大庆市畜禽粪便排放量与环境负荷量分析研究

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2012年大庆市畜禽养殖数据和耕地面积,估算大庆市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便耕地消纳负荷情况进行分析评价.结果表明,2012年大庆市畜禽粪便总排放量约为710.45万t,其中以牛和生猪排放量最高,分别占48.1%和29%.农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均为9.45 t·hm-2,农田N、P养分负荷量平均为57.8 kg·hm-2和17.96 kg·hm-2,大庆市各县区耕地对畜禽粪便仍有消纳能力,畜禽养殖业发展仍有环境空间.     

Geothermische Energie

Geothermal energy, produced by the decay of long-lived radioactive elements in the earth's crust and inherited by the earth's formation, appears in a concentrated and exploitable form at several places in the upper 1 to 3 km of the earth's crust. The hotter the rock-water system is, the more use can be made of generation of electricity. District heating, on the other hand, can be performed by rather moderate temperatures of circulating waters in permeable sediments, a situation which is often encountered in the large sediment basins of West and Central Europe.     

煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用:模型·实证

为研究煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用,基于系统动力学原理构建一般情况下煤炭开采对生态系统功能胁迫作用的系统动力学模型,分析不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征,并以淮河流域典型煤炭资源型城市——淮南市为例进行实证研究. 结果表明:煤炭开采对生态系统功能有胁迫作用,政府是重要影响因素;不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用不同,表现为情境一(理想状态)<情境二(良性状态)<情境三(一般状态)<情境四(停滞状态)<情境五(糟糕状态);生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值越大,则煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用越小. 实证结果通过有效性检验,表明该研究建立的系统动力学模型具有可靠性. 当前淮南市生态治理投资和煤炭开采技术投资的比值为0.511,表明淮南市生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于一般状态. 研究显示,政府在维持生态系统功能稳态中发挥着一定作用. 煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征:当生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值为0时,生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于糟糕状态;当比值为(0,1)时,处于一般状态;当比值为1时,处于良性状态;当比值大于1时,两大系统进入理想状态.      

Urinary multiple marker screening for down's syndrome

We have examined the possibility of using multiple markers in maternal urine rather than serum in order to screen for Down's syndrome. Urine samples were available from 36 cases (24 Down's syndrome, five Edwards' syndrome, three Turner's syndrome, one Klinefelter's syndrome, one triploidy, one triple-X, one twin discordant for Down's syndrome) and 294 controls, including three twins. Three markers were tested: the β-core fragment of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), total oestrogen (tE) and the free a subunit of hCG. Levels were corrected for creatinine excretion and expressed as multiples of the gestation-specific median (MOM) level from the singleton controls. The median value for the singleton Down's syndrome cases was 6.02, 0.74, and 1.08 MOM for β-core-hCG, tE, and a-hCG, respectively. The increases in β-core-hCG and the reduction in tE levels were highly significant (P<0.0001 and 0.005, respectively; Wilcoxon rank sum test) but the increase in free a-hCG was not (P=0.40). On the basis of a mathematical model, the expected detection rate for a 5 per cent false-positive rate was 79.6 per cent for β-core-hCG alone, which increased to 82.3 per cent when combined with tE. Aneuploidies other than Down's syndrome were characterized by low levels of tE and either low or high β-core-hCG.     

Improved parameters for risk estimation in Down's syndrome screening

A new method is described for calculating maternal serum marker distribution parameters which will improve risk estimation when screening for Down's syndrome. The approach is to calculate parameters using data from the local screened population and data obtained by meta-analysis from all published studies. The local data are used to derive the variance and covariance in unaffected pregnancies. The meta-analysis is used for the mean level in Down's syndrome pregnancies together with the differences in variance and covariance between affected and unaffected pregnancies. Forty-four published studies were analysed. The mean level for Down's syndrome in multiples of the normal median was 0·73 for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in total of 1140 pregnancies, 0·73 for unconjugated oestriol (uE₃) in 613, 2·02 for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 850, and 2·30 for free β-hCG in 477. For all four markers, the variance in Down's syndrome was higher than in unaffected pregnancies; for AFP and uE₃, the covariances were also higher in Down's syndrome, but for the other markers they were lower. The method was illustrated using data from 6387 pregnancies screened in Leeds.     

