基于星空地协同技术的长江扬州段沿岸生态空间状况调查与评价

长江扬州段是南水北调东线的源头水域,也是江淮生态大走廊的核心区,生态区域敏感性和重要性尤为突出。通过高分辨率卫星遥感筛查-无人机遥感详查-地面人工核查的星空地协同技术对长江扬州段沿岸自然岸线保有率、土地利用状况以及周边环境风险源进行全面调查。结果表明:(1)长江扬州段自然岸线保有率为46.20%,岸线范围内建设用地占比达33.35%,开发强度较高;(2)沿岸有码头114座,入江排口104个,部分排口存在水色异常等环境问题;(3)沿江生态保护红线区域内存在加油船溢油现象和驳船违规堆放固体废弃物等环境安全隐患。     

鉴于风险分布密集型港区的风险评价研究——以南京市龙潭港区为例

从码头主体风险和风险控制机制2个准则出发,构建了码头源风险评价指标体系和风险评价方法,提出,采用风险分布密集指数和码头源数量指数,反映港区内码头风险分布密集程度和码头数量对港区风险的影响程度。以码头风险评价方法为基础,综合考虑港区码头源风险大小、风险分布密集指数、码头源数量指数,建立了考虑风险分布密集型的港区风险评价方法。应用该方法对南京市龙潭港区进行风险评价,结果表明,南京市龙潭港区风险等级为高风险,港区内高风险码头共7座,且主要集中分布于南京长江四桥附近约2 km岸线内。     

1980—2020年中原城市群“三生”功能识别及其时空演化

以中原城市群核心发展区为研究对象,选取1980—2020年间4期遥感影像解译数据,结合DEM数据和SPOT-5高分影像数据,从数量、结构和空间布局等方面对中原城市群“三生”功能识别及时空演化展开分析。结果表明,40年来农业生产用地、牧草和其他生态用地面积大幅减少,城镇和乡村生活用地、工矿生产用地增长较快。城镇和乡村生活用地及农业生产用地的空间分布对人类社会经济活动影响较大。研究区内159个区县“三生”空间演化存在显著差异,以农业生产用地转生活用地、生态用地转农业生产用地两种转移类型最为显著。此外,农业生产用地转生态用地及生活用地转农业生产用地占比也较高。     

合理利用长江岸线资源的思考

长江岸线资源是一种稀缺资源,由于长江岸线的管理法律、法规不够完善,管理体制不合理,缺乏统一规划,长江岸线资源开发利用存在集约化程度低、管理无序、浪费严重、排污泛滥等问题。长江岸线资源开发利用必须遵循可持续利用原则、深水深用与浅水浅用原则、集约布局与纵深发展相结合、上下游、左右岸利用方式协调等基本原则,尽早完善关于河道岸线利用管理的法律、法规和利用管理规划,理顺管理体制,培育资源有偿使用及交易市场,从而实现经济和生态的双赢,保障长江岸线资源的可持续利用。     

基于走航巡测模式的长江重庆—武汉段水质调查与分析

采用走航巡测模式对2020年长江重庆—武汉段水质状况开展调查分析,并对192个巡测点位38项自动监测参数进行统计、评价、分析。结果表明：长江重庆—武汉段水质良好,全部达到或优于Ⅲ类水标准,各参数测定值水平整体不高;部分点位水质参数存在明显测定峰值,在一定程度上反映〖JP2〗周边水域受到潜在污染影响;城市江段、产业园区、港口码头、航运频繁水域污染物测定值相对增高,仍须将聚集性区域作为污染防控重点,〖JP〗加大减排力度,降低长江水污染潜在风险。     

