热采井硫化氢的治理技术研究

随着稠油资源的开发,热采规模逐步扩大,热采区块采出液硫化氢含量不断升高,井口及套管气含有大量的硫化氢,严重威胁相关作业人员的生命安全。针对这一安全隐患,研究了3种模式的硫化氢治理技术,包括井筒加药治理技术、套管抽吸治理技术和套管喷射治理技术,分别应用于正常生产期间产出液中硫化氢治理、套管气中硫化氢的治理和洗井时整个油井内硫化氢的治理。该治理技术在现场得到了应用,GDGB1-02井采用井筒加药治理技术,采出液伴生气中硫化氢含量由治理前的8 000 mg/m3降至20 mg/m3以下,低于安全生产规定的30 mg/m3以下;GD2-24P530井采用套管抽吸处理技术,套管气中硫化氢含量由治理前10 000 mg/m3降低到测不出;GD2-23X530井采用套管喷射处理技术,硫化氢含量由治理前3 200 mg/m3降低到检测不出,实现了热采井硫化氢的安全治理,消除了安全隐患。     

硫化氢捕消剂的应用试验研究

针对硫化氢气体的特点,研制了在泄漏事故中用于清除硫化氢气体的硫化氢捕消剂;开展了密闭空间和开放空间硫化氢清除应用试验,结果表明,硫化氢捕消剂能够有效地清除泄漏在空气中的硫化氢气体。     

油田施工过程中出现硫化氢气体的应急措施

文留断块油气田油层埋藏深(一般井深3000m左右)、富含有机物,目前又进入高含水开发阶段,给井下作业带来诸多不便,从2002年开始,一些油井酸化施工后,井口突然会出现H2s气体,导致井下作业常常被迫停止.经过6年来的研究、探索和不断的完善,目前已实现了对硫化氢气体的有效防护,确保了施工安全.     

滨425区块结垢机理及防治措施研究

针对滨425区块油井结垢问题,分析了作业井数据、油井垢样和油井产出液油水乳化状态,并开展了结垢影响因素和高矿化度水垢晶生长及成垢速度等实验研究,得出了滨425区块低含水油井及地层的结垢机理:地层压力下降,导致CO2分压逐渐降低,从而产生碳酸盐垢。根据结垢机理提出了井下挤注防垢剂技术作为防治措施,进行了配伍性、静态防垢率、最低有效防垢浓度及动态吸附-解吸等试验研究。实验结果表明,优选的防垢剂防垢率达到90%以上,最低有效浓度20mg/L,且吸附解吸性能较好。     

受限空间不同类型硫化氢清除液性能对比实验研究

对比分析了不同类型硫化氢清除液(自行研发的SJ-1型清除液、2.5 mol/L甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)水溶液、2.0 mol/L络合铁水溶液和纯水)对受限空间内硫化氢气体的清除效果;研究了硫化氢初始浓度、进气流量等因素对清除性能的影响规律;系统评价了SJ-1型清除液对受限空间内高浓度硫化氢气体的清除效果。     

东部油田硫化氢防护安全管理现状探讨

以我国东部油田硫化氢防护安全为研究对象,综合讨论硫化氢产生原因及防护安全管理现状,分析了涉硫化氢风险区域存在的隐患风险,提出东部油田硫化氢防护安全对策及建议。     

基于ASPEN的酸性水泄漏应急处置装置设计与优化

针对厂区的含硫化氢酸性水泄漏设计了一套应急处置装置,以氢氧化钠溶液为吸收剂,采用Aspen Plus标准大型通用流程模拟软件对受限空间内硫化氢洗消装置的洗消过程进行模拟,分别考察液气比、操作气速、硫化氢进口浓度、洗消液浓度、填料比表面积等因素对硫化氢脱除效率的影响。结果表明:综合考虑洗消效果、功率消耗等,所设计的硫化氢洗消装置液气比宜选择为6~7L/m3、进气量为300Nm3、硫化氢入口浓度不大于2 000ppm、洗消液质量分数不大于4%、填料比表面积在350m2/m3以上,在此优化条件下,硫化氢的出口浓度可降低到满足30ppm的应急排放标准要求。该研究可为酸性水泄漏应急处置装置的设计与优化提供技术支持。     

油田井下作业TK-5型全自动液气控制天车安全装置

叙述了油田井下作业TK—5型全自动液气控制天车安全装置的工作原理，分析了该装置的安全可靠性。     

高效吸收氧化法处理炼油工业恶臭气体研究

以碳酸钠溶液为吸收液,对苯二酚为催化荆,研究了对炼油企业硫化氢恶臭气体的吸收氧化效果,考察了吸收氧化的影响因素、再生方法及再生效果。结果表明：高效氧化吸收法处理硫化氢恶臭气体效果很好,吸收液可循环使用。     

