黄骅坳陷孔古4井原油的成因探讨

通过对黄骅孔古4井上古生界原油的地球化学特征及其与石炭系煤系烃源岩的亲缘关系研究,特别是与奥陶系原油、灰岩、下第三系原油饱和烃的甾、萜烷精细“指纹”对比研究后,我们认为孔古4井原油应属于上古生界煤系地层自生自储的原生油气藏,而并非下第三系抑或下古生界碳酸盐岩所生。孔古4井上古生界原生油气藏的发现对于华北地区特别是华北北部黄骅坳陷上古生界煤系地层的油气勘探具有重要意义。     

Chemistry of bulk precipitation in the central and eastern Pyrenees,northeast Spain

Bulk precipitation samples from four locations in the Pyrenees were analysed for major ions and nutrients. The chemical composition of precipitation was related to the origin of storms. Rains coming from the Mediterranean Sea (south-southeast) were alkaline, while those from the Atlantic (northwest) were more acidic. The situation and particular orography of each sampling point determine the amount of precipitation received from each direction and, therefore, the chemical features of rain at each location. We detected differences in the acid loading among the four sampling sites. Bulk precipitation in the Pyrenees is more alkaline than precipitation in central Europe (Alps), owing to the higher Ca²⁺ concentrations and the lower acid pollutant levels (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) found in the Pyrenees.     

第三系红层下石林的岩溶动力学特征

区域地球化学表明 ,第三系泉水及直接被第三系覆盖的灰岩泉水的SIC在雨季小于 0 ,在旱季大于 0。在祭白龙洞 ,地表被第三系覆盖洞段滴水的暂时硬度比地表无此覆盖层的滴水小 1 .6～ 3mmol/L ,pH值也较低。第三系盖层中空气CO2 浓度为 1 0 0 0 0～ 1 4 0 0 0mg/m3,随深度下降。第三系的裂隙最大渗透张量为 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5m/d,高于石灰岩。野外溶蚀试验结果 ,第三系盖层中石灰岩的溶蚀速率为 1 .5mg/ 1 0 0d,且垂直溶蚀速率与水平溶蚀速率相当。上述特征表明 ,较高的裂隙渗透张量及随裂隙下渗的富侵蚀性的水是石芽、石林发育的两个重要因素。这也是为什么发育好的石林常常伴随残留的小面积第三系出现的原因     

库车前陆盆地流体化学、成因与流动

库车前陆盆地寒武系 -第三系流体分析显示 :寒武系 -奥陶系和侏罗系油田水与白垩系 -第三系有所差异 ,前者总矿化度相对较低 ,为 90g/L～ 1 1 0g/L ;相对富Ca2 + 和HCO-3 ;后者总矿化度介于 73g/L～ 3 1 0g/L,主要为 1 3 0g/L～ 2 90g/L,相对富K+ +Na+ 和Cl-;而大宛齐第三系油田水则相对富Ca。影响水化学演化的因素包括 :膏盐类、沸石类矿物溶解以及白云化作用和富镁绿泥石形成等。白垩系油田水δ18O、δD关系显示为淡水蒸发成因 ,且在轮台断隆带油田水87Sr/86Sr向西降低 ,指示了富87Sr的流体来自东部的碎屑泥岩 ,这与本区煤成油运移方向是一致的。而 2个寒武系 -奥陶系油田水87Sr/86Sr高达0 .71 71 6,并富Li、B、Sr元素和δ18O ,被认为来自结晶基岩 ,与氮气、氦气及部分甲烷的来源一致。     

Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW India): an inverted Proterozoic rift basin?

