海洋生态补偿概念内涵研究与制度设计

海洋生态补偿问题是近年来我国海洋领域研究的热点之一。本文对当前海洋生态补偿概念界定和制度设计在实施过程中存在的问题进行了具体分析,基于海洋生态补偿的特殊性与复杂性,明确界定了海洋生态补偿的主体、客体、介体和环体四个基本构成要素,从具体行为深入探讨了构成要素之间的复杂关系,并对海洋生态补偿的概念加以定义。结合海洋管理实践,研究了海洋生态补偿涉及的海洋生态保护补偿金、海洋生态损失补偿金、海洋生态损害赔偿金、海域使用金等的区别,并提出了建立海洋生态补偿制度的相关政策建议。     

Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal

The aim of the paper is to review critically the notion of autopoiesis as presented by Maturana and Varela. In particular, recognizing that there are difficulties in obtaining a complete and clear picture from the primary literature, an effort is made to present a coherent view--also based on many years of personal contact with Francisco Varela. The paper begins with a few historical notes to highlight the cultural background from which the notion of autopoiesis arose. The basic principles of autopoiesis as a theory of cellular life are then described, emphasizing also what autopoiesis is not: not an abstract theory, not a concept of artificial life, not a theory about the origin of life--but rather a pragmatic blueprint of life based on cellular life. It shown how this view leads to a conceptually clear definition of minimal life and to a logical link with related notions, such as self-organization, emergence, biological autonomy, auto-referentiality, and interactions with the environment. The perturbations brought about by the environment are seen as changes selected and triggered by the inner organization of the living. These selective coupling interactions impart meaning to the minimal life and are thus defined by Maturana and Varela with the arguable term of "cognition". This particular view on the mutual interactions between living organism and environment leads these authors to the notion of "enaction", and to the surprising view that autopoiesis and cognition are two complementary, and in a way equivalent, aspects of life. It is then shown how cognition, so defined, permits us to build a bridge between biology and cognitive science. Autopoiesis also allows one to conceive chemical models of minimal cellular life that can be implemented experimentally. The corresponding work on "chemical autopoiesis" is then reviewed. The surprising impact of autopoiesis in the social sciences ("social autopoiesis") is also briefly discussed. This review also comments on why the theory of autopoiesis had, and still has, a difficult time being accepted into the mainstream of life-science research. Finally, it is pointed out that the new interest in system biology and complexity theories may lead to a reappraisal of autopoiesis and related notions, as outlined also by other authors, such as Tibor Ganti and Stuart Kauffmann.     

On dating stages in prebiotic chemical evolution

The notion that RNA must have had a unique and decisive role in the development of life needs hardly be questioned. However, the chemical complexity and other properties of RNA, such as high solubility in water and vulnerability to degradation, make it improbable that RNA could have had an early presence in the development of life on Earth or on any comparable telluric planet. Rather, the task of origin of life research must surely be to identify those chemical processes which could have taken place on Earth that could accumulate the complexity and rich molecular information content needed to sustain primitive life, and ultimately give rise to RNA. A collection of likely chemical precursors to modern biomolecules is listed here together with calculations of their molecular complexity. These complexity scores are then used to propose an ordering, on a timescale, of when they might have appeared on Earth. These pre-RNA living systems would have flourished during the first ~0.3 Gyrs after the start of the Archaean era (~4.2 Gyr ago). If there ever was an “RNA-world” it could have started after that initial period (~3.9 Gyrs ago), later to be complemented with the appearance of duplex DNA at about ~3.6 Gyrs ago, some time before the earliest known stromatolites (~3.4 Gyr).     

基于WebGIS的污染源动态管理信息系统构建

对构建污染源空间数据库和采用Web GIS技术实现污染源动态管理进行了研究,提出了具体的思路和实现方法,旨在议更加直观、科学的手段,为环保工作的开展和领导决策提供服务。     

航天器表面充放电原理研究

全面介绍了航天器与空间离子发生表面充放电效应的原理,将航天器表面充电简化成电流平衡方程,通过确定电流的表达解析式来确定表面各点的电流变化,把航天器表面划分成若干个等效电路,更加直观地了解了航天器充电过程。从航天器表面充放电现象发现了充放电带来的危害,并详细从航天器构件接地方式、航天器结构设计、航天器电路电磁防护等方面阐述了航天器表面带电防护的方法。     

基于模糊数学与集值统计的既有建筑火灾危险性评估模型

建筑火灾危险度的评价具有评判参数较多、评判结论模糊、评判过程复杂的特点,一般采用模糊数学的方法加以解决,但是模糊数学有一个明显的缺陷就是评价结果为一个向量,而不是一个点值,其结果不够直观,而集值统计方法可以很好地解决此类问题.本文在前期研究中已建立的建筑火灾危险性模糊评价模型的基础上,通过在模糊数学中引入集值统计方法,...     

