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1.
Ingrid Christine Koch Coleen Vogel Zarina Patel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1323-1339
Climate change is a multi-dimensional issue and in terms of adaptation numerous state and non-state actors are involved from
global to national and local scales. The aim of this paper is first to analyse specific institutional networks involved in
climate change predominantly at the national level in South Africa and second to determine how different stakeholders perceive
their role vis-a-vis climate change adaptation. Within the South African context there is a gap in understanding and evaluating
how institutional networks operate and thus the findings of this work may help inform and strengthen such relationships in
the future. Results showed that few institutions fully understand the implications of adaptation and their roles and responsibilities
have not yet been properly defined. Constraints relating to capacity, lack of awareness and poor information flow need to
be addressed. Climate change is perceived as an important issue although problems such as poverty reduction and job creation
remain national priorities. Most importantly this research has demonstrated how adaptation challenges the hierarchical manner
in which government works and a more collaborative approach to climate change adaptation is needed. Adaptation needs to be
mainstreamed and institutional networks need to be strengthened in order for adaptation mechanisms to be effectively implemented.
相似文献
Ingrid Christine KochEmail: |
2.
Luis J. Mata June Budhooram 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):799-807
The water cycle, a fundamental component of climate, is likely to be altered in important ways by climate change. Climate
change will most likely worsen the already existing water related problems. Then the question is how should policy makers
respond to this dilemma. Climate change mitigation, through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and sequestration is
not a sufficient response. Adaptation will also need to feature as a response strategy. Mitigation and adaptation need to
be viewed as complementary responses to climate change. Complementarity between adaptation and mitigation in the water sector
will be addressed in this paper. The paper will also outline the main impacts of climate change on water resources and identify
those areas that are most dependent and vulnerable to hydrological systems (e.g., hydroelectric systems, irrigation, agriculture)
and any changes thereof resulting from climate change. It will aim to assess the impact of water demand and water use, with
a view to identifying the main relationships between mitigation and adaptation in the water sector and the means through which
individual mitigation and adaptation actions can potentially interact with each other for the benefit of the water sector
as a whole. It will also explore the implications of climate change on the management of water resources. Adaptation and mitigation
options would be considered in the context of their socio-economic and environmental impacts and their contribution to sustainable
development. A brief evaluation of how this information can be directly used for planning purpose will also be presented.
相似文献
Luis J. MataEmail: |
3.
Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation,mitigation, and sustainable development 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Indur M. Goklany 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):755-786
Determinants of adaptive and mitigative capacities (e.g., availability of technological options, and access to economic resources,
social capital and human capital) largely overlap. Several factors underlying or related to these determinants are themselves
indicators of sustainable development (e.g., per capita income; and various public health, education and research indices).
Moreover, climate change could exacerbate existing climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria,
water shortage, coastal flooding and threats to biodiversity) faced specifically by many developing countries. Based on these
commonalities, the paper identifies integrated approaches to formulating strategies and measures to concurrently advance adaptation,
mitigation and sustainable development. These approaches range from broadly moving sustainable development forward (by developing
and/or nurturing institutions, policies and infrastructure to stimulate economic development, technological change, human
and social capital, and reducing specific barriers to sustainable development) to reducing vulnerabilities to urgent climate-sensitive
risks that hinder sustainable development and would worsen with climate change. The resulting sustainable economic development
would also help reduce birth rates, which could mitigate climate change and reduce the population exposed to climate change
and climate-sensitive risks, thereby reducing impacts, and the demand for adaptation. The paper also offers a portfolio of
pro-active strategies and measures consistent with the above approaches, including example measures that would simultaneously
reduce pressures on biodiversity, hunger, and carbon sinks. Finally it addresses some common misconceptions that could hamper
fuller integration of adaptation and mitigation, including the notions that adaptation may be unsuitable for natural systems,
and mitigation should necessarily have primacy over adaptation.
相似文献
Indur M. GoklanyEmail: |
4.
Shimpei Iwasaki Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe Rajib Shaw 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(4):339-355
Climate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries.
