徐州大气颗粒物污染特征及传输途径分析

利用徐州2015年PM2.5和PM10逐小时质量浓度数据,分析了徐州颗粒物时空变化特征。同时基于HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,结合GDAS气象数据和空气质量数据,利用轨迹聚类及潜在源分析法研究徐州不同季节气流轨迹对颗粒物浓度的影响及PM2.5和PM10的潜在来源。结果显示,2015年徐州环境空气中PM2.5和PM10的年均值为65和122μg/m3,分别超过国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值86%和63%。各国控站点ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)月变化呈现一致的冬季高夏季低的"V"型变化特征,这与气象条件和气流轨迹特征季节性变化有关。秋冬季污染较高时期徐州主要受西北内陆性气团和较为稳定的气象条件影响,而春夏季来自较为干净的东部海洋性气团利于污染扩散。潜在源分析显示,山东、安徽、苏中南、浙西北等地区是影响徐州市PM2.5和PM10的主要潜在源区。各季节潜在源区分布范围有一定差异,冬季时潜在源区分布最广,并有明显向西北方向转移延伸的趋势。     

百色市冬季PM2.5传输路径及来源分析

通过采用后向轨迹结合聚类分析方法计算2015—2016年百色市PM2.5潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT),分析影响该市冬季PM2.5质量浓度的潜在源区,并探讨不同源区对PM2.5的贡献率。同时,使用CAMx模式模拟百色市各县区及周边区域对该市大气传输的影响。结果表明,影响百色市PM2.5浓度潜在源主要集中在该市和临近的河池、南宁、崇左,以及北部的贵州省;CAMx模式模拟对百色市冬季大气污染物传输的地区来源与该市大气污染物的PSCF分析和CWT分析权重较大的区域较为一致,这些区域对百色市PM2.5的贡献率达73%。     

郴州市秋冬季PM2.5污染传输路径与潜在源贡献分析

通过应用HYSPLIT、MeteoInfo模型,计算2017—2021年秋冬季抵达郴州地区72 h的后向气流轨迹并进行轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析,探讨郴州市PM2.5传输特征及污染潜在源分布。结果表明,郴州市秋冬季PM2.5潜在源区主要分布在北偏东方向,以近距离输送为主,频率最高的是从咸宁市通城县经岳阳市平江县、株洲地区的短距离轨迹,其频率为34.17%;WPSCF高值带起源于河南省,经湖北、平江、江西等地区,最终到达郴州。WCWT分析结果得出,PM2.5污染趋势与上述一致,影响范围更宽,影响程度相对较轻。2017—2021年间,郴州地区污染传输通道影响逐年减小,PM2.5浓度平均下降19.7%。     

基于后向轨迹模式的区域大气污染及传输特征分析

选取南京市2017年PM2.5逐时观测数据,分析其颗粒物污染特征,并利用聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子法和GDAS气象数据,分析不同高度、季节下南京市主要气流输送路径及PM2.5污染的主要潜在源区。结果表明：南京市PM2.5污染冬季最严重,夏季最轻,逐时PM2.5浓度变化范围夏季小于冬季;夏季气流轨迹主要来自东南方向,秋冬春等季节以偏西和西北路径为主,且随着高度的增加,气流输送速度逐渐加快;冬季对南京市PM2.5污染的贡献最为显著,低层PM2.5污染贡献源区主要集中在近地区域,且贡献率较高,随着高度的增加,贡献源区由研究区域向四周辐散,贡献范围广,贡献率降低。     

睢宁地区大气PM_(2.5)及气态污染物季节性变化特征

根据2014年全年实时在线观测数据,分析了徐州睢宁地区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和气态污染物(包括SO_2、CO、NO_x、O_3)质量浓度的季节性变化特征。结合后向轨迹模型,分析不同气团对该地区大气污染浓度的影响。PM_(2.5)与O_3值在夏季最低,呈显著相关,表明夏季PM_(2.5)主要受控于本地大气光化学活性。在冬季,除O_3外,PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_x值最高,且大气颗粒物主要以细粒子为主。O_3在春季最高,并与远程传输的气团且经过我国东部污染源密集地区相对应。高浓度的PM_(2.5)主要与冬季缓慢移动的气团相对应,这可能将PM_(2.5)及其气态前体物传输至该地区进而加重大气污染程度。     

金昌市不同季节大气颗粒物的传输路径和潜在源分析

选取金昌市2019年3月-2020年2月PM2.5和PM10逐小时观测数据,分析该市颗粒物污染水平的季节差异,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式和GDAS气象数据,分析不同气流轨迹对金昌市颗粒物浓度的影响及不同季节颗粒物的潜在污染来源.结果表明,2019年金昌市冬季PM2.5污染最严重,春季PM10污染严重;春、秋季PM...     

