基于优化模拟的长株潭3+5城市群碳储量时空演变与预测

土地利用/覆被变化是导致地区生态系统碳储量变化的重要原因,探析土地利用与碳储量的时空演变规律,对区域国土空间规划与生态管理、实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。通过构建GeoDetector-PLUS-InVEST模型,基于多源数据分析长株潭3+5城市群2000—2020年土地利用及碳储量时空演变特征,预测2030年不同情景下的土地利用和碳储量变化,并通过空间自相关模型分析碳储量空间分布规律。结果表明：1)经过优化模拟的模型Kappa系数、FoM系数、总体精度结果比未优化模拟的结果分别高出0.81%、1.00%、0.67%;2)2000—2020年,研究区土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地、草地和水域面积减少,建设用地和未利用地面积增加;3)2000年、2010年、2020年3期碳储量分别为31.262 4×10⁸、31.218 1×10⁸和31.089 1×10⁸ t,期间碳储量共减少17.328 7×10⁶ t;4)相比2020年,2030年自然发展情景下碳储量减少12.148 3×10⁶     

基于InVEST与CA-Markov模型的昆明市碳储量时空演变与预测

土地利用/覆被变化是引起陆地生态系统碳储量变化的重要驱动因素,影响整个生态系统的碳循环过程.以昆明市为研究案例,在修正碳密度系数的基础上,通过耦合InVEST模型碳储存模块和CA-Markov模型,分析2000～2020年及“三线”约束下未来不同土地利用情景陆地生态系统碳储量变化的时空差异特征.结果表明：(1)昆明市土地利用类型主要以耕地、林地和草地为主,土地利用转移也发生在三者之间.(2)2000～2020年,昆明市碳储量整体表现为南低北高的空间分布特征,碳储量逐年下降,累计损失5.27×10⁶ t,林地和草地退化是碳储量减少的主要原因.(3)2020～2030年,4种情景碳储量均有所减少,其中惯性发展情景碳储量下降最明显,主要是建设用地快速扩张引起;耕地保护情景相比惯性发展情景有效减缓了碳储量减少幅度;生态保护情景则能够增强研究区固碳能力,碳储量达到262.49×10⁶ t,但不能有效控制耕地面积的减少;防止城市扩张情景有效抑制了建设用地无序扩张,间接防止了碳储量进一步减少.因此,研究区可统筹考虑耕地保护情景、生态保护情景和防止城市扩张情...     

湖北宜城陆地生态系统碳储量特征及影响因素

陆地生态系统的固碳功能对于全球碳循环具有重要意义,而不同的陆地生态系统的有机碳分布特征又不尽相同。文章以湖北宜城市4种陆地生态系统为研究对象,分析了不同生态系统植被和土壤碳库的有机碳储量和碳密度空间特征,讨论了有机碳分布的影响因素。结果表明：(1)宜城市植被碳密度较低,乔木层碳密度为4.44 t/hm²(以C计,下同),碳储量为2.22×10⁵t。草灌层在不同陆地生态系统中的有机碳分布各不相同,草灌层在森林生态系统中的有机碳密度为2.88 t/hm²,碳储量为1.43×10⁵t,在草原生态系统中的有机碳密度为7.79 t/hm²,碳储量为1.1×10⁴t,在湿地生态系统中的有机碳密度为20.84 t/hm²,碳储量为3.4×10⁴t。(2)宜城市土壤有机碳的平均含量5.5 g/kg,1 m以上土壤平均密度为66.77 t/hm²,有机碳储量为1.13×10⁷t。0～20...     

漓江流域陆地生态系统碳储量时空特征与预测

评估生态系统碳储量,对区域生态管理具有重要意义。利用InVEST模型和PLUS模型,基于解译的土地利用数据和未来土地利用预测数据,研究2000-2020年漓江流域土地利用变化和碳储量时空特征,并预测未来不同发展情景下碳储量的变化。结果表明：2000-2020年漓江流域土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地和草地面积减少,水域、建设用地和未利用地面积增加;受土地利用变化的影响,2000-2020年漓江流域碳储量减少了0.945×10⁶ t,其中2015-2020年减幅最大;碳储量高的区域主要分布在流域西北、西南及东部高海拔地区,碳储量低的区域主要分布在流域中部平原地区且2000-2020年明显扩大,流域内的临桂区、兴安县和灵川县碳储量减少较为显著。预测2030年漓江流域在自然发展情景下碳储量会进一步下降,耕地保护情景下碳储量相较自然发展情景增加0.345×10⁶ t,生态保护情景下碳储量比自然发展情景、耕地保护情景分别增加1.540×10⁶、1.195×10⁶ t。耕地保护情景能够保护耕地数量,但建设用地扩张受...     