Adaptation at the community level is of crucial importance in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects
of changes in climate. In a case study of fishing communities in Chilika lagoon, India, the focus is made on understanding
climate change adaptation at the community level and scaling it up into the policy perspective through application of Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. This article challenges the research and policy community to encourage the identification of locally
negative constraints and positive strengths toward climate resilient communities in rural areas.
相似文献
Rajib ShawEmail: |
5.
Adaptation and mitigation as complementary tools for reducing the risk of climate impacts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gary Yohe Kenneth Strzepek 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):727-739
This paper uses the likelihood of flooding along Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers in India to explore the hypothesis that adaptation
and mitigation can be viewed as complements rather than sustitutes. For futures where climate change will produce smooth,
monotonic and manageable effects, adopting a mitigation strategy is shown to increase the ability of adaptation to reduce
the likelihood of crossing critical threshold of tolerable climate. For futures where climate change will produce variable
impacts overtime, though, it is possible that mitigation will make adaptation less productive for some time intervals. In
cases of exaggerated climate change, adaptation may fail entirely regardless of how much mitigation is applied. Judging the
degree of complementarity is therefore an empirical question because the relative efficacy of adaptation is site specific
and path dependent. It follows that delibrations over climate policy should rely more on detailed analyses of how the distributions
of possible impacts of climate might change over space and time.
相似文献
Gary YoheEmail: |
6.
Kirsten Halsnæs Priyadarshi Shukla 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(2):105-130
The paper presents a number of ideas on how climate change policy implementation in developing countries can be supported
by alternative international cooperation mechanisms that are based on stakeholder interests and policy priorities including
broader economic and social development issues. It includes a brief review of current development policies, technological
research and promotion efforts, and climate change that demonstrates that mutual policy initiatives undertaken by governments
and the private sector actually have major positive impacts on climate change without being initiated by this global policy
concern. Furthermore a number of examples are given on how future development objectives in Brazil, China, and India jointly
can support economic and social goals and global climate change concerns if these goals are taken into consideration and supported
by international cooperative mechanisms. The paper proposes international cooperative mechanisms that can support the implementation
of integrated development and climate change policies. The mechanisms include an international sustainable development (SD)
and Climate Finance Mechanism (SDCFM), technology development and transition programmes, technology standards, and other measures.
相似文献
Priyadarshi Shukla (Corresponding author)Email: |
7.
Stefan Hochrainer Reinhard Mechler Georg Pflug 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(3):231-250
This paper discusses the applicability of crop insurance for the case of Malawi and explores the potential impact of climate
change on the viability of the Malawi weather insurance program making use of scenarios of climate change-induced variations
in rainfall patterns. The analysis is important from a methodological and policy perspective. By combining catastrophe insurance
modeling with climate modeling, the methodology demonstrates the feasibility, albeit with large uncertainties, of estimating
the effects of climate variability and climate change on the near- and long-term future of microinsurance schemes serving
the poor. By providing a model-based estimate of insurance back-up capital necessary to avoid ruin under climate variability
and climate change, along with the associated uncertainties and data limitations, this methodology can quantitatively demonstrate
the need for financial assistance to protect micro-insurance pools against climate-induced insolvency. This is of major concern
to donors, NGOs and others supporting these innovative systems, those actually at-risk and insurers providing insurance. A
quantitative estimate of the additional burden that climate change imposes on weather insurance for poor regions is of interest
to organizations funding adaptation. Further, by linking catastrophe modeling to regionalized climate modeling, the analysis
identifies key modeling inputs necessary as well as important constraints. We end with a discussion of the opportunities and
limits to similar modeling and weather predictability for Sub-Saharan Africa beyond the case of Malawi.
相似文献
Reinhard MechlerEmail: |
8.
