调查

新疆放射性废物的库库区内，外环境放射性属正常本底水平，废物库运行期间未造成放射性污染。     

浅谈辐射环境管理的问题及对策

辐射环境管理作为环境保护工作的重要组成部分已越来越受到各级政府和广大人民群众的关心和重视。目前,我国辐射环境管理工作尚处于起步阶段,因此存在许多的困难和问题,需要我们认真研究。笔者结合几年来的工作实际,谈几点思路和体会。近年来辐射环境管理工作主要存在以下问题。一是放射性废物的归口管理时间较短,历史欠帐较多,因此积存了大量复杂尖锐的矛盾和问题,需要相当长的时间去着力解决;二是辐射环境的立法还很不完备,虽然《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、国务院《放射性同位素与射线装置防护条例》和环保部门的行政规章以及…     

油田放射性测井对环境和个人辐射剂量分析

放射性测井对环境和个人辐射剂量监测数据表明:个人受辐射伤害最大的是保管员,其次是仪器修理人员,然后是农民轮换工、司机、绞车工、操作工、主管领导、井口工人。保管员、仪器修理工、司机遭受辐射的剂量比较大,而在一线现场操作人员的个人辐射剂量水平反而都比较低,说明现场的个人防护措施得当。经过分析,确定了放射性测井施工中各岗位的安全操作时间,并针对个人防护存在的问题,提出了相应的改进措施和建议。     

核电燃料元件厂环境辐射监测与评价

本文对 1994～ 1998年核电燃料元件生产所排放的放射性流出物及环境辐射进行了监测分析。结果表明 ,在正常生产运行情况下 ,放射性流出物对周围公众造成的年最大个人有效剂量当量是 7 2 6× 10 -2 mSv ,远低于公众剂量限值。评价半径为80km范围内的集体有效剂量当量为 4 70× 10 -2 人·Sv/a。     

国外石棉废物的处理处置和环境管理要求

石棉废物通过其纤维形态暴露在空气中对人体产生严重的危害,因此,各国对于石棉废物的处理处置有着严格的要求,主要是围绕着石棉废物填埋处置所作的工作过程要防止石棉废物暴露到环境中,这些过程包括石棉废物的清除、包装、运输、装卸、存放、填埋、最终覆盖等。     

四川省城市放射性废物库辐射环境质量的监测与调查分析

四川省城市放射性废物库是四川省唯一的放射性废物(源)国家二级暂存库,是保证四川省辐射环境安全的重要设施。通过对四川省城市放射性废物库的辐射环境监测方法的介绍,从环境γ辐射剂量率、水和大气总α、总β放射性活度浓度水平、土壤中敏感核素含量等方面,分析了2011～2018年的辐射环境年度监测报告数据。结果表明四川省城市放射性废物库运行良好,辐射环境安全,不存在放射性污染的情况。     

德阳市道路环境γ辐射剂量水平

本文在德阳市环境天然放射性水平调查基础上,对市辖5953.75平方公里范围内的五种不同材料路面,47个测点的道路γ辐射剂量率进行了分析研究,其结果是:(1)陆地γ辐射剂量率为5.54×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(2)贯空辐射剂量率为8.71×10~(-8)Gyh~(-1);(3)不同材料路面γ辐射剂量率的大小顺序是:泥土>碎石>水泥>柏油>石块路面。     

国内外近地表处置场处置技术研究

近年来低、中水平放射性废物由于其数量大,种类多等特点得到了国际上越来越多的关注。近地表处置是这类放射性废物的主要处置技术。本文介绍了国外几个国家的近地表处置场运行情况以及管理经验。陈述了我国西北和北龙两个处置场设计及运行情况,对国内外低中放处置场的处置技术进行比较,借鉴国外近地表处置场的先进经验,提出我国近地表处置场建设的相关建议,为我国新建近地表处置场建设提供参考。     

基于环境地理信息平台的预警系统的构建

随着经济的高速发展,环境污染事故也呈现出上升的势头,环境污染事故不仅造成了环境危害,而且对人民群众的安全产生了重大威胁。鉴于环境污染事故的多发性、危害性,应急处置显然非常重要,而构建强大的应急处置信息系统有助于应急处置和分析决策的顺利进行。本文分析了环境应急处置需求,提出了建立环境污染应急管理信息系统的设计框架。     

A spatial-temporal system for dynamic cadastral management

A practical spatio-temporal database (STDB) technique for dynamic urban land management is presented. One of the STDB models, the expanded model of Base State with Amendments (BSA), is selected as the basis for developing the dynamic cadastral management technique. Two approaches, the Section Fast Indexing (SFI) and the Storage Factors of Variable Granularity (SFVG), are used to improve the efficiency of the BSA model. Both spatial graphic data and attribute data, through a succinct engine, are stored in standard relational database management systems (RDBMS) for the actual implementation of the BSA model. The spatio-temporal database is divided into three interdependent sub-databases: present DB, history DB and the procedures-tracing DB. The efficiency of database operation is improved by the database connection in the bottom layer of the Microsoft SQL Server. The spatio-temporal system can be provided at a low-cost while satisfying the basic needs of urban land management in China. The approaches presented in this paper may also be of significance to countries where land patterns change frequently or to agencies where financial resources are limited.     