杭州城区大气颗粒物污染特征及PM2.5潜在源区研究

基于2015年9月1日至2016年8月25日杭州城区观测点PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀小时浓度数据进行分析,利用HYSPLIT模型、潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）方法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法,探讨了杭州城区PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀时间分布特征和PM_2.5潜在来源。结果表明：研究期间PM₁季节平均浓度表现为冬季 > 秋季、春季 > 夏季,PM_1~2.5、PM_2.5~10浓度则表现为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季;PM₁浓度日变化呈现明显的双峰现象,而PM_1~2.5和PM_2.5~10在同一时段均无明显浓度峰值;杭州城区PM_2.5受外源输送污染具有明显的季节性变化特征,夏季、秋季杭州城区PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江北部、安徽东南部等,春季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江中部、江苏南部等,冬季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是山东南部、江苏西南部、浙江北部、安徽南部、江西中部等地区。     

珠三角秋冬季节长时间灰霾污染特性与成因

利用珠三角大气超级站2012年10月与2013年1月能见度、不同粒径颗粒物与BC质量浓度、气溶胶光散射系数、O3、相对湿度等在线监测数据,分析秋冬季节2次持续时间超过10 d的长时间灰霾过程污染特性与成因。结果表明,冬季灰霾过程中气溶胶吸光系数和光散射系数对大气总消光系数的贡献分别为13%和67%;PM2.5、PM1占PM10质量浓度分别为66%和39%;较高的PM2.5与BC日均浓度相关系数(R2=0.88)体现了一次排放对颗粒物质量浓度及能见度的显著影响。秋季灰霾过程中气溶胶吸光系数和光散射系数对大气总消光系数的贡献分别为11%和69%,由BC导致的吸光效应较冬季下降了约20%;PM2.5和PM1占PM10质量浓度比例分别为68%和45%,均高于冬季;O3浓度日最大小时值的平均值接近冬季的2倍;二次来源对PM2.5浓度升高和能见度下降起主导作用。来自不同方向的2种气团在珠三角僵持,大气扩散条件差是导致这2次灰霾过程的重要外在条件,应成为灰霾预报预警的重点关注对象。     

2021年苏州黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及来源解析

于2020年12月1日—2021年11月30日利用7波段黑碳仪（AE-31）观测苏州地区黑碳（BC）浓度变化特征,并使用黑碳仪模型和后向轨迹模型分析BC排放来源和潜在源区。结果发现,苏州地区BC年平均质量浓度为（1.29±0.64）μg/m³,冬季BC质量浓度最高,为（1.61±0.89）μg/m³,秋季为（1.34±0.61）μg/m³,春季为（1.23±0.48）μg/m³,夏季最低,为（1.03±0.43）μg/m³。各季节工作日、非工作日BC质量浓度日变化均呈早晚双峰分布规律。BC质量浓度与风速、气温、降水量呈负相关,与相对湿度相关性并不显著。黑碳来源解析结果表明,相比于固体燃料（如煤和生物质燃烧）,液体燃料（如交通排放）对苏州BC质量浓度的贡献在各季节均占主要地位（74.2%～76.3%）,且夏季最高,冬季最低。同时,后向轨迹模拟和浓度轨迹权重分析的潜在源区结果显示,与本地污染相比,影响苏州地区BC的更多为输送型气团;各季节BC的潜在源区也稍有差异,主要以西南方向的影响为主。     

济南市大气颗粒汞的浓度特征及污染来源解析

为了解冬季采暖对济南市大气PM_2.5中汞浓度的影响,在济南市城郊开展了为期超过两年的PM_2.5样品采集工作,共计采集有效样品481个,测定并分析其中的颗粒汞(PHg)浓度和汞含量变化特征。结果表明,济南市大气PHg在采暖期的浓度均值为583.1 pg/m³,约为非采暖期的1.4倍,在国内外城市中处于中等偏上水平。济南市大气PM_2.5对PHg具有极强的富集能力,且在采暖期更强,可能与燃煤等活动排放了更多的超细颗粒物有关。在采暖期,大气PHg浓度主要受煤炭燃烧源和交通排放源影响,两者分别贡献了总方差的39.2%和16.7%;在非采暖期,气象条件季节性变化、交通排放源、煤炭燃烧源的影响显著,三者分别贡献了总方差的32.4%、15.8%、12.0%。高浓度PHg主要来源于分布在采样站点东北偏东方向上的众多燃煤工业企业。此外,济南市大气PHg还主要受来源于鲁西南地区的区域污染气团的影响,途经污染较重的京津冀地区的污染气团对济南市PHg浓度也有较大贡献。在非采暖期,济南市PHg还受到来自东南和西南方向的清洁海洋气团的显著影响。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations in homes in residential areas in Greater Cairo

Indoor and outdoor measurements of formaldehyde were conducted at seven flats located in residential areas in Greater Cairo, during spring and summer seasons 1999. The mean daytime formaldehyde concentrations in kitchens, bedrooms and living rooms were 89, 100 and 100 ppb, respectively, in the seven flats. Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of formaldehyde found in these three rooms. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between the mean formaldehyde concentrations in these three rooms. The maximum mean concentration of formaldehyde (147 ppb) was recorded in a new flat, while the minimum concentration (43 ppb) was observed in an old flat. The maximum hourly and daytime concentrations were 350 and 225 ppb, respectively. Air temperature, relative humidity and the age of the flat are factors affecting the emission and concentration of formaldehyde. The maximum indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations were recorded during the summer season. During the spring, 38% of the samples indicated that the concentration of formaldehyde in the seven flats exceeded 0.1 ppm, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers' (ASHRAE) standard; in the summer, this figure increased to 53%.