基于有机物指纹图谱技术的长江南京段水中有机磷溯源研究

长江水环境污染物识别和溯源分析是保护长江水生态环境的前提。于2021年11月26—27日对长江南京段有机磷进行溯源调查,采用有机物指纹图谱识别技术对9个干流监测点位和7个临近入河排口监测点位之间以有机磷为代表的有机污染物的耦合关联性进行研究,筛查重点潜在污染水域及可能来源。研究结果表明,应用指纹图谱技术共识别出25类有机污染物,其中干流XC-02点位有机磷等有机污染物输入明显,主要受临近陆域污水处理厂、制药企业、石化企业及表面加工企业等的工业废水排放影响;干流XC-07点位有机磷离子峰强度升高,受上游传输与陆域入河排口XA-07点位共同影响。研究为河流有机污染物溯源提出了指纹图谱解析方法思路并得以应用,为水环境有机污染物管控提供技术支撑和决策依据。     

长江口江苏段长江江豚种群监测

长江口江苏段为江阴大桥至长江口北支入海口,受海洋潮汐影响较大,是长江江豚（Neophocaena asiaeorientalis）最下游分布区。为掌握该区域长江江豚种群数量和分布状况,于2023年进行了4次船只目视调查,并于2019年12月—2023年12月采用定点观测、环境DNA（eDNA）监测等方法进行监测。结果显示,2019年12月—2023年12月,累计观测到长江江豚236次,718头次。江阴大桥至崇启大桥,两岸均有长江江豚分布,热点区域为五山江段、常阴沙江段和江阴大桥江段。4次船只目视调查（样线1 274 km）共目击到长江江豚28次,计65头次。长江江豚的遇见率为0.02~0.13头次/km,平均遇见率为0.05头次/km。可见系数法估算结果得到2,5,9,11月该江段种群数量为14.8~64.8头,平均为38.9头。长江江豚冬、春季较为活跃。长江江豚热点区域自然岸线相对较多,人为活动干扰较小。针对长江口江苏段无专门长江江豚保护地,缺乏系统监测与保护措施等问题,提出应完善监测体系、加大保护力度、将长江江豚热点活动区域作为重点监护区以及建立长江江豚自然保护区等建议。     

长江南京段新兴污染物污染特征及风险评估

在长江南京段上游至下游依次布设6个采样点采集水样,使用固相萃取和LC-MS/MS相结合的方法对5种选定药物的质量浓度进行测定,并采用风险熵模型评估其生态风险。结果表明,6个采样点均检测到药物存在。其中,四环素、红霉素、罗红霉素和氯霉素的检出率为100%,最高检出值为10.29 ng/L(氯霉素)。与国内外其他地表水相比,长江南京段水中的药物质量浓度较低。生态风险评估结果表明,长江南京段水中5种药物的风险熵值均低于1,对水生生物不存在高风险。     

基于冗余分析的成都市府河缓冲带土地利用对水质的影响

土地利用是影响河流水环境质量的重要因素之一。然而,大型城市河流缓冲区的土地利用类型及组成对河流水质的影响方式仍不清晰。选取成都市中心城区的府河及其支流作为研究对象,设置17个水质监测断面,于2018年1月—2019年12月对COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N和TP 3个水质指标开展连续监测。同时,还获得了相同时段内的降水数据和基于高分卫星(GF-1)影像解译的土地利用数据。在此基础上,利用空间分析以及冗余分析方法,探讨河岸缓冲区内土地利用结构、组成对府河及支流水质的影响。研究结果表明:选取河段从上游到下游的COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N和TP浓度均呈增加趋势,这3类污染物在上游第一个监测断面浓度依次为1.73、0.26、0.06 mg/L,到下游最后一个监测断面浓度为2.59、0.97、0.15 mg/L。相对于干流,府河支流污染物浓度无明显空间分布特征。从时间上看,6—9月水体中各污染物浓度相对较高。基于冗余分析的结果发现,在河段2 000 m缓冲区范围内的土地利用类型对水质的影响最明显,校正后的解释度达57%,表明河段内污染物质主要源于此区域。该范围内,建设用地与其他生产用地可能是COD_Mn与NH₄⁺-N的主要源区,农业用地是TP的主要来源,生态用地对于COD_Mn与NH₄⁺-N具有一定的吸收分解作用。但是,研究区生态用地以园林绿化用地为主,需要施用磷肥,可能成为水体TP的重要贡献源。因此,合理规划河流2 000 m缓冲范围内的建设用地与生态用地比例,控制园林绿化用地的施肥用量,是保障成都市城市河流水环境安全的重要途径。     