河流健康评估的研究与应用进展研究

自20世纪50年代以来,河流健康越来越受到社会的广泛关注。河流健康的概念、评估方法、范围、内容和指标体系得到不断拓展和完善。目前常用的两类河流健康评估方法是综合指标评估法和指示生物评估法。综合指标评估法采用河流水文、水质、生态系统等多个指标,能较全面地反映河流生态系统的健康状况,但是存在指标数量不易精简、部分指标难以量化等不足支出。在实际应用中更为常用的是指示生物评估法,采用鱼类、大型无脊椎动物、浮游藻类等指示生物的动态变化反映河流健康状况,方法更为简单直观。     

基于虚拟技术的环境监测仪器设备管理方法

利用虚拟现实、虚拟环境技术,通过人机交互方式,在现实空间之外创造另一个尽可能真实的、互动的模拟世界,使应用者可以直观、随意地观察和管理仪器设备,实现检测仪器全生命周期的运行轨迹记录和过程跟踪,凭其强大的可视性、溯源性和易操作性,较明显地提高仪器设备的利用率与管理水平。     

泾河流域枯水复杂性研究

枯水复杂性作为枯水的重要特征,在枯水研究中具有重要的意义。论文以泾河流域张家山水文站1933—2010年的月径流序列为研究对象,基于距平法和均值标准差法对比确定月枯水序列,基于近似熵（ApEn）分析枯水的复杂性。结果表明：1）年径流在0.01水平下呈现极显著的递减趋势,流域1997年以来发生枯水的频率越来越大。张家山水文站月枯水量上界为 9 369.67×10⁴ m³,1、2和12月径流量小于月枯水量上界的月份比例远大于其他月份的比例,故以这3个月的月枯水组成枯水序列;2）枯水序列的ApEn值为1.059 1,与同期整个月径流序列的ApEn值（1.059 7）接近,说明发生于1、2和12月的15个非枯水月份径流对枯水序列的复杂度影响不大;3）月枯水复杂度在0.05水平下呈现显著的波动递增趋势,与月枯水径流呈显著的负相关关系,但与月降水量不显著相关,表明降水不是枯水径流系统的主要输入,降水量的变化对枯水复杂度的变化不起关键作用,而径流惯性可能是引起枯水复杂度变化的重要因素。     

装备环境适应性的定量化表征技术探讨

环境适应性的定量化表征技术对装备环境适应性的论证、考核、评价具有十分重要的意义,由于定量表征技术的复杂性,至今没有形成统一的方法。依据环境适应性的定义、内涵,将环境适应性定量表示为环境适应度,定义了环境适应度的概念,说明了环境适应度各计算参数的含义,并以算例的方式对环境适应度的计算进行了说明。     

Background complexity affects colour preference in bumblebees

Flowers adapted for hummingbird pollination are typically red. This correlation is usually explained by the assertion that nectar- or pollen-stealing bees are “blind” to red flowers. However, laboratory studies have shown that bees are capable of locating artificial red flowers and often show no innate preference for blue over red. We hypothesised that these findings might be artefacts of the simplified laboratory environment. Using bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) that had been trained to visit red and blue artificial flowers, we tested whether colour preference was influenced by complexity of the background on which they were foraging. Many bees were indifferent to flower colour when tested using a uniform green background like those commonly used in laboratory studies, but all bees showed strong colour preferences (usually for blue) when flowers were presented against a photograph of real foliage. Overall, preference for blue flowers was significantly greater on the more realistic, complex background. These results support the notion that the red of “hummingbird syndrome” flowers can function to reduce bee visits despite the ability of bees to detect red and highlight the need to consider context when drawing inferences about pollinator preferences from laboratory data. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Are landscape complexity and farm specialisation related to land-use intensity of annual crop fields?