The Aravalli mountain range (AMR) in the northwestern part of the Indian Peninsula consists of two main Proterozoic metasedimentary and metaigneous sequences, the Aravalli and Delhi Supergroups, respectively, which rest over the Archaean gneissic basement. A synthesis and reinterpretation of the available geological, geochronological and geophysical data, including results of own field work and geophysical interpretations pertaining to the AMR, indicate its origin as an inverted basin: rifting into granitoid basement began ca. 2.5; Ga ago with Aravalli passive rifting (ca. 2.5–2.0 Ga) and Delhi active rifting (ca. 1.9–1.6 Ga). Associated mafic igneous rocks show both continental and oceanic tholeiitic geochemistry and are comparable with Phanerozoic, rift-related magmatic products. Available data showed no conclusive evidence for oceanic lithoshere and island-arc/active margin magmatic activity in the AMR. Subsequent inversion and orogeny (Delhi orogeny, ca. 1.5-1.4 Ga) lead to complex deformation and metamorphism. Only in the western and central zones has the basement been involved in this mid-Proterozoic (Delhi) deformation, whereas it is unaffected in the eastern part, except for local shear zones mainly along the basement/cover interface. The grade of metamorphism increases from the greenschist facies in the east to the amphibolite facies in the west with local HP assemblages. These latter are explained by rapid burial and exhumation of thin and cool continental lithosphere. Subsequently, during a final, mild phase of inversion, the Vindhyan basins consisting mainly of sandstones, limestones and shales, flanking the AMR formed which are comparable to foreland basins. The tectonic evolution of the AMR is therefore interpreted as an example of a major inverted continental rift and of a Proterozoic intra-continental orogen.     

粤中长坑金银矿床的碳、氧、氢同位素研究

长坑金银矿床方解石的δ13C值为-3．23‰，方解石和石英的δ18O分别为8．64‰～18．61‰和9．60‰～13．0‰，其范围与其它卡林型金矿相似。结合大本（Ohmoto）模式的理论分析，认为成矿热液的总联同位素组成可大致取为-2‰～－17‰，即碳主要来自地层中的沉积碳酸盐，部分来自有机碳。推导出水岩交换过程中流体氢、氧同位素演化的一般性协变方程并进行了理论模拟，认为成矿流体以燕山晚期一第三纪的加热大气降水或建造水为主。     

Carbon storage and sequestration potential of selected tree species in India

A dynamic growth model (CO2FIX) was used for estimating the carbon sequestration potential of sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn. f.), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Tereticornis Sm.), poplar (Populus Deltoides Marsh), and teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. f.) forests in India. The results indicate that long-term total carbon storage ranges from 101 to 156 Mg C?ha^?1, with the largest carbon stock in the living biomass of long rotation sal forests (82 Mg C?ha^?1). The net annual carbon sequestration rates were achieved for fast growing short rotation poplar (8 Mg C?ha^?1?yr^?1) and Eucalyptus (6 Mg C?ha^?1?yr^?1) plantations followed by moderate growing teak forests (2 Mg C?ha^?1?yr^?1) and slow growing long rotation sal forests (1 Mg C?ha^?1?yr^?1). Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. We also used the model to evaluate the effect of changing rotation length and thinning regime on carbon stocks of forest ecosystem (trees?+?soil) and wood products, respectively for sal and teak forests. The carbon stock in soil and products was less sensitive than carbon stock of trees to the change in rotation length. Extending rotation length from the recommended 120 to 150 years increased the average carbon stock of forest ecosystem (trees?+?soil) by 12%. The net primary productivity was highest (3.7 Mg ha^?1?yr^?1) when a 60-year rotation length was applied but decreased with increasing rotation length (e.g., 1.7 Mg ha^?1?yr^?1) at 150 years. Goal of maximum carbon storage and production of more valuable saw logs can be achieved from longer rotation lengths. ‘No thinning’ has the largest biomass, but from an economical perspective, there will be no wood available from thinning operations to replace fossil fuel for bioenergy and to the pulp industry and such patches have high risks of forest fires, insects etc. Extended rotation lengths and reduced thinning intensity could enhance the long-term capacity of forest ecosystems to sequester carbon. While accounting for effects of climate change, a combination of bioenergy and carbon sequestration will be best to mitigation of CO₂ emission in the long term.     