基于应力分析法的士兵系统电子器件可靠性研究

目的 提高士兵系统元器件可靠性,提出一种可应用于士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计的方法。方法 以士兵某探测器设计过程为研究对象,依据军用电子元器件标准和规范对2种可靠性保证要求表征方法进行分析,采用应力分析法针对士兵电子器件进行可靠性设计。结果 该探测器的MTBF值为90 345.56 h,达到了该设备基本可靠性要求。当产品工作到2 a时,探测器任务可靠度为0.833,达到了该设备任务可靠性要求。结论 提出的方法可为士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计提供技术支撑。     

人工湿地设计中的水力学问题研究

本文结合深圳白泥坑人工湿地污水处理工程的设计和试验研究,探讨了人工湿地污水处理系统中的水力学问题,指出用Ergun公式描述碎百床中的流动较Darcy公式更为合适。文中给出的Ergun公式数值解法以及水面线设计和控制方法将有助于在设计过程中确定处理系统的水力学参数。      

Expanding multiple marker screening for Down's syndrome to include Edward'S syndrome

Information on maternal age and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol (uE₃), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels was used to investigate retrospectively the effect of estimating Edward's syndrome risk in women having multi-marker screening for Down's syndrome. The screened population comprised 15 pregnancies affected by Edward's syndrome, 15 with Down's syndrome and 5472 unaffected pregnancies. The use of all three markers to estimate Edward's syndrome risk would have led to the detection of 10–12 (67–80 per cent) cases with a false-positive rate of 0.3–0.6 per cent depending on the risk cut-off. A further case would have been detected as a result of screening for Down's syndrome alone. Similar results were obtained when the Edward's syndrome risk was based on uE₃ and hCG only. These data suggest that extending Down's syndrome screening to include Edward's syndrome risk will yield a high detection rate with only a small increase in the false-positive rate.     

45,X karyotype: May the diagnosis be suspected on ultrasonic examination in the second trimester of pregnancy?

We report three cases of Turner's syndrome with cystic hygromata, which were diagnosed by routine ultrasound scanning before amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy. Maternal and amniotic level of alpha-fetoprotein were normal. Karyotyping carried out afterwards showed a 45,X karyotype. Our data indicate, that cystic hygromata in Turner's syndrome may coexist with a normal amniotic fluid AFP, thus questioning the theory of leakage from the hygroma. It remains to be investigated if all cases of Turner's syndrome present a cystic hygroma in utero.     

京津冀对流层甲醛的时空演变特征及其影响因素

依据2009—2016年OMI卫星反演的逐日数据,结合遥感图像处理技术和克里金插值法,对京津冀地区对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空特征及影响因素进行了分析.结果发现,2009—2016年8年间京津冀地区甲醛柱浓度年际变化总体呈上升趋势,年均增长率为1.01%,最大增长率出现于2009—2010年,为12.91%.8年间,甲醛柱浓度值具有波动性,最低值和最高值分别出现于2009年和2013年.研究区甲醛柱浓度季节变化表现为夏季值秋季值冬季值春季值,甲醛柱浓度月均值在每年的6月达到最高.甲醛柱浓度空间分布的低值区大多处于地势较高的京津冀地区西北部,高值区主要分布在京津冀地区南部平原.甲醛柱浓度变化不仅与自然因素的温度呈显著正相关,与气压呈显著负相关,还与社会经济因素中的煤炭消耗量、原油消耗量及工业增加值等呈正相关.京津冀地区甲醛柱浓度时空特征总体受当地自然和社会经济因素的综合影响.     

基于任务剖面的机载外挂温度试验条件探讨

目的获取一种合理的温度试验条件用以考核机载外挂对温度环境的适应性。方法针对影响机载外挂温度的自然或诱发环境因素,分别分析自然环境、气动加热以及设备工作发热的三种典型因素的不同特点,并结合机载外挂的空中挂飞使用状态,给出相应的温度计算方法。结果通过对某载机的典型任务剖面的计算,指出了现有机载外挂基于地面使用温度制定的试验条件无法完全覆盖空中挂飞时的温度环境,并由此提出了基于任务剖面的温度试验条件,以更好地考核机载外挂温度环境适应性。结论给出了一种用于考核机载外挂温度环境适应性的温度试验条件及其计算方法。     

Die Entwicklung der Erdatmosphäre und ihre Wechselbeziehung zur Entwicklung der Sedimente und des Lebens

The formation of the atmosphere-together with that of the oceans and sediments-was determined by three important processes: the loss of noble gases and volatiles in the solar nebula, the enrichment of these substances at the Earth's surface by exhalation from the Earth's mantle, and finally the formation of the hydrosphere, enabled by-in contrast to our neighboring planets-a suitable distance from the sun. In this way the development of the atmospheric gases N₂, H₂O and CO₂ was largely fixed. Oxygen, on the other hand, appeared late in the atmosphere. It originated from biological photosynthesis which apparently developed rather early in the Earth's history but lead at first only to oxidation of iron and sulfur. The subsequently occurring accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere resulted in interesting interrelations with the development of life.     

