光催化-臭氧氧化降解H酸的研究

采用光催化-臭氧氧化技术(催化膜/UV/O3)降解H酸.研究结果表明,光催化与臭氧氧化相结合具有明显的协同作用.实验进一步讨论了臭氧投加量、废水初始pH值和H酸初始浓度对光催化-臭氧氧化降解H酸的影响.降解后的H酸,萘环结构被破坏,可生化性提高.     

光催化臭氧氧化法在废水处理中的研究进展

光催化臭氧氧化法作为一种有效的废水处理技术,对难降解的有机废水,具有良好的降解功效。文中分析了UV/O3/Fe2＋、UV/O3/Fe3＋和UV/O3/H2O2体系的反应机理,介绍了光催化臭氧氧化法在废水处理中的应用情况,指出了光催化臭氧氧化法存在的问题和展望。     

臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的机理

对臭氧单独氧化和臭氧催化氧化下的苯胺降解效率进行了比较,并通过液质联机分析了氧化过程中产物变化情况。实验结果表明,催化剂MnO2-CuO-CeO2/沸石的添加能有效地提高臭氧氧化苯胺的降解率,当苯胺初始浓度为200mg/L,反应20 min后,苯胺的去除率由原来的75%提高到89%;通过LC-MS分析,臭氧催化氧化苯胺降解过程中代谢产物依次为对亚胺醌、对苯醌、马来酸和草酸,并由此推断出了臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的途径。     

氧化铈/活性炭催化臭氧氧化技术去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

用浸渍法在活性炭(AC)上负载氧化铈(CeO2)制备催化刺CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化去除邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP),考察了臭氧投加量,DMP初始浓度和溶液初始pH的影响.结果表明,CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化去除DMP的最佳臭氧投加量为50mg/h,DMP初始浓度和溶液初始pH对CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP过程都有一定的影响.在DMP初始质量浓度为30 mg/L、溶液初始pH为5、臭氧投加量为50 mg/h、反应60 min时,CeO2/AC的加入(1.5g/L)有利于催化臭氧氧化DMP过程中总有机碳(TOC)的去除,TOC去除率由AC催化臭氧氧化的48%提高到68%.而单独臭氧氧化过程中的TOC去除率仅22%;且单独臭氧氧化与AC、CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP的矿化过程均符合二级反应动力学方程,CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP时TOC降解的二级反应动力学常数为0.0015L/(mg·min),分别是AC催化臭氧氧化的2.5倍和单独臭氧氧化的7.5倍.     

臭氧-二氧化钛光催化技术脱除硫化氢

在连续性反应器内以臭氧-光催化技术氧化硫化氢,证实了臭氧对光催化脱除硫化氢有促进作用,探讨了可能存在的主要基元反应和二氧化钛失活的原因,考察了反应温度、臭氧含量、硫化氢初始体积分数等因素对臭氧-光催化技术脱除硫化氢的影响。结果表明,臭氧在光催化作用下快速分解为活性氧离子或自由基,硫化氢在臭氧和光催化联合作用下快速氧化为二氧化硫,最终转化为硫酸;硫酸在二氧化钛表面的沉积使其催化活性降低,导致硫化氢和二氧化硫的转化率逐渐下降。研究还发现,当硫化氢的初始体积分数为100×10-6时,臭氧和硫化氢的最佳摩尔比约为2:1;臭氧-光催化脱除硫化氢的最佳温度为70℃左右;降低硫化氢的初始体积分数可大幅度降低二氧化硫的选择性。     

催化臭氧氧化降解糖蜜酒精废水的研究

以SnO2为催化剂,研究糖蜜酒精废水在臭氧条件下的氧化降解反应,为糖蜜酒精废水的治理提供一种新的处理方法.研究表明,SnO2加速了臭氧氧化反应,使糖蜜酒精废水的氧化降解加快.影响糖蜜酒精废水氧化降解的主要因素有臭氧流量、废水的初始pH和催化剂用量等.加大臭氧流量及增加催化剂用量,均有利于糖蜜酒精废水的降解.适宜的反应条件是:糖蜜酒精废水的稀释倍数为10倍,臭氧流量为130 mg/h,催化剂用量为2.500 g/L,废水的初始pH为4.25,温度为30 ℃.在该条件下反应60 min,废水的脱色率为60.2%,COD去除率为44.5%.动力学分析表明,单独臭氧氧化降解糖蜜酒精废水和SnO2催化臭氧氧化降解糖蜜酒精废水均为拟一级反应.     