Tectonic and lithological constraints on the evolution of the Karoo graben of northern Malawi (East Africa)

The results of a lithostratigraphic, tectonic and kinematic study of the Karoo deposits of northern Malawi are reported. The objective of the lithostratigraphic study is to correlate the deposits of the Karoo basins of northern Malawi with the well-known deposits of southern Tanzania, thus establishing a stratigraphic framework through which the timing of faulting can be constrained. The kinematic analysis of faulting constrains the opening direction for the Karoo graben in this area and provides basic data to discuss the Karoo graben development within the regional tectonic framework of south-eastern Africa. The studied faults are defined by moderately to steeply dipping cataclastic zones with a width of up to 15?m and are characterized by an array of slickensided fault surfaces with different orientations and slip directions. In this study, small faults (offset <10?m) and meso-scale faults (offset >10?m, but generally not exceeding 30–40?m) have been distinguished. Methods used to analyse the kinematic data include the 'pressure tension' (PT) method, which estimates the principal axes for the bulk brittle strain, and the internal rotation axis (IRA) method, which estimates the axis of bulk internal rotation and the overall sense of slip at the faults. A mass balance calculation reveals a volume increase of up to 16% during cataclastic deformation in the fault zones. The PT method shows an approximately east trending extension direction for faults that occur only in the latest Carboniferous (?) and Early Permian strata, whereas the fault kinematics from faults that cut middle Permian to Early Triassic rocks is characterized by a ESE to SE trending extension direction. The small faults yield essentially the same kinematic results as the meso-scale faults. In a transport-parallel cross-sectional view, the principal extension axes are at an acute angle of approximately 60° to the major fault planes. Given the moderate fault density, the relatively high angle between the orientation of the principal extension axis and the fault planes suggest only a moderate amount of horizontal extension across the Karoo graben of northern Malawi. Riedel structures in the fault zones formed within two conjugate sets of localized shear zones; slip on one set was top to the W/NW and, on the other, top to the E/SE. The two conjugate sets of Riedel structures have an acute angle about the regional shortening axes, implying that no pronounced rotation of the strain axes occurred. The internal rotation axes for the Riedel structures reveal a largely bimodal distribution and inferred weakly monoclinic to orthorhombic symmetry. Therefore the overall deformation during Karoo rifting in northern Malawi is interpreted to be close to a coaxial deformation with a limited amount of horizontal extension.     

Die Geologie des Mondes

A summary of lunar geology. Light feldspathic rocks which constitute the highland areas are components of the primeval crust of the Moon. Dark pyroxeneand ilmenite-rich basaltic lava flows — resulting from partial melting processes in the lunar mantle — filled the Maria basins, 3.1–3.9 × 10⁹ years ago. Craters of all sizes and large circular basins were formed by impacting bodies from outside which produced the regolith blanket — a mass of comminuted rocks with fragments of impact breccias, impact melt glasses and impact melt rocks.     

PVC合金超滤膜在油田采出水回用中的应用研究

试验采用改性的PVC合金超滤膜法对油田采出水进行深度处理,其处理出水水质达到榆树林油田特低渗透油层要求的回注水水质指标,通过超滤膜组件的运行,采用死端过滤,运行周期为12min,正冲线速度为0.4m/s,时间为10s,反冲洗通量为150L(/m2.h),时间为10s,进水压力为0.1MPa最佳;化学清洗时,采用表面活性剂+酸洗+碱洗,可以获得最佳的清洗效果。     

下古生界海相碳酸盐烃源岩地球化学的研究现状

本文对国内外下古生界海相碳酸盐岩研究的四个主要方面作了总结：（1）有机质丰度及其影响因素；（2）有机质赋存形式；（3）下古生界海相碳酸盐岩有机质丰度和生烃潜力恢复方法和原理；（4）下古生界海相碳酸盐岩热成熟度研究。这四个方面是评价我国下古生界海相碳酸盐岩勘探前景至关重要的因素，也是近年来我们研究下古生界海相碳酸盐岩的热点和难点问题。     

论蓬家夼金矿基础地质──答杨金中等商榷之疑

蓬家夼金矿容矿地层为下白垩统莱阳群一段含碳碎屑岩系 ,与世界上已知的产于含炭岩系金矿床对比 ,以容矿地层时代新、陆相沉积及未经变质区别于已知的金矿床而认为是一种新类型金矿。笔者依据蓬家夼金矿控矿条件 ,成功预测并找到新的盲金矿床 (宋家沟 -发云夼金矿 )。本文论证蓬家夼金矿基础地质 ,指出杨金中等《论蓬家夼金矿的地质特征及成因与聂爱国等商榷》一文基础地质中的错误 :将莱阳群一段含碳碎屑岩错认为荆山群变质杂岩 ,将沉积碎屑岩误认为滑脱构造岩 ,从而导致对该矿床成因的错误认识     