渭河干流(宝鸡段)表层沉积物Cu、Zn、Pb污染特征与评价

对渭河干流（宝鸡段）表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量进行了调查,用潜在生态危害系数法对其污染水平进行了评价,并与松花江（吉林市段）、淮河（江苏段）、长江（下游）、苏州河、珠江（广州段）5条河流表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb的含量做了对比研究。结果表明,3种重金属元素平均含量均超出相应的土壤背景值,出现了一定程度上的富集;生态危害系数均〈40,属轻微生态危害。重金属含量水平在国内诸河中处于中间位置。     

Dissipation and residue of metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil

A simple and accurate method of determining metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil was developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. The limits of detection were 0.015 mg/kg for metalaxyl and 0.003 mg/kg for cymoxanil. The limits of quantification were 0.05 mg/kg for metalaxyl in pepper and soil as well as 0.01 mg/kg for cymoxanil in pepper and soil. Recoveries of pepper and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and ranged within 77.52 to 102.05 % for metalaxyl and 87.15 to 103.21 % for cymoxanil, with relative standard deviations below 9.30 %. For field experiments, the half-lives of metalaxyl were 3.2 to 3.9 days in pepper and 4.4 to 9.5 days in soil at the three experimental locations in China. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain metalaxyl and cymoxanil well below the maximum residue limit MRLs of the European Union (EU) following the recommended dosage and the interval of 21 days after last application.     

土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕残留的测定

采用密闭微波提取、超声波提取、索氏提取对土壤和河流沉积物进行前处理,提取液经弗罗里硅土柱净化或浓硫酸净化.通过回收率实验和精密度实验对三种提取方法和两种净化方法进行比较,建立了微波提取土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕,浓硫酸净化,气相色谱一质谱测定的分析方法,方法回收率在84%～110%之间,精密度(RSD)在2.8%～9.9%之间.采用该方法对阜阳市废弃农药厂周围的土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕进行了监测.     

Variation of heavy metal and micro and macro element concentrations of bread and durum wheats and their relationship in grain of Turkish wheat cultivars

The 64 varieties displayed a large variation for all mineral elements, investigated Fe, Mn and Zn, ranging from 24.2 to 43.1 mg/kg, 27.6 to 64.8 mg/kg and 10.4 to 38.2 mg/kg, respectively. The mean Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S concentrations in wheat rain varieties amounted to 378, 4,266, 1,183, 317, 3,513 and 1,542 mg/kg, respectively. Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S contents of wheat varieties changed at the levels between 266 and 531 mg/kg, 3,029 and 5,566 mg/kg, 972 and 1,525 mg/kg, 277 and 368 mg/kg, 2,422 and 4,610 mg/kg and 1,241 to 2,052 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn of durum wheat samples were found at high levels. The mean Al, Cr, Mo, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in durum wheat varieties amounted to 10.93, 0.47, 0.72, 0.72, 5.37, 34.9, 37.28 and 20.88 mg/kg, respectively.     

