冬季湿地植物根际微生物群落结构多样性分析

文章研究了冬季北运河(通州段)沿岸人工湿地植物的根际土壤微生物群落结构。选择千屈菜、香蒲、鸢尾、芦苇等4种植物作为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法对其根际土壤微生物群落结构进行剖析。结果发现,4种湿地植物根际微生物PLFAs总量存在明显的差异,千屈菜的PLFAs总量最低,且多样性最小;相较于香蒲和鸢尾,芦苇根际土壤微生物的均匀度与多样性都较小。对根际土壤各类群微生物比例进行分析发现,不同植物根际土壤各类群微生物的含量呈现出显著性的差异,其中鸢尾根际土壤厌氧微生物比例最高,不利于冬季有机污染物的好氧分解。综合考虑各种因素,相较于千屈菜、鸢尾和芦苇而言,种植香蒲更有利于寒冷地区人工湿地的实际运行。主成分分析的结果表明,千屈菜和香蒲对根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响区分很明显,鸢尾和芦苇差异变化相近,差异不明显。文章从冬季不同湿地植物根际土壤微生物群落结构多样性角度对寒冷地区人工湿地中植物的选择提供了一定的依据。     

利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法分析人工湿地根际土壤微生物多样性

采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）生物标记法,分析了4组人工湿地分别栽种2种植物情况下植物根际土壤的微生物群落结构。结果表明:4组湿地植物根际土壤中PLFAs总量为1322~2769 μg/g,PLFAs种类为18~30,湿地植物根际土壤中PLFAs主要包含饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸;植物根际土壤中细菌含量最高,其中好养菌含量显著高于厌氧菌。对PLFAs总量和湿地设计运行参数进行Pearson相关分析,PLFAs含量与基质孔隙率和进水水质呈显著正相关。     

冬季野鸭湖湿地植物根际微生物群落结构分析

文章应用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术研究野鸭湖湿地扁秆藨草、芦苇和茭白根际土壤微生物的群落结构,同时分析了根际微生物与微生物量磷的相关关系。结果表明,扁秆藨草根际微生物量最高,达60 nmol/g,其次为茭白和芦苇。3种植物根际土壤中的优势菌是以16∶0、18∶0、i16∶0为代表的好氧菌;根际土壤中也出现以18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c为代表的真菌。影响冬季扁秆藨草、茭白根际微生物量及群落结构的主要因素分别是枯落物和气温,而芦苇的特殊根系使其在冬季有较好的适应性。植物根际微生物含量与土壤微生物量磷相关性较好,其中细菌含量与微生物量磷呈显著正相关关系。因此,根际微生物受植物种类影响较大,建议寒冷地区人工湿地根据扁秆藨草、芦苇、茭白的不同特点交错种植,且植物进入衰亡期进行收割有利于污染物去除。     

XP1菌株强化湿地植物脱氮及其对根际微生物的影响

利用从南四湖人工湿地中分离的一株具有良好脱氮作用的反硝化细菌XP1,分别接种于湿地植物芦竹、芦苇和香蒲的根际土壤,考察菌株XP1对3种植物的强化脱氮作用,并利用PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)考察强化脱氮过程中菌株XP1在3种植物根际土壤微生物中的变化. 结果表明:模拟湿地在未强化脱氮时,3种植物湿地在相同条件下脱氮能力大小顺序为芦竹＞芦苇＞香蒲;3种植物的根际土壤所含微生物种类基本相同,所含微生物总量顺序为芦竹＞芦苇＞香蒲,其中土著XP1菌株在芦竹、芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物中的含量比值约为1.5∶1.3∶1. 加入菌株XP1强化脱氮后,香蒲、芦苇、芦竹3种植物湿地总氮去除率分别由14%,56%和56%提高至98%以上,强化脱氮作用明显;含氮废水ρ(TN)降至《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水质要求〔ρ(TN)≤1 mg/L〕时,3种植物根际土壤中的微生物种群数及微生物总量都有所下降,其中菌株XP1在3种植物根际土壤中的含量分别下降了40%,53%和67%,但根际细菌菌群结构未发生较大变化.      

湿地植物根际土壤磷酸酶活性变化规律研究

以野鸭湖湿地中3种典型湿地植物扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和茭白(Zizania aquatica)为研究对象,测定分析了植物根际和非根际土壤中磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和植酸酶的活性随植物生长的变化规律,探讨了影响不同磷酸酶活性的主要因素。结果表明,3种植物根际磷酸酶活性均高于非根际磷酸酶的活性,表现出酶的根际效应;比较整个研究周期不同植物根际磷酸酶活性均值,磷酸单酯酶活性均值在芦苇根际土壤最高,为1.5 mg PhOH/(g·h),磷酸二酯酶和植酸酶活性均值都在扁秆藨草根际表现出最高活性,分别为170.5μg PN/(g·h)和7.44μg P/(g·min);磷酸酶活性一般在植物衰亡期达到最高值,因为衰亡期枯落物的增加导致微生物数量及代谢程度达到峰值,也说明微生物所分泌的磷酸酶发挥着重要作用。此外,磷酸酶也受土壤理化性质的影响,3种土壤磷酸酶与pH值均成不同程度的负相关,pH的降低有利于提高磷酸酶活性。磷酸单酯酶、植酸酶的活性又分别与土壤有机质、总氮含量呈显著正相关,有机质、总氮含量升高分别有利于磷酸单酯酶、植酸酶活性的提高。     