千米桥潜山构造高蜡凝析油气藏的蜡质来源研究

千米桥古潜山奥陶系凝析油以高含蜡为特征。为探讨凝析油气藏中的高蜡成因机理 ,对黄骅坳陷近3 0年来 3 3 0 0多个第三系原油油样含蜡量的时空分布特征进行了研究。发现原油含蜡量的垂向分布主要受自下而上运移过程中的“地色层效应”所控制 ,对最接近油藏原始蜡质保存条件的试油含蜡量的层位分布统计研究也支持上述观点 ,说明无论是初次运移还是二次运移 ,随距离的增加含蜡量逐渐降低 ,亦即含蜡量较高的原油更靠近烃源岩。板桥油田和港东部分地区沙三段产层 (凝析油烃源层 )的含蜡量平面分布研究 ,表明千米桥古潜山奥陶系高蜡凝析油的蜡质来源于歧口凹陷方向的白水头地区 ,与白水头地区原油高分子量蜡馏分的指纹对比及含氮化合物、成熟度等多项指标也证实了上述结论     

Eiszeit oder Warmzeit?

Detailed studies on past climatic variations indicate the occurrence of abrupt changes in the “human” time scale (ca. 100 years). Anthropogenic climate modification is mainly produced by infrared-absorbing gases, such as CO₂ and N₂O. While a transition to a new ice age is very unlikely, a global warming up to 4 °C and more is possible if the CO₂ level increases by a factor of 2.5 or more. In this case a disappearance of Arctic drift-ice — as in Late Tertiary — is possible, together with a major displacement of climatic belts.     

低渗透岩石结构体风化初期的水气分子扩散

低渗透岩石具有孔隙狭窄、连通性差、流动阻力大等特点,这致使地下水渗流速度极低。本文以二长岩及玄武岩结构体的核心及紧靠核心的外环区域为对象对低渗透岩石结构体的初期风化机理进行研究。二长岩及玄武岩核心区的渗透率分别为0.0047×10-3μm2和0.0081×10-3μm2,孔隙度分别为1.58%和0.24%。对两种岩石的核心及外环进行化学全分析表明两个区域的主要元素含量无明显变化,外环烧失量有所增加,Fe2+与Fe3+变化敏感。薄片鉴定发现二长岩核心及外环的斜长石及钾长石均发生了强烈风化,外环中的辉石变为绿泥石。玄武岩的核心区矿物基本无变化,外环的长石及辉石发生了皂石化,部分基质绿泥石化。微观结构上,两种岩石核心区均致密坚硬,外环不同程度地出现了长石及辉石的晶内溶孔。风化初期,水以气态形式扩散进入低渗透岩石内部。水气的扩散方式为介于菲克型扩散与Knudsen扩散之间的过渡型扩散。计算得二长岩和玄武岩中的水气扩散系数分别为48.09×10-8m2/s和3.74×10-8m2/s。     

粤西残斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

粤西残斑岩脉是由花岗斑岩脉遭受后期地质作用改造而成的 ,具有片状构造 ,片理产状与地层围岩一致。通过对该残斑岩的颗粒锆石U -Pb年龄测定 ,莸得两条不一致线 ,它们的下交点年龄分别为 40 4±6Ma和 42 8± 17Ma ,从而确定残斑岩脉的侵入年龄为 40 4～ 42 8Ma ,属加里东期。根据上交点年龄和2 0 7Pb/2 0 6Pb年龄推断 ,其源区物质较复杂 ,包含有 1737Ma、2 16 5Ma和 2 494Ma的物质 ,暗示粤西云开隆起区存在中、古元古代以及太古宙基底。     