Lake destratification and speciation of iron and manganese

A long-term study of the effect of artificial aeration (destratification) of a water storage dam upon the speciation of iron and manganese in the dam waters has been undertaken. Separation of dam samples into soluble and insoluble forms by selective membrane filtration was undertaken before using the techniques of EPR spectroscopy, ion chromatography and gel filtration to assess the speciation of soluble species, and selective extraction and surface analysis (ESCA, SIMS and SEM) techniques to determine the speciation of particulate iron and manganese species. The percentages of soluble iron and manganese before (1983–85) and after (1986–88) artificial aeration are compared for the periods Jan–Dec, Jan–Mar, and Jun–Aug at three depths 6 m, 15 m and 0.5 m above the dam base, to assess the importance of seasonal changes in the various depths of the dam. Although aeration had an initial marked reduction in levels of soluble iron and manganese at all depths of the dam, the concentrations of these mtals showed a steady increase over succeeding years. Analysis of the figures over summer and winter periods shows that the reduction of soluble iron was maintained in summer, but not during winter. Upon aeration, the initial reduction of soluble manganese concentration was maintained in succeeding years in the epilimnic regions of the dam, but not in the hypolimnion. Statistical analysis of data has been undertaken to correlate the changes in relationship between the various forms of iron and manganese with the advent of aeration.     

新疆室内环境污染监测和治理工作现状与建议

针对目前室内环境监测工作出现的种种问题,就如何规范的开展室内环境监测工作,更好地为社会提供真实、准确、有效的监测数据,本文提出相关的探讨。     

Residues and dissipation of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in tomatoes and soil

A simple residue analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure for the determination of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid (CGA321113) in tomato and soil was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The limits of detection were 0.0005 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin and 0.001 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin acid, respectively. The average recoveries in tomato and soil ranged from 73–99 % for trifloxystrobin and 75–109 % for trifloxystrobin acid, with relative standard deviations below 15 %. The method was then used to study the dissipation and residues in tomato and soil. The dissipation half-lives of trifloxystrobin in tomato were 2.9 days (Beijing) and 5.4 days (Shandong), while in soil were 1.9 days (Beijing) and 3.0 days (Shandong), respectively. The final results showed that the major residue compound was trifloxystrobin in tomato whereas it was its metabolite, trifloxystrobin acid, in soil. The final residues of total trifloxystrobin (including trifloxystrobin acid) were below the EU maximum residue limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1 in tomato 3 days after the treatment.     

水中石油类和动植物油类测定标准的探讨

对水中油类测定的新旧标准---《水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法》（ HJ 637-2012）和《水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法》（ GB/T 16488-1996）作比较,前者的内容中增加了总油的定义,修改了干燥剂的处理条件、样品体积的测量方法及萃取条件和萃取液脱水方式,删除了絮凝富集萃取的内容。试验证明,改进后的方法降低了检出限和空白干扰,样品体积测量更加准确。     

大气网格化监测运行维护管理现状与展望

"十三五"期间,大气网格化监测快速发展,为环境精细化管理提供了技术支撑.由于其相对于国家环境空气质量自动监测标准站具有设备小型化、无站房、点站数量大、运维人员技术水平偏低、管理人员少等特点,难以应用已有标准站运行维护管理机制.该文以北京市大气PM2.5网格化监测工作为例,回顾了我国在大气网格化监测领域开展的工作与现状,...     

中国含铬废物的来源、区域分布和处理现状及监管建议

根据2010年全国污染源普查动态更新调查数据,全面分析了中国含铬废物的来源、区域分布和综合利用、处置、贮存等几种主要处理方式的现状,总结了中国含铬废物重点监管的行业和区域,为环境管理部门重点监管六价铬风险源提出了科学建议。     

Dissipation and residue of famoxadone in grape and soil

The analytical method of famoxadone residue and its dissipation in grape and soil were investigated. Famoxadone (68.75% water-dispersible granule) was applied at two dosages (1.25 and 2.5 g l^???1). Soil and grape samples were collected at intervals and analyzed for famoxadone residues. The results showed that the degradation rate of famoxadone in grape and soil were similar, and their dynamics could be described by C?=?1.1738e ^???0.0562t with correlation coefficient r?=?0.9044 in grape and C?=?5.6565e ^???0.0515t with r?=?0.9620 in soil, respectively. Half-lives were 12.3 and 13.5 days in grape and soil, respectively. The results indicated that at harvest time, the residues of famoxadone in grape were well below the EU’s maximum residue level (2 mg kg^???1) and was safe to apply in grape.