Serge I. P. Stalpers André R. van Amstel Rob B. Dellink Ivo Mulder Saskia E. Werners Carolien Kroeze 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(4):359-378
This article discusses an approach for identification and evaluation of short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction
options in firms. The approach is based on lessons learnt from a project using Participatory Integrated Assessment (PIA) and
builds on the idea that effective public climate policy for firms requires options that have support from stakeholders and
are practically feasible. Scenarios are used to provide a link with short-term policy developments and a model assists to
communicate quantitative effects of options to participating stakeholders. Our approach can be seen as a first step towards
a framework that meets the need for more systematic approaches to PIAs identifying effective public policies for short-term
GHG emission reduction options in firms. In order to identify effective options for non-carbon dioxide GHG emission reductions,
our approach has been applied to Dutch dairy farms, after which it has been refined. The case study suggests that our approach
can provide balance between practical, context specific issues and scientific-theoretical aspects, thereby avoiding common
pitfalls of participatory research projects to focus too much on either theory or practical issues.
相似文献
Serge I. P. StalpersEmail: |
9.
Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate
change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic
Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional
Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices
that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs
and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to
how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to
any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing
and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct,
(2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon
explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage
risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management
that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes
driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry
planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers
to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.
相似文献
J. L. InnesEmail: |
10.
Community-based vulnerability assessment has often assumed that the local is the relevant level of adaptation to climate change.
This paper suggests that not only do a number of levels from the international to the regional influence which adaptations
can take place locally, but the governance network that is made up by actors on different levels may to a large extent be
formed in responses to globalising factors, such as internationalisation of economies and the changing role of the state.
The paper presents a study of adaptation in reindeer (Rangifier tarandus) herding, forestry and fishing communities in northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, with a focus on assessing stakeholders’
own perceptions of environmental, socio-political and economic factors that affect them. In general, the paper illustrates
the integration of non-subsistence economies into large and complex interactions where local adaptation is a result of the
sum of stresses impacting individual entrepreneurs, and the potential they have to adapt their practices given governance
(and their access to support) on different scales.
相似文献
E. Carina H. KeskitaloEmail: |
11.
Institutions play an important role in the adaptive capacity of a system in responding to climate change. This review paper
characterizes the status of the collective institutional response (government, industry, First Nation, community, civil society)
to climate change in the forest sector of the Canadian province of Ontario, and highlights the presence and nature of inter-institutional
networks as part of the response. Based on a synthesis of the commonalities in the public administration and policy literature
on tackling wicked problems, and the resilience literature, inter-institutional networks, which foster exchange of different
types of knowledge, are an important aspect of enhancing the adaptive capacity of social–ecological systems such as the forest
sector. Based on a content analysis of publicly available documents and insights gained from representatives of government,
community members and non-governmental organizations, mitigation and adaptations strategies are described. At the provincial
level there have been some new innovations in inter-institutional networks, but expansion of the forest stakeholders involved
in such networks would further enhance adaptive capacity. In particular, it is important to network with First Nations and
other forest-dependent communities who have a heightened vulnerability to climate change. The presence of a collaborative
capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build
long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in the Ontario forest sector.
相似文献
H. Carolyn Peach BrownEmail: |
12.
Michael J. Scott James A. Dirks Katherine A. Cort 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(4):307-339
US residential and commercial buildings were responsible for about 41 exajoules (EJ) of primary energy use per year in 2002,
accounting for approximately 9% of the world fossil-fuel related anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions of 6.7 Gt that contribute
to climate change. US Government-sponsored building energy efficiency research and implementation programs are focused on
reducing energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings and reducing these carbon (C) emissions. Although not
specifically intended for adaptation to a warmer climate and less effective than under today’s cooler climate, these programs
also could help reduce energy demand in a future warmer world. Warming scenarios projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 imply net overall decreases in both site energy and primary energy consumption in US
residential and commercial buildings, largely because of the reduced need for heating. However, there would be as much as
a 25% increase in building space cooling demand and a significant part of the increase could be offset by energy-efficiency
improvements in buildings. Overall, in the US, buildings-related energy efficiency programs would reduce site energy consumption
in buildings in the US by more than 2 EJ in 2020 and primary energy by more than 3.5 EJ, more than enough to offset the projected
growth in cooling energy consumption due to climate change and growth in the US building stock. The savings would have an
estimated annual net value at 2005 energy prices of between $45.0 and $47.3 billion to consumers.