大渡河干热河谷农业环境资源的开发模式

大渡河干热河谷光、热资源充裕,雨、热同期,主、支流(沟)纵横交错,为农业灌溉提供了水源;经济林木资源优势相对突出,农业环境资源立体层次丰富。因此,本文提出了开发大渡河干热河谷农业环境资源的4种模式。     

The consequences of backcountry surface disposal of human waste in an alpine, temperate forest and arid environment

Surface disposal of human waste by the smear method, a suggested but heretofore unexamined technique, was tested in three environments and examined for reductions in fecal mass and fecal indicator bacteria. Substantial reduction in fecal mass was observed after six and fourteen weeks of exposure in all environments, but extensive reduction in fecal indicator bacteria was observed in only the arid and alpine environments. Although surface smears appear favorable to cathole techniques in terms of indicator bacteria reduction, the application of this method is limited by several other factors common to backcountry sanitation situations. It is therefore likely that surface disposal would only be applicable in very remote, low use, alpine and arid settings where lack of soil development precludes the use of catholes and carry-out techniques are otherwise impractical.     

A mixed integer linear programming model for optimisation of organics management in an integrated solid waste system

In this paper, the authors propose a mixed integer linear programming model for designing an Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS) to meet specific economic goals. The model refers to a set of municipalities, known as ‘local basin’, which have to share a common waste management system. At the municipal level the model allows for an identification of the optimal collection service option; at the local basin level, the model provides the optimal waste flow appropriate to the collection service option of each municipality. The model has been applied to a full-scale case study of an area located in southeast Italy. A scenario analysis was carried out to investigate alternative municipal solid waste management options, which fundamentally differ in the organic flow mass rate to be either collected and composted or landfilled. Findings show that an increase in the cost of landfilling determines the optimal collection scenario and the configuration plants tend to recover higher rates of organics in separate collection and thus higher refuse derived fuel productions. The results obtained validate the application of the model in both the strategic planning and operational phases, by supporting public administrators at both municipality and local basin level in decision making and evaluation of technical and economic performances of ISWMSs.     

我国电子废弃物处理产业现状与前景探讨

电子废弃物处理产业是伴随我国近年来社会经济快速发展而产生的一个新兴产业。本文分析了电子废弃物的经济价值、处理技术和产业政策,并对我国电子废弃物处理产业的现状与前景进行了探讨。     

Options for management of municipal solid waste in New York City: a preliminary comparison of health risks and policy implications

Landfill disposal and waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration remain the two principal options for managing municipal solid waste (MSW). One critical determinant of the acceptability of these options is the different health risks associated with each. In this analysis relying on published data and exposure modeling, we have performed health risk assessments for landfill disposal versus WTE treatment options for the management of New York City's MSW. These are based on the realistic scenario of using a waste transfer station (WTS) in Brooklyn and then transporting the untreated MSW by truck to a landfill in Pennsylvania or using a WTE facility in Brooklyn and then transporting the resultant ash by truck to a landfill in Pennsylvania. The overall results indicate that the individual cancer risks for both options would be considered generally acceptable, although the risk from landfilling is approximately 5 times greater than from WTE treatment; the individual non-cancer health risks for both options would be considered generally unacceptable, although once again the risk from landfilling is approximately 5 times greater than from WTE treatment. If one considers only the population in Brooklyn that would be directly affected by the siting of either a WTS or a WTE facility in their immediate neighborhood, individual cancer and non-cancer health risks for both options would be considered generally acceptable, but risks for the former remain considerably higher than for the latter. These results should be considered preliminary due to several limitations of this study such as: consideration of risks only from inhalation exposures; assumption that only volume and not composition of the waste stream is altered by WTE treatment; reliance on data from the literature rather than actual measurements of the sites considered, assuming comparability of the sites. However, the results of studies such as this, in conjunction with ecological, socioeconomic and equity considerations, should prove useful to environmental managers, regulators, policy makers, community representatives and other stakeholders in making sound and acceptable decisions regarding the optimal handling of MSW.     

城市固体废弃物管理系统温室气体排放核算研究综述

城市固体废弃物管理系统是产生温室气体的一个不可忽视的排放源。随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化水平的提高,城市固体废弃物排放量逐年增多,如何准确地核算城市固体废弃物管理系统温室气体排放已成为国内外关注的热点问题之一。本文概述了城市固体废弃物管理系统的演进与优化研究进展,重点对城市固体废弃物管理系统温室气体排放核算规范和标准及其影响因素的研究进行了综述,指出了研究中存在的问题。并进一步建议今后在城市不同类别的固体废弃物管理系统演进过程及其影响、温室气体排放的核算方法、温室气体排放的校正系数、城市固体废弃物管理系统的优化模式及温室气体减排机制等方面加强研究。