退耕还林还草工程对生态系统碳储存服务的影响——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区子长县为例

陆地生态系统碳储量是表征生态系统碳储存服务的重要指标,与土地利用变化之间存在着密切的关系。退耕还林还草工程使区域土地利用格局发生巨大变化,并对生态系统碳储存服务造成了较大的影响。为了能简单快速的评估退耕还林还草工程对陆地生态系统碳储存服务所带来的影响,以位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的子长县为例,运用InVEST模型评估了退耕还林还草工程对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响,进一步耦合InVEST模型和FLUS模型,并设置四种不同的退耕还林还草实施情景,预测子长县2037年陆地生态系统碳储量变化和碳汇产生的经济价值。研究发现：（1）子长县退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著,17年间共有31627.98 hm²耕地退耕为林地和草地,境内的林草覆盖率由2000年的53.26%增长至2017年的64.20%;（2）退耕还林还草工程的实施显著提升了子长县陆地生态系统碳储存服务,碳储量由2000年的39.19×10⁶ t增长至2017年42.34×10⁶ t,增加量集中在工程实施主要阶段（2000—2008年）;（3）未来子长县若继续实施退耕还林还草工程,其生态系统碳储存服务会得到进一步提升,且会获得一定的碳汇经济价值。预计到2037年子长县在退耕还林还草工程实施A、B、C、D四种情景下的陆地生态系统碳储量将分别达到：43.78×10⁶ t、44.10×10⁶ t、44.32×10⁶ t和44.54×10⁶ t,并将由此获得碳汇经济价值净收益分别为1627.88万美元、1979.89万美元、2231.39万美元和2471.67万美元。耦合InVEST-FLUS模型,不但能利用InVEST模型简单快速的对陆地生态系统碳储量进行评估,而且还能基于FLUS模型对未来土地利用变化情景下的陆地生态系统碳储量和碳汇经济价值做出测算。     

天山北坡城市群碳储量时空变化及预测研究

为了有效评估城市群碳储量变化,以天山北坡城市群为研究对象,运用PLUS模型和InVEST模型,动态评估2000～2020年及2030年不同情景下土地利用变化及碳储量变化特征.结果表明,2000～2020年天山北坡城市群碳储量呈现持续增加趋势,且碳储量变化与土地利用变化密切相关,主要表现为2000～2010年林地面积的减少导致其碳储量减少约266×106t,2010～2020年草地面积的增加使其碳储量增加约69.14×10⁶t.2030年自然发展情景、生态保护情景和经济快速发展情景下碳储量预测值分别为8875.88×10⁶t、8895.58×10⁶t和8841.58×10⁶t;经济快速发展情景下碳储量最低,生态保护情景下碳储量最高.土地利用是影响碳储量空间变化分布的第一主导因素,贡献率接近于90%,土地利用强度与碳储量协调性分析与两者双变量空间自相关分析进一步验证了这一结论.土地利用变化在一定程度上能够对碳储量产生积极影响,对于本研究区而言,生态保护发展情景可能更符合未来城市发展模式,研究结果能够为土...     

基于InVEST模型和PLUS模型的环杭州湾生态系统碳储量

研究土地利用方式与生态系统服务碳储量的关系,对于区域碳排放管理具有重要意义.利用InVEST模型碳储量模块和PLUS模型,探究并预测研究区2000～2018年和2018～2030年生态系统碳储量时空变化特征及其与土地利用方式之间的关系.结果表明,研究区2000、 2010和2018年碳储量分别为7.250×10⁸、 7.227×10⁸和7.241×10⁸ t,呈先减后增趋势.土地利用类型变化是导致生态系统碳储量变化的主要因素,建设用地的快速扩张导致碳储量降低.与土地利用类型相对应,研究区碳储量空间分异显著,并以碳储量分界线为界,呈现“东北低西南高”特征.预测结果显示,至2030年碳储量为7.344×10⁸ t,较2018年增加1.42%,林地面积的增长是主要原因.     