相似文献
Michael J. ScottEmail: |
13.
Greenhouse gas mitigation in developing countries through technology transfer?: a survey of empirical evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sonja Peterson 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):283-305
While greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to rise primarily in the developing countries, the potential for developing
new GHG mitigation technologies exists primarily in the industrialized countries. It is thus important, not only for predictions
about future emission paths but also for climate change mitigation policies, to understand how the international diffusion
of such technologies takes place and how it affects the energy infrastructure and GHG emissions in developing countries. This
paper provides an overview of the channels through which these technologies diffuse and focuses on the empirical evidence
pertaining to the effects these technologies have on GHG emissions in developing countries.
相似文献
Sonja PetersonEmail: |
14.
Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evan Mills 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):809-842
As the world’s largest industry, the insurance sector is both an aggregator of the impacts of climate change and a market
actor able to play a material role in decreasing the vulnerability of human and natural systems. This article reviews the
implications of climate change for insurers and provides specific examples of insurance-relevant synergisms between adaptation
and mitigation in the buildings and energy sectors, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Although insurance is far from a
“silver bullet” in addressing climate change, it offers significant capacity and ability to understand, manage, and spread
risks associated with weather-related events, more so today in industrialized countries but increasingly so in developing
countries and economies in transition. Certain measures that integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation also bolster
insurers’ solvency and profitability, thereby increasing their appeal. Promising strategies involve innovative products and
systems for delivering insurance and the use of new technologies and practices that both reduce vulnerability to disaster-related
losses and support sustainable development. However, climate change promises to erode the insurability of many risks, and
insurance responses can be more reactive than proactive, resulting in compromised insurance affordability and/or availability.
Public–private partnerships involving insurers and entities such as the international relief community offer considerable
potential, but have not been adequately explored.
相似文献
Evan MillsEmail: URL: http://insurance.lbl.gov |
15.
Pablo del Río 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(3):203-213
Internal mitigation projects have recently been proposed as an additional flexibility mechanism, particularly in the context
of the European Union. Their main objective is to engage sectors not included in the European Union emissions trading scheme
(EU ETS) in cost-effective emissions reductions. However, in this paper it is argued that, when assessed in terms of dynamic
efficiency, the instrument is likely to be, at best, irrelevant to induce the scale of systemic technological changes which
are required to tackle the climate change problem and, at worst, detrimental for this task. Insights from the Evolutionary
Economics of technological change complemented with political economy considerations are used to support this claim.
相似文献
Pablo del RíoEmail: |
16.
Preety M. Bhandari Suruchi Bhadwal Ulka Kelkar 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):919-933
India occupies 2.4% of the world’s geographical area with a large percentage of its land under agriculture. About 228 Million
hectares (Mha) of its geographical area (nearly 69%) fall within the dryland (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid) region. Of
the total cultivated area of 142 Mha, major part of agriculture in the country is rainfed, extending to over 97 Mha and constituting
nearly 68% of the net cultivated area, therefore making the agricultural sector vulnerable and exposed to the vagaries of
weather conditions. Climate change adds to this dimension of stress. A strong need is felt for targeting programmes in these
areas that address issues related to employing suitable soil and water conservation measures. In this context this paper seeks
to examine the case for watershed development as an adaptive strategy. An examination of the possibility of fortifying the
existing programme with a view to adapting to expected changes in climate in future is undertaken. Also, the possibility of
watershed development integrating into a suitable mitigation strategy for the country is assessed.
相似文献
Preety M. BhandariEmail: |
17.