激光表面处理对工业级锆基块体非晶合金弯曲变形和缺口韧性的影响

目的 改善块体非晶合金的弯曲力学性能,同时考虑航空结构材料选材的经济性,研究激光表面处理工艺对工业级Zr_49.7Ti₂Cu_37.8Al₁₀Er_0.5块体非晶合金弯曲变形和缺口韧性的影响规律。方法 采用低纯原料和低真空制备条件获得工业级Zr_49.7Ti₂Cu_37.8Al₁₀Er_0.5块体非晶合金试样,考虑到弯曲条件下试样受到拉伸和压缩2种正应力状态,研究不同处理工艺和激光处理表面对试样弯曲变形和缺口韧性的影响。结果 当激光处理表面位于弯曲试样的2个侧表面时,其对试样的塑性变形能力和断裂强度没有明显的影响,但会显著降低试样的缺口韧性,从(56.4±3.4)MPa·m^1/2降低到(26.2±4.8)MPa·m^1/2;激光处理表面位于弯曲试样的受拉侧时,试样的弯曲断裂强度从2 150 MPa降低到1 800 MPa;当激光处理表面位于...     

内蒙古乌兰浩特索伦镇地区中生代侵入岩特征研究

内蒙古乌兰浩特索伦镇地区位于大兴安岭中南段。该区中生代侵入岩广泛发育。开展侵入岩的年代学、地球化学特征研究能为深入探讨区域构造背景提供依据。3个样品K-Ar全岩法测年结果(93.39Ma～108.48Ma)证明侵入岩形成于早白垩世,略晚于其南侧同一构造带上的杜尔基地区侵入岩年龄(100.15Ma～120.29Ma),符合太行山——大兴安岭早白垩世侵入岩时代自南向北由老变新的演化趋势。岩石地球化学分析结果显示岩石属于碱性系列,具有高硅、高钾、富碱、过铝、贫钙、镁、铁等特征。稀土元素总量为(77.96～241.29)μg/g,平均值为158.92μg/g,与杜尔基地区早白垩世侵入岩的稀土总量平均值(146.85μg/g)及华北克拉通内碱性系列岩石的稀土总量平均值(163.32μg/g)都非常接近。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线整体右倾,因Eu负异常而呈"V"型形态,与太行山-大兴安岭地区早白垩世典型岩体的稀土配分型式极为相似。侵入岩的成因类型为A-型,形成于伸展构造环境。     

The oldest European fossil songbird from the early Oligocene of Germany

We report on the oldest European songbird (Passeriformes), from the early Oligocene (30–34 million years ago) of Frauenweiler in Germany. The specimen represents the earliest associated remains of an early Tertiary passerine described so far. It ties the first appearance of Passeriformes in Europe to a minimum age of 30 million years. Passeriform birds are absent in Eocene deposits that yielded abundant remains of small land birds and apparently dispersed into Europe around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (about 34 million years ago), not at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (about 24 mya) as hitherto thought. This possibly relates the appearance of songbirds in Europe to a well-known major faunistic break at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, called the grande coupure. The Frauenweiler songbird most notably differs from extant Passeriformes in having a larger processus procoracoideus on the coracoid and appears to be outside Eupasseres, the taxon which includes Oscines (all modern European and most Old World songbirds) and Suboscines (most South and Central American songbirds). It shows that there were earlier dispersal events of non-oscine songbirds into Europe before the arrival of Oscines from the Australian continental plate towards the late Oligocene.     

额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩形成的动力学环境

通过对额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩新的岩石化学、微量元素、构造等方面的分析， 表明该地区中生代火山岩（主要指塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩、上库力组（Ｋ_１ｓ）火山岩是形成在的明 显的挤压环境中；再结合区域构造、区域岩浆作用、古地磁特征和稳定同位素分析，笔者得出以 下认识；１、该区中生代火山岩岩浆来源较深（幔源）；岩浆是挤压背景下，“减压－剪切”作用的产 物，而不是裂谷环境中的产物，从而使得岩浆在演化过程中混入了大量的壳源物质；２、中生代火 山活动大致分两个亚族回，其中塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩和上库力组（Ｋ_１Ｓ）火山岩是同一岩浆亚 族回的产物，并构成一个完整的亚族回。