臭氧光催化降解水中甲醛的研究

研究比较了3种光化学方法对水中低浓度甲醛的降解效果,考察了初始pH值、甲醛浓度和臭氧投加速率等因素对臭氧光催化(TiO_2/UV/O_3)降解甲醛的影响。结果表明,紫外臭氧(UV/O_3)、光催化(TiO_2/UV)和TiO_2/UV/O_3对甲醛的降解均符合表观一级反应动力学,TiO_2/UV/O_3降解甲醛的一级表观速率常数大于TiO_2/UV与UV/O_3之和,说明臭氧、光催化有明显的协同作用。pH值对臭氧光催化降解甲醛的速率几乎没有影响;甲醛初始浓度增加,表观反应速率常数下降,但甲醛的绝对去除量仍随初始浓度的增加而显著增加;臭氧投加速率增加,降解速率增加。甲醛降解的主要中间产物为甲酸,但甲酸在臭氧光催化反应过程中也快速降解而被矿化,说明臭氧光催化是一种能安全有效去除甲醛的方法。     

臭氧/Mn2+催化降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

以Mn2 为催化剂与臭氧联合降解除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D).考察了反应温度、pH、2,4-D初始浓度和臭氧气体流量等因素对2,4-D降解效果的影响.pH对2,4-D降解效果影响很大,当pH=2.0、反应5 min时,2,4-D的去除率达99.8%;当pH=10.1、反应20min时,2,4-D的去除率仅为50.0%.反应温度升高、臭氧气体流量增加、2,4-D初始浓度降低均有助于2,4-D降解速率的提高.单独臭氧氧化2,4-D的表观反应速率常数为0.170 min-1;催化臭氧氧化2,4-D的表观反应速率常数为0.295min-1,是单独臭氧氧化的1.74倍.2,4-D的Mn2 催化臭氧反应遵循拟一级反应动力学方程.     

安全饮用水保障处理中试平台的开发和建设

安全饮用水保障处理中试平台，除具有常规处理工艺外，还引入臭氧接触氧化／催化臭氧氧化、纳滤和反渗透过滤技术、动态膜树脂吸附、光催化氧化、管网生物膜控制等新技术。作者介绍了中试平台建设的设计思路、处理流程及控制系统，并对平台建设的作用进行了阐述。     

污泥基活性炭催化臭氧氧化对氯苯甲酸效能

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥和玉米芯为原料,用氯化锌活化法制备出污泥基活性炭(SCAC),研究了其催化臭氧氧化去除水中对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)的效能和机理,同时,考察了臭氧浓度、SCAC投量、p-CBA初始浓度以及自由基抑制剂叔丁醇的加入对SCAC催化活性的影响。实验结果表明,SCAC的加入可以显著提高臭氧对p-CBA的氧化去除效果,在反应初期尤为明显,反应1.0 min时p-CBA的去除率由单独臭氧氧化的26.1%提高到SCAC催化臭氧氧化的60.2%。SCAC催化臭氧氧化对p-CBA的去除率随臭氧浓度的增加和p-CBA初始浓度的减小而增加。此外,在一定范围内增加催化剂的投量可以增加p-CBA的去除率。叔丁醇的加入显著减弱了SCAC催化臭氧氧化降解p-CBA的效能,表明SCAC催化臭氧氧化反应的主要活性物种为羟基自由基(·OH)。     

紫外光助臭氧化处理活性艳红K-2BP废水研究

以 30 0W高压汞灯为光源 ,研究了紫外光联合臭氧化、单纯臭氧氧化及单纯紫外光照处理 4 0 0mg/L的活性艳红K 2BP废水的可行性。结果表明 :光催化臭氧化可加速有机物的矿化。在同样时间条件下 ,三者氧化能力由大至小为 :UV/O3 >单独O3 >单独UV。运用TOC、紫外 可见光谱 (UV Vis)、毛细管电泳 (CE)等分析技术初步探讨了紫外光催化臭氧化活性艳红K 2BP溶液的降解效果及降解机理。     

