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常温常压下催化湿式过氧化氢氧化工艺的研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用浸渍焙烧法制备了几种负载型催化剂,以偶氮染料模拟废水为处理对象,考察了这几种催化剂在常温常压下催化湿式过氧化氢氧化工艺中的催化活性。研究结果表明,Fe/γ~Al2O3的催化活性和稳定性最好。处理质量浓度为500mg/L的甲基橙模拟废水,当Fe/γ-Al2O3和H2O2加入量分别为30g/L和330mg/L时,处理3h后,废水的脱色率为79.67%,COD去除率为80.92%,总有机碳去除率达72.88%。在上述相同工艺条件下,分别处理质量浓度为500mg/L的甲基橙、酸性橙和活性黑模拟废水,其中,甲基橙较易被降解,酸性橙次之,活性黑最难被降解。 相似文献
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以硅藻土为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法引入金属氧化物SnO2和Fe2O3,制备了二元氧化物复合型SO42-/SnO2-Fe2O3-硅藻土固体酸催化剂。利用该催化剂与H2O2构成非均相类Fenton试剂氧化体系,催化H2O2产生氧化能力极强的·OH,用于处理实际翠蓝废水和模拟亚甲基蓝废水。催化剂的最佳制备条件为:H2SO4溶液的浓度3 mol/L,浸渍时间2.0 h,焙烧温度550℃,焙烧时间3.5 h,焙烧方式为随炉升降温。实验结果表明:采用在最佳工艺条件下制得的催化剂,处理实际翠蓝废水COD去除率可达79.5%、脱色率达99.6%;处理模拟亚甲基蓝废水COD去除率可达83.1%、脱色率达99.6%。 相似文献
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Fe_2O_3/膨润土微波诱导氧化处理染料废水 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
以膨润土为载体,采用直接沉淀法制备了Fe2O3/膨润土负载型催化剂。制备催化剂的最佳工艺条件:硝酸铁质量浓度为8.08g/L,硝酸铁与膨润土质量比为1.0,焙烧温度为350℃,焙烧时间为3h。用Fe2O3/膨润土负载型催化剂微波诱导氧化处理50mL质量浓度为50mg/L的模拟活性嫩黄废水的最佳工艺条件:催化剂加入量为0.5g,微波功率为900W,微波作用时间为5min。在此条件下模拟活性嫩黄废水脱色率达96.40%。微波诱导氧化处理模拟活性嫩黄废水的反应符合一级反应动力学方程。 相似文献
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《化工环保》2015,(6)
以γ-Al_2O_3作为载体,先后负载CeO_2,MnC_2O_4,Fe(NO_3)_3,CrO_3,Ni(NO_3)_2,NH_4VO_3等多种金属组分制备γ-Al_2O_3负载多金属复合催化剂,并用于模拟烟气的选择性催化还原脱硝。通过SEM和XRD技术对催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示:Fe,Mn,Cr的添加能增加催化剂的低温催化活性、提高催化剂的N2选择性;γ-Al_2O_3对活性金属氧化物的负载效果良好。实验结果表明:各金属化合物的最佳加入量为w(MnC_2O_4·2H_2O)=2 0%,w(Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O)=1 5%,w(CrO_3)=10%,w(Ni(NO_3)_2·6H_2O)=5%,w(NH_4VO_3)=10%,w(CeO_2)=5%,w(γ-Al_2O_3)=35%;以在最佳正交实验条件下制得的γ-Al_2O_3负载多金属复合物为催化剂,在脱硝反应温度为205℃的条件下,NO转化率为96.7%;γ-Al_2O_3负载多金属复合催化剂经5次重复使用,NO转化率仍可稳定在94%左右。 相似文献
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采用浸渍沉淀法制备负载型金属催化剂,考察了载体种类、活性组分种类、活性组分配比(n(Fe2+)∶n(Mn2+))、浸渍液浓度(以Mn2+计)、煅烧温度和煅烧时间对催化剂性能的影响。实验结果表明:活性炭负载FexOy-MnOx型催化剂具有较高的活性;将在浸渍液浓度0.5 mol/L(以Mn2+计)、n(Fe2+)∶n(Mn2+)=1∶2、煅烧温度250 ℃,煅烧时间8 h条件下制备的催化剂用于印染废水(COD=584 mg/L、色度500倍)的处理,在臭氧流量0.8 L/min、废水pH 7、催化剂加入量40 g/L、反应时间60 min的条件下,印染废水COD的去除率为83.2%;该催化剂具有良好的稳定性,连续使用6次后的COD去除率仍可达到61.1%。 相似文献
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以颗粒活性炭(GAC)为载体、铜为活性组分、铈为助剂组分、草酸钠为沉淀剂,采用浸渍焙烧法制得CuO_x-CeO_2/GAC催化剂。以H_2O_2为氧化剂,微波强化催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)处理二甲亚砜(DMSO)初始质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的废水,处理3 min后DMSO去除率达93.8%。催化剂第7次使用时DMSO去除率仍保持在75%以上。初始废水pH在3~9范围内,DMSO去除率均在85%以上。助剂Ce的加入提高了催化剂表面活性组分的分散性和稳定性,使催化剂的活性稳定性和使用寿命显著提高。 相似文献
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Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil. 相似文献
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C. L. Swanson R. L. Shogren G. F. Fanta S. H. Imam 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1993,1(2):155-166
Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 相似文献
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Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents. 相似文献
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Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John J. Hutchens Jr. Darold P. Batzer Elizabeth Reese 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(1):37-53
Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research. 相似文献
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Brian K. Gullett William P. Linak Abderrahmane Touati Shirley J. Wasson Staci Gatica Charles J. King 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):69-79
Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of
electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards
and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire
is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated
dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated
counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15
and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of
e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times
the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching
tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits,
designating this ash as a hazardous waste. 相似文献
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Nyberg Lars Lundström Ulla Söderberg Ulf Danielsson Rolf van Hees Patrick 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2001,1(1-2):241-263
In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio. 相似文献
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The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions. 相似文献
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During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH4
+ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH4
+ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH4
+ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO2 productionand net NH4
+ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of 15NH4
+caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized 15NH4
+ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH4
+immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths. 相似文献
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S. H. Imam L. Chen S. H. Gordon R. L. Shogren D. Weisleder R. V. Greene 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1998,6(2):91-98
Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix. 相似文献