J. Onigkeit N. Anger B. Brouns 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(5):477-494
Climate equity is a crucial but difficult element in negotiations on a post-2012 climate regime. With respect to the trading
of greenhouse gas emissions the equity aspect is considered in the Kyoto Protocol which demands that emissions trading should
be supplemental to domestic abatement efforts. The question arises whether a linking of the European Union Emissions Trading
Scheme (EU ETS) to non-EU emission trading schemes or the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could have an impact on principles
of climate justice and thus potentially affect ongoing negotiations. In this study, we present the results of a three step
analysis: In a first step, it estimates mid-term greenhouse gas emission entitlements for Annex B and Non-Annex B countries
for the year 2020 which keep within reach a stabilization of the CO2 concentration at 450 ppmv in the long-term. In the second step, the resulting emission entitlements are used as an input
to an economic partial-equilibrium model in order to assess the shift of abatement efforts under different scenarios of linking
the EU ETS. In a third step, we analyze the outcome of the economic model with respect to the future trend of European per
capita emissions under the current EU ETS relative to different scenarios of linking the EU ETS. The model results indicate
that European per capita emissions have to be reduced to a considerably smaller extent if a linking of the EU ETS is accompanied
by an optimal design of the National Allocation Plans and if low-cost CO2 permits became available via the CDM to a large extent.
相似文献
B. BrounsEmail: |
18.
Davin Budreau Gordon McBean 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1305-1320
Scientific evidence gathered over the past five years suggests that northern Canada and the Arctic have undergone, and are
undergoing, formidable environmental changes linked to global climate change. Environmental change in the north is expected
to persist and intensify over the course of the next century. When large-scale environmental changes take place, they inevitably
affect people, especially when the cultures and livelihoods of those people depend on their relationship with the environment.
Managing the local impacts of these changes is a matter of adaptation. This paper discusses some of the policy implications
of adaptation––government interventions aiming to build communities’ and regions’ capacities to adapt to environmental changes.
Three arguments for adaptive capacity building interventions in the north are discussed, and these arguments are augmented
by a comparative review of government reactions to the collapse of the cod fishery in Atlantic Canada. Reactive and proactive
policy approaches are discussed, and it is suggested from the comparison that proactive approaches to intervention are desirable
for building adaptive capacity.
相似文献
Gordon McBean (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Veronika Dornburg Gregg Marland 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):211-217
Kirschbaum (Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11:1151–1164, 2006) explores the climatic impact over time of temporarily sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. He concludes that temporary
storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere “achieves effectively no climate-change mitigation”. His strongly worded statement
begs for a response. This paper argues that Kirschbaum’s conclusion is an artifact of the specific perspective of his analysis
and his choice of a definition for climate-change impact. Even temporary sinks put us on a lower path for climate change,
a path that will not otherwise be accessible. For carbon sinks in the terrestrial biosphere, we argue that sooner is better
and longer is better, but even known temporary sinks have value.
相似文献
Gregg Marland (Corresponding author)Email: |
20.
Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Following is a synthetic review on the minimal living cell, defined as an artificial or a semi-artificial cell having the
minimal and sufficient number of components to be considered alive. We describe concepts and experiments based on these constructions,
and we point out that an operational definition of minimal cell does not define a single species, but rather a broad family
of interrelated cell-like structures. The relevance of these researches, considering that the minimal cell should also correspond
to the early simple cell in the origin of life and early evolution, is also explained. In addition, we present detailed data
in relation to minimal genome, with observations cited by several authors who agree on setting the theoretical full-fledged
minimal genome to a figure between 200 and 300 genes. However, further theoretical assumptions may significantly reduce this
number (i.e. by eliminating ribosomal proteins and by limiting DNA and RNA polymerases to only a few, less specific molecular
species). Generally, the experimental approach to minimal cells consists in utilizing liposomes as cell models and in filling
them with genes/enzymes corresponding to minimal cellular functions. To date, a few research groups have successfully induced
the expression of single proteins, such as the green fluorescence protein, inside liposomes. Here, different approaches are
described and compared. Present constructs are still rather far from the minimal cell, and experimental as well as theoretical
difficulties opposing further reduction of complexity are discussed. While most of these minimal cell constructions may represent
relatively poor imitations of a modern full-fledged cell, further studies will begin precisely from these constructs. In conclusion,
we give a brief outline of the next possible steps on the road map to the minimal cell.
相似文献
Pier Luigi Luisi (Corresponding author)Email: |
Francesca FerriEmail: |
Pasquale StanoEmail: |