不同湿地植物脱氮效果与根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征分析

为研究水平潜流型人工湿地中不同植物脱氮效果及对土壤微生物的影响,采集水样测定脱氮效率,采集芦苇根际土壤、香蒲根际土壤和对照土壤（不种植物）,利用Biolog技术研究不同处理土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性特征.结果表明:①与对照相比,种植芦苇和香蒲可提高水平潜流型人工湿地7%~33%的NH₃-N去除率.②芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的碳源利用率增加,并显著高于对照土壤;香蒲根际土壤的碳源利用率高于芦苇根际土壤.芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物均对碳水化合物的相对利用率较高（> 48.0%）,对照土壤微生物对碳水化合物和聚合物的相对利用率均较高,分别为34.4%和32.7%.③芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener均匀度指数均显著高于对照土壤.④主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）结果表明,芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物与对照土壤微生物对碳源的利用特征均存在显著差异,而不同植物对土壤微生物碳源利用多样性的影响较小.研究显示,种植植物可改善水平潜流型人工湿地的脱氮效率,增加根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性,而不同植物（芦苇和香蒲）对脱氮效率和根际土壤微生物群落组成的影响无显著差异,因此在种植植物时可根据当地条件进行选择.      

黄河三角洲湿地盐生植物氮和磷的根际效应

通过比较黄河三角洲湿地三种盐生植物柽柳(Tamarix chinensisLour).、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa Pall).和白茅(Imperata cylindrica Beauv.)的根际与非根际土壤中氮、磷的根际效应,分析了不同植物种类根际效应差异的原因。研究结果表明,三种盐生植物根际土壤总氮、速效氮以及有效磷的含量与非根际土壤相比均显著增加(p0.01),根际土壤的总磷含量也高于非根际土壤。柽柳植株对氮、盐地碱蓬植株对磷的富集作用最强,并表现出明显的根际累积效应,这一结果对于滨海湿地氮、磷污染截留的植物修复技术建立具有重要的指导意义。同时,造成不同植物种类的根际效应差别的原因不同,pH值是影响柽柳根际速效氮累积效应的主要原因,而盐地碱蓬根际有效磷累积主要受到根际微生物和盐度变化的共同影响。     

湿地植物芦苇和香蒲根际微生物特性研究

在人工湿地系统中 ,微生物是系统中有机污染物和氮分解去除的主要执行者 ,植物根系及其分泌物使人工湿地系统中的微生物数量显著增加。本文研究了湿地植物芦苇和香蒲根际微生物的数量、活性等特性 ,结果表明芦苇和香蒲具有明显的根际效应 ,根际微生物活性高于非根际的微生物活性 ,芦苇根际比香蒲更适合亚硝酸细菌的生长     

野鸭湖湿地芦苇根际微生物多样性与磷素形态关系

以野鸭湖湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)根际微生物为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法分析了芦苇根际/非根际土壤中各形态磷随植物生长(4、7、10月)的变化规律,同时基于细菌的16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了芦苇根际/非根际土壤微生物多样性,进一步采用CCA法分析了土壤样品中特定微生物与磷素形态转化关系.结果表明,无机磷含量的总体顺序大小为:钙磷(Ca-P)闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)铁磷(Fe-P)交换态磷(Ex-P)铝磷(Al-P),无机磷含量变化主要受芦苇生长状况影响,在芦苇旺盛期达到最低,且根际土壤中的总无机磷含量普遍低于非根际.有机磷含量分布为高稳定性有机磷(HR-OP)中稳定性有机磷(MR-OP)中活性有机磷(ML-OP)活性有机磷(L-OP),各组分含量均随芦苇生长先降低后升高.芦苇根际/非根际土壤微生物中的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria),但在芦苇生长过程中,其根际和非根际微生物群落结构受季节影响变化显著,且根际和非根际的变化有所差异.同时发现了芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)等可能是与磷形态转化有关的主要功能菌属,这些菌属能利用大部分的有机磷和无机磷,在湿地土壤磷素转化中起着关键作用.     

喀斯特高原退化湿地草海土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性研究

为了揭示土壤微生物群落功能多样性对湿地退化过程的响应及其与环境因子的关系,采用BIOLOG-ECO微平板法对喀斯特高原湿地草海不同植被演替阶段根际土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性进行了研究.结果表明,沿湿地植被演替梯度,根际土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度逐渐增加,原生湿地竹叶眼子菜(Comm.Potamogeton malaianu)根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力最低,碳源代谢类型单一;草甸灯芯草(Juncus effusus L.)群落利用能力最强,碳源代谢类型丰富;Shannon指数(H')和Mc Intosh指数(U)均沿植被演替梯度逐渐升高,这可能与地上植物和土壤理化环境变化有关;主成分分析(PCA)提取的3个主成分累计贡献率为92.85%,能够很好解释不同阶段碳源利用的分异,醇类和氨基酸类是引起碳源利用分异的主要基质;冗余分析(RDA)表明,环境因子对微生物碳源代谢活性具有重要影响,p H、DOC是引起碳源利用分异的主要环境因子.土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性影响湿地碳循环功能.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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