抑垢剂挤注技术在印尼OSES油田的应用

印尼OSES油田经过40余年开发,部分油井结垢严重,电泵平均运转周期不足6个月,频繁的检泵作业增加了油田开发生产的成本。经过油井取样分析,OSES油井结垢类型主要为碳酸钙垢。针对OSES油田高温、高渗、低压砂岩油藏的油藏特征研发出PA-SID5抑垢剂产品,结合OSES特殊修井作业特点,提出酸化联合抑垢剂挤注的工艺方法。对实施抑垢剂挤注措施的油井产出液进行抑垢剂浓度监测,油井未见结垢现象,抑垢剂极大地延长了检泵周期,降低了作业费用,取得了良好的经济效益。     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

基于EPMA的背角无齿蚌贝壳中元素分布的初步研究

应用电子显微探针元素分析技术,对背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）的贝壳（棱柱层和珍珠层）进行了19种元素（Ag、Al、Au、Ca、Co、Cu、Fe、Hf、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Re、Se、Sn、Sr、Tl、V、Zn）分布特征的初步研究.元素面分布分析和定量线分析结果均直观而明显地表明：贝壳中Ca含量最高,Hf、Re、Mn、Al、Co、Fe、Sr、Cu和Na的含量较低,而Au、Mg、Tl、Zn、Sn、Ag、V、Mo和Se的含量甚少.Mn在珍珠层的分布高于棱柱层,壳顶区域的珍珠层的含量（0.087±0.045）%显著高于棱柱层（0.030±0.025）%（P<0.05）,腹缘区域的珍珠层的含量（0.072±0.055）%亦显著高于棱柱层（0.044±0.025）%（P<0.05）,而其余元素在贝壳中均匀分布.     

青岛近海不同天气状况下大气气溶胶中金属元素浓度分布特征研究

为探究青岛近海不同天气下气溶胶中金属元素的浓度分布特征,于2012年4~5月,2012年8月~2013年3月在青岛近海采集了总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICPAES)分析了主要微量金属元素.结果表明,Al、Ca、Fe、Na、K和Mg是TSP中主要的金属元素,质量浓度占所测元素总浓度的94.2%.TSP及金属元素浓度月变化明显,Fe、Al、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Ba、Mn、Ti、Sr和Li均在11月和1月浓度最高,Be、Sc、Co、Ni和Cr在1月最高,Na在8、11和2月较高,12月最低,Pb在1月和2月最高,8月和12月最低.富集因子表明Be、Co、Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Sr和Ti主要受自然源影响,Li、Cr、Ni、Zn、Ba和Na除受自然源外,还受部分人为源影响,Pb主要来自人为源.不同天气状况对TSP及其金属元素浓度影响较大,除Ti外,所测元素浓度均在烟雾天最高.与晴天相比,烟雾天除Ti外,其余元素均升高,增幅为1~4倍,雾天Li、Be、Cr、Ni、Al、Fe、Mg和Mn变化不大,Pb和Na升高较多,Co、Ca和Ti降低较多,霾天Cr、Co和Ti降低,其余元素浓度升高,增幅为1~3倍.大部分元素在晴天富集因子最小,雾天富集因子最大.Ni、Zn、Ba、K、Na、Pb和Sr富集因子为晴<霾<烟雾<雾,Fe和Mn为晴<烟雾<霾<雾,Al和Mg为晴<雾<霾<烟雾,其余金属不同天气下富集因子的变化规律各不相同.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Environmental chemical study on the marsh of Fatimid cemetery at Aswan City,Egypt

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彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

Distribution characteristics and indicator significance of Dechloranes in multi-matrices at Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic

In recent years, Dechloranes have been widely detected in the environment around the world. However, understanding and knowledge of Dechloranes in remote regions, such as the Arctic, remain lacking. Therefore, the concentrations of 5 Dechloranes in surface seawater, sediment, soil, moss, and dung collected from Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic were measured with the concentrations 93 pg/L, 342, 325, 1.4, and 258 pg/g, respectively, which were much lower than those in Asian and European regions. The mean ratios of anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) to total DP (?_anti) in seawater, sediment, soil, moss, dung, and atmospheric samples were 0.36, 0.21, 0.18, 0.27, 0.66, and 0.43, respectively. Results suggested that the main source of DP in seawater, sediment, soil, and moss was long-range atmospheric transport. However, the ratio identified in dung was different, for which the migration behavior of the organism is probably the main source of DP.     

Distribution characteristics and indicator significance of Dechloranes in multi-matrices at Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic

In recent years, Dechloranes have beenwidely detected in the environment around the world. However, understanding and knowledge of Dechloranes in remote regions, such as the Arctic, remain lacking. Therefore, the concentrations of 5 Dechloranes in surface seawater, sediment, soil, moss, and dung collected from Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic were measured with the concentrations 93 pg/L, 342, 325, 1.4, and 258 pg/g, respectively, which were much lower than those in Asian and European regions. The mean ratios of anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) to total DP (f_anti) in seawater, sediment, soil, moss, dung, and atmospheric samples were 0.36, 0.21, 0.18, 0.27, 0.66, and 0.43, respectively. Results suggested that the main source of DP in seawater, sediment, soil, andmosswas long-range atmospheric transport. However, the ratio identified in dung was different, for which the migration behavior of the organism is probably themain source of DP.