中国南北过渡带生态系统碳储量时空变化及动态模拟

山地是全球变化的敏感地带,对生态安全与发展具有重要作用,山地生态系统服务变化和生态环境承载力是地理学与生态学的研究热点。以中国南北过渡带的主体秦巴山地为研究对象,采用CA-Markov模型与InVEST模型模拟和预测（2000—2040年）不同土地利用情景下秦巴山地生态系统碳储量变化,运用热点分析（Getis-Ord G_i^*）探讨秦巴山地生态系统碳储量的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）2000—2040年,研究区土地利用/土地覆被变化主要是耕地、林地、草地和建设用地。（2）2000—2020年,碳储量增加1.12×10⁷ t;2020—2040年自然增长情景下,碳储量损失剧烈,减少50.24×10⁷ t;生态保护情景下,碳损失幅度明显变弱,减少29.52×10⁷ t,说明采取生态环境保护政策,能够有效控制碳储量减少。（3）土地利用/土地覆被与生态系统碳储量的变化呈现显著的一致性,土地利用数量变化决定了生态系统碳储量的质量和空间分布格局。（4）随着海拔抬升,碳储量呈现出“先增后减”的趋势;随着坡度升高,碳储量呈现出“W”型变化趋势。（5）热点分析结果显示,2000—2020年间,碳储量热点区和冷点区零散分布在研究区内;2040年自然增长情景下,碳储量冷热点分布范围有逐渐变大的趋势;2040年生态保护情景较2020年,秦巴山地生态系统碳储量的冷热点分布范围整体变化不大。     

甘肃省生态系统服务权衡协同关系评估与预测

以甘肃省为研究区,通过耦合GMMOP与PLUS模型预测2030年4种不同发展情景下甘肃省土地利用状况,利用InVEST模型定量评估碳储量、产水量、土壤保持和生境质量动态变化,分析不同情景下生态系统服务间的权衡协同关系.结果表明:2000～2020年,甘肃省碳储量减少0.081×10⁸t,产水量增加3.086×10¹⁰m³,土壤保持量增加33.857×10¹⁰t,生境质量下降0.009.自然发展情景(ND)下,碳储量、产水量和生境质量均有下降,仅土壤保持量增加0.310×10¹⁰t;生态保护情景(EP)下,碳储量和土壤保持量显著提高;经济发展情景(ED)下4种生态系统服务均有降低;综合发展情景(CD)下,碳储量增加1.307×10⁸t,其余3种服务均有下降.整体上,除白银市和嘉峪关市外,甘肃省各市州的四种生态系统服务间均呈相互增益的协同关系.4种情景下,大部分地区碳储量和产水量、碳储量和土壤保持、产水量和土壤保持间的协同关系无显著变化,而在ND、EP和CD情...     

不同土地利用情景下四平市生态系统碳储量时空演变

基于1990～2020年四平市土地利用类型数据,运用GeoSOS-FLUS模型,设定自然发展、耕地保护和生态优先三种情景,模拟不同情景下2030年四平市土地利用空间格局,同时结合InVEST模型定量分析研究区1990～2020年碳储量的时空分异特征,并探讨不同情境下土地利用变化对碳储量的影响,评估未来碳储量的潜力.结果表明:1990～2020年四平市耕地和林地分别减少了951.5 5km²和357.54km²,且以1990～2000年间的降幅最大.草地和建设用地呈增加趋势,分别增加了702.97km²和587.64km².2030年在生态优先情景下,林地呈扩张态势,耕地有少量增加,在耕地保护情景下,耕地数量得到有效保障,而林地和草地有不同程度缩减.建设用地在三种情景下都呈现扩张的趋势,在自然发展情景下增长幅度最大.1990～2020年,四平市陆地生态系统的总碳储量及平均碳密度呈连续减少的势态,以1990～2000年的降幅最大,主要原因是该时段内土地利用变化以耕地的减少和建设用地的增加为主.四平市碳储...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.