MBR出水氯、紫外、臭氧单独与组合消毒

采用氯、紫外和臭氧单独与2种组合工艺对MBR工艺中试出水进行了消毒实验,研究了不同消毒方式对指示性微生物的去除效果以及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量的变化.结果表明,组合工艺消毒效果明显优于单独消毒效果,紫外剂量为25 mJ/cm2与有效氯投加量为3 mg/L的紫外与氯组合、臭氧投加量为6 mg/L与有效氯投加量为4 mg/L的臭氧与氯组合2种工艺消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群指标均满足《污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求.THMs生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加.相对紫外与氯组合消毒,臭氧与氯组合消毒可以大幅度降低THMs生成量,有效氯投加量为4 mg/L时,THMs生成浓度为14.11 μg/L,比氯单独消毒过程降低了37.19%.     

Wastewater disinfection alternatives: chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid, and UV light.

Disinfection tests were carried out at pilot scale to compare the disinfection efficiency of ozone, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peracetic acid (PAA), and UV irradiation. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were monitored as reference microorganisms. Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) were also enumerated by cytometry. At similar doses, NaOCl was more effective than PAA, and its action was less affected by contact time. The results obtained by ozonation were comparable for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli. On the contrary, some differences among the three indicators were observed for NaOCl, PAA, and UV. Differences increased with increasing values of the disinfectant concentration times contact time (C x t) and were probably the result of different initial counts, as total coliforms include fecal coliforms, which include E. coli. The UV irradiation lead to complete E. coli removals, even at low doses (10 to 20 mJ/cm2). Total heterotrophic bacteria appeared to be too wide a group to be a good disinfection indicator; no correlation was found among THB inactivation, dose, and contact time.     

Comparison of the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution by several oxidation processes

A comparative study is made of 12 methods of chemical oxidation applied to degrading p-hydroxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution. The oxidation processes tested were: UV, O3, UV/TiO2, O3/Fe2+, O3/H2O2, O3/UV, UV/H2O2, H2O2/Fe2+, H2O2/Fe2+/O3, UV/H2O2/O3, H2O2/Fe2+/UV and O3/UV/H2O2/Fe2+. The 12 processes were ranked by reactivity. In a kinetic study, the overall kinetic rate constant was split up into three components: direct oxidation by UV irradiation (photolysis), direct oxidation by ozone (ozonation), and oxidation by free radicals (mainly OH*).     

Enhancement of ozone oxidation and its associated processes in the presence of surfactant: degradation of atrazine

In this study, the degradation of atrazine (ATZ) by ozone (O3) oxidation and its associated processes (i.e. UV, UV/O3) in the presence and absence of surfactant was investigated and compared. A non-ionic surfactant, Brij 35, was selected. It was found that the presence of a low concentration of surfactant could improve the removal of ATZ by increasing the dissolution of ozone and the indirect generation of hydroxyl radicals. The saturated ozone level and the reaction rate constants were increased with increasing the concentration of surfactant and then decreased at higher surfactant doses at pH level of 2.5. A similar trend was observed at pH level of 7.0 in the presence of bicarbonate ion, because it is capable of deactivating the hydroxyl radicals generating at higher pH level. However, when the radical reactions become dominant in the ozonation (at pH 7.0 without bicarbonate), the saturated ozone level was higher than that with bicarbonate and the kinetic rate constants were increased first and levelled off with increasing of the dose of surfactant. Through the examining of a proposed unit performance index, the low concentration of surfactant is surely beneficial to the ozonation process. Besides, the direct photolysis and photo-assisted ozonation were compared to the ozonation. A significant enhancement on the decay rate of ATZ was resulted exclusively by adding the surfactant. An enhancement index for quantifying the improvement of the various processes was developed.     

Photo-Fenton-assisted ozonation of p-Coumaric acid in aqueous solution

The degradation of p-Coumaric acid present in olive oil mill wastewater was investigated as a pretreatment stage to obtain more easily biodegradable molecules, with lower toxicity that facilitates subsequent anaerobic digestion. Thus, photo-Fenton-assisted ozonation has been studied and compared with ozonation at alkaline pH and conventional single ultraviolet (UV) and acid ozonation treatments. In the combined process, the overall kinetic rate constant was split into various components: direct oxidation by UV light, direct oxidation by ozone and oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. Molecular and/or radical ozone reaction was studied by conducting the reaction in the presence and absence of tert-butylalcohol at pHs 2, 7 and 9. Ozone oxidation rate increases with pH or by the addition of Fenton reagent and/or UV radiation due to generation of hydroxyl radicals, *OH. Hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion play a double role during oxidation since at low concentrations they act as initiators of hydroxyl radicals but at high concentrations they act as radical scavengers. Finally, the additional levels of degradation by formation of hydroxyl radicals have been quantified in comparison to the conventional single processes and an equation is proposed for the reaction rate as a function of studied operating variables.     