Little is known about the predictive value of landscape complexity and farm specialisation for land-use intensity, although this is critical for regional agri–environmental schemes and conservation of biodiversity. Here, we analysed land-use intensity of annual crop fields of 30 farms in northern Germany that were located in 15 landscapes differing in structural complexity ranging from <15% to >65% non-crop habitats. The proportion of arable land per landscape was used as simple predictor of landscape complexity due to its close correlation with habitat-type diversity, and the proportion of arable land per farm acted as an indicator for farm specialisation due to its negative correlation with stock farming. Land-use intensity was quantified using questionnaires. Landscape complexity and farm specialisation were related to several but not all indicators of land-use intensity. Structurally simple landscapes were related to more nitrogen input and higher crop yields, and farms specialised on annual crops had reduced crop-species diversity, larger fields, higher crop yields and more pathogen species. In contrast to general expectations, pesticide use in annual crop fields was exceptionally high and not a function of landscape complexity or farm specialisation. Our results show that generalisations such as “farms specialised on annual crops and structurally simple landscapes show increased land-use intensity” may be misleading.     

基于变权集对分析的室内空气品质的评价研究

对室内中的污染物浓度进行测量,科学评价室内空气品质.分析了室内空气质量七种污染物的浓度、评价等级、权重系数三个基本要素.通过建立集对分析模型,用联系度来描述评价对象与评价标准的同异程度,评价结果清晰地显示了集合之间的关系结构.在已有基本权重的基础上,引入变权公式,使污染物的浓度随评价等级同步动态变化.并用该方法对某小区的四栋楼的室内空气质量进行综合评价,该分析结果更加科学合理.该评价方法对室内空气质量评价更加全面、直观.     

环境因素对建筑工程造价的影响模型研究

现代建筑材料多数使用钢材、混凝土、木材等高能耗产品,这些材料在生产和运输的过程中会消耗较大的能量,对建筑绿色度和的影响非常大,同时也不利于降低工程预算。通过对建筑资源能源消耗和造价进行调查分析,并对建筑材料对建筑环境负荷影响和建筑工程造价进行了研究,提出基于环境因素设置的工程造价模型。通过实际操作发现,相对于传统的工程造价模型,该模型对工程造价的变化趋势反应的更为直观准确,可以大幅度提高工程造价工作的效率。     

生态地租的理论发展及基本范畴

从生态地租的涵义及其分配和归属等方面,探讨了生态地租理论的发展;并从生态资源的基本属性出发,结合地租理论的普遍原理,深入阐述了生态地租的形成、性质、计量和分配等基本理论范畴。生态地租本质上属于地租范畴的一部分,具有地租的普遍特性。但这一关于自然资源利用和保护的新的经济范畴,关键在于更为明确和直观地探讨了生态危机的加剧对人类社会的影响。它把长期以来地租原理中所强调的＂人与人的关系＂,提升到了＂人与自然的关系＂的新高度,从而为理解和解决生态环境问题提供了全新的思维和途径。     

近似熵在三江平原地下水埋深序列复杂性分析中的应用

在高强度农业开发、气候等因素影响下,三江平原地下水资源系统越来越具有复杂系统特征。为此,以建三江分局为例,采用近似熵方法对建三江分局7个生产队的地下水埋深序列复杂性进行了测度分析。结果表明,各地下水埋深序列的复杂性排序为:前进农场4队＞七星农场69队＞前进农场22队＞八五九农场1队＞八五九农场26队＞前进农场11队＞八五九农场21队,地下水开采是影响地下水动态变化的关键因素。研究成果揭示了当地地下水资源复杂动力系统本质,为建三江分局乃至整个三江平原地下水资源科学管理提供了决策依据。     

基于熵权的密切值法在内蒙古东胜煤田阿不亥普查区水质评价中的应用

为了给地下水污染的防治和预测提供理论基础。详细论述了应用基于熵权的密切值法进行地下水水质综合评价的方法原理和计算步骤,并将其应用于内蒙古东胜煤田阿不亥普查区的地下水水质综合评价中,得到了客观、合理的评价结果,评价结果表明内蒙古东胜煤田阿不亥普查区地下水水质均较好。适宜饮用,对评价结果影响较大的为Cl^-。     

浅谈企业清洁生产审核绩效的量化体现

企业清洁生产审核能够取得绩效是企业接受清洁生产审核的根本原因。绩效的量化是审核成果的集中直观体现。通过对审核绩效量化意义的阐述,进而提出量化应包含内容及量化过程中关键问题的把握。     

基于信息扩散法的环境风险区划

针对石化工业区内多个风险源分布的特点,尝试运用信息扩散法对规划区域进行环境风险区划。用VBA建立模糊扩散模型计算得到的风险信息矩阵,结合相关分级标准通过使用SURFER软件对矩阵数据进行聚类分析可得出直观的环境风险区划图。该图可为石化区开发建设和规划调整提供科学依据。