广东省春节期间空气质量特征及预报方法研究

2017年春节期间广东省环境空气质量自动监测站的数据分析结果表明:春节假期广东省空气质量等级变化较大.除夕全省空气质量为良;初一,全省以良和轻度污染为主,粤东出现重度污染,粤西和粤北出现中度污染,可能与除夕夜烟花爆竹燃放有关;初二起,全省空气质量逐渐转为优良.首要污染物以PM2.5和O3为主.现有的NAQPMS和CMAQ空气质量预报模型在污染相对严重的初一表现较差,主要是因为数值模型未能考虑到烟花爆竹燃放等排放源的输入.     

Gas scavenging of insoluble vapors: Condensation of methyl salicylate vapor onto evaporating drops of water

We have observed the evaporation of acoustically levitated water drops at 0 and 32% relative humidity in a moving gas stream which is nearly saturated with methyl salicylate vapor. The initial evaporation rate is characteristic of a pure water drop and gradually slows until the evaporation rate becomes that of pure methyl salicylate. The quantity of condensed methyl salicylate exceeds its Henry's law solubility in water by factors of more than 30–50. This apparent violation of Henry's law agrees with the concentration enhancements in the liquid phase found by glotfelty et al. (1987, Nature235, 602–605) during their field measurements of organophorus pesticides in fog water. Under our conditions, visual evidence demonstrates the presence of two liquid phases, thus invalidating the use of Henry's law. A continuum evaporation-condensation model for an immiscible two-component system which accounts for evaporative self-cooling of the drop correctly predicts the amount of methyl salicylate condensed onto the water drops.     

初始排放权分配对各省区碳交易策略及其减排成本的影响分析

碳排放权分配是我国碳交易机制设计的根本性问题之一.然而,不同初始分配方案对我国碳减排和宏观经济的影响尚不明确,成为制约碳交易市场快速发展的重要因素.本文以我国"十三五"时期碳排放强度下降目标为约束构建非线性规划模型,模拟了"祖父分配方案"、"支付能力方案"和"人口规模方案"3种初始排放权分配方案对各省区碳交易策略及其减排成本的影响.结果表明,碳交易市场能有效降低我国实现碳排放强度下降目标的经济成本,但在不同初始排放权分配方案下省区间的碳减排成本差异有所不同.与"支付能力方案"和"人口规模方案"相比,"祖父分配方案"下省区间碳减排成本差异较小,更能体现碳排放权分配的公平性.以公平为导向的初始排放权分配和以效率为导向的碳排放权交易相结合,有助于我国提升碳排放权配置效率、降低减排成本,促进省区间碳交易市场均衡发展.     

基于水文地球化学信息和环境同位素的地下热水成因分析

以海南省乐东县福报地热田内分布的基岩热水井为研究对象,利用水文地球化学信息和环境同位素技术分析地下热水的形成机制。结果显示,本区地下热水以高偏硅酸、低矿化度为特征,水化类型为HCO_3-Ca型。氢氧同位素特征、Cl-SO_4-HCO_3及Na-K-Mg三线图表明,本区地下热水主要来源于大气降水,受地壳深部地热水影响较少。地下热水中~3H、~(14)C同位素年龄测定结果表明区域地下热水不存在大尺度的径流模型,且在出露过程中混入了常温水。     

New results in comet research

Comets are kilometer-sized icy conglomerates of frozen gases and dust particles which move around the Sun in an assembly called “Oort's cloud” in the outer parts of the planetary system. Only those which are ejected towards the Sun by the perturbations of passing stars will evaporate gases and dust while they are near the Sun. This material forms the large coma and the tails which make up the characteristic phenomenon of a comet. The spectral analysis has yielded that water is the main constituent of a comet, other molecules are simple compounds of H, C, O and N. — The ESA is planning a space mission to Comet Halley in 1986.     

环境标准物质的作用与发展

本文描述了标准物质的基本概念,作用和应用方法。全面地介绍了中国和国际上大气、飘尘、水、生物、水生生物、沉积物、土壤和优先监测有机污染物环境标准物质的发展现状和发展趋势。指出了今后发展环境标准物质将遇到的技术挑战与应采取的对策。      

Attitudes to and practices regarding sex selection in China

This paper explores the problem of China's ‘missing’ girls—estimated to run into many millions. It considers the impact of the underpinning Confucian value system in China that has produced a culture of son preference and which, together with China's compulsory family planning program and ‘one child policy’, has effectively established a ‘one son policy’. Discussion of the various means by which the birth or survival of daughters have traditionally been prevented provides the context for identifying the contribution of new sex selection procedures to the maintenance of son preference in contemporary Chinese society. The paper concludes that China's son preference is not simply a personal problem for the millions of ‘missing girls’ who were destined to live a shorter life and for the surviving girls who continue to face considerable discrimination simply because they are of the ‘wrong’ sex; it heralds a social and demographic disaster of major proportions for which neither the government nor the people of China appear to have the will or the means to forestall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.