SMX degradation by ozonation and UV radiation: a kinetic study

The rate constants of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation by ozonation and UV₂₅₄ radiation were investigated under various parameters including influent ozone gas concentration, initial SMX concentration, UV light intensity, ionic strength, water quality in terms of varying anions (bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate), humic acid (HA) and pH. The results indicated that the removal of SMX by ozonation and UV₂₅₄ radiation fitted well to a pseudo first-order kinetic model and the rate constants were in the range of (0.9-9.8) × 10⁻³ and (1.7-18.9) × 10⁻³ s⁻¹, respectively. The second-order rate constants of SMX with ozone (k_O3), under varying operational parameters, were also determined and varied in the range of (0.60-3.38) ± 0.13 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. In addition, SMX degradation through UV pretreatment followed by ozonation in the presence of HA was proved to be an effective method which can remove SMX with a low ozone dose. The results suggested that ozonation of SMX was more affected by concentration of influent ozone gas, alkalinity, and HA, while incident UV light intensity, pH, and HA were the dominant factors influencing UV degradation of SMX.     

UV/H2O2/GAC工艺去除水中全氟化合物

全氟化合物(PFCs)持久存在于水环境中,难以通过传统的水处理工艺去除,提高水中PFCs的去除性能具有重要意义。本研究采用快速小柱实验探究了UV、H₂O₂和颗粒活性炭(GAC)组合工艺对水中4种PFCs的去除效果,并探究了UV照射时长和H₂O₂质量浓度对PFCs的直接去除效果及其对后续GAC吸附的影响。结果表明：不同工艺条件下,长链全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)始终表现出较短链全氟丁酸(PFBA)和全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)更高的去除率。单独GAC吸附对长链全氟PFOA和PFOS去除率为59.6%和64.3%,但对短链PFBA和PFBS去除率仅为11.7%和13.1%。单独UV或单独H₂O₂分别与GAC联用时,随着UV照射时长和H₂O₂质量浓度的增加,4种PFCs的去除率略有增加,且UV照射的增益效果较H₂O₂更优。UV/H₂O₂/GAC联用工艺对水中4种PFCs的去除效果最佳,30 min UV/H₂O₂处理后经GAC吸附可去除90％以上的PFOA和PFOS,短链PFBA和PFBS去除率也达到50%以上。UV/H₂O₂/GAC联工艺的良好效果是由于UV/H₂O₂高级氧化过程产生的羟基自由基氧化反应降低了水中大分子有机物的含量,从而减弱了有机物对PFCs的竞争吸附作用。本研究可为水中PFCs的高效处理提供技术参考。     

Photocatalytic ozonation of terephthalic acid: a by-product-oriented decomposition study

Terephthalic acid (TA) is considered as a refractory model compound. For this reason, the TA degradation usually requires a prolonged reaction time to achieve mineralization. In this study, vanadium oxide (V_xO_y) supported on titanium oxide (TiO₂) served as a photocatalyst in the ozonation of the TA with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), having a bandwidth centered at 452 nm. The modified catalyst (V_xO_y/TiO₂) in combination with ozone and LEDs improved the TA degradation and its by-products. The results obtained by this system were compared with photolysis, single ozonation, catalytic ozonation, and photocatalytic ozonation of V_xO_y/TiO₂ with UV lamp. The LED-based photocatalytic ozonation showed almost the same decomposition efficiency of the TA, but it was better in comparison with the use of UV lamp. The oxalic acid accumulation, as the final product of the TA decomposition, was directly influenced by either the presence of V_xO_y or/and the LED irradiation. Several by-products formed during the TA degradation, such as muconic, fumaric, and oxalic acids, were identified. Besides, two unidentified by-products were completely removed during the observed time (60 min). It was proposed that the TA elimination in the presence of V_xO_y/TiO₂ as catalyst was carried out by the combination of different mechanisms: molecular ozone reaction, indirect mechanism conducted by ·OH, and the surface complex formation.