河北坝上高原错季无公害蔬菜生产的环境标准与技术

着重论述了河北坝上高原错季无公害蔬菜生产的环境标准与技术问题。针对人们对农产品安全质量与环境标准的要求,简要介绍了无公害蔬菜生产绿色食品、有机食品的基本概念;明确了河北省坝上地区无公害蔬菜生产的地理区位优势:气候冷凉,光照充足,雨热同季,昼夜温差大等,并指出该区存在的干旱多风少雨等主要问题;进而提出坝上错季无公害蔬菜生产的环境标准与技术:限量施用纯氮≤225kg·hm-2和有机肥≤75000kg·hm-2等措施。这些对我国入世后加强农产品安全质量与环境质量管理,推行无公害绿色食品生产体系与技术指标,确保农业可持续发展均具有重要指导意义。     

芜湖市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况及安全处理效果

对芜湖市蔬菜集散市场的菠菜、青菜、黄瓜、青椒、番茄、马铃薯、莴苣、白萝卜、卷心菜及腌制雪里蕻10种常见蔬菜的硝酸盐含量进行了测定,并分析了低温储存及洗洁精清洗对蔬菜硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,洗洁精去除蔬菜中硝酸盐效果较好,常规洗菜前先在"白猫"牌洗洁精水溶液中浸泡15min,可使硝酸盐平均含量降低近100mg·kg-1。随着放置时间的增加,硝酸盐逐渐分解,而冰箱内低温存放,可减缓蔬菜硝酸盐含量的下降。根据GB18406.1—2001《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》对10种蔬菜进行的评价发现,叶菜类蔬菜中菠菜、青菜硝酸盐含量严重超标,其他所测蔬菜均未超标。     

江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr含量的检测结果表明,该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外,其他4种均未超出,总体质量较好,然而各检测点间差异较大,特别是苏南部分地区污染较重,且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB/T18407.1—2001),表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB/T18407.1—2001为评价标准,采用Nemerow指数法进行评价,全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0.54,属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0.30、0.29、1.20,即苏南为3级土,属轻污染,苏北、苏中为1级土,属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15%蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染,主要分布在苏南,且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Ph、Cr含量的检测结果表明，该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外，其他4种均未超出，总体质量较好，然而各检测点间差异较大，特别是苏南部分地区污染较重，且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB／T18407．1—2001)，表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB／T18407．1—2001为评价标准，采用Nemerow指数法进行评价，全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0．54，属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0．30、0．29、1．20，即苏南为3级土，属轻污染，苏北、苏中为1级土，属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15％蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染，主要分布在苏南，且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

离子色谱法同时测定蔬菜中的亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐

硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐广泛存在于人类环境中,其对人类健康和生态环境的危害,日益受到人们的普遍关注.硝酸盐在细菌的作用下可还原成亚硝酸盐,使血液的载氧能力下降,从而导致高铁血红蛋白症;另一方面,亚硝酸盐可与次级胺（仲胺、叔胺、酰胺及氨基酸）结合,形成亚硝胺,从而诱发消化系统癌变.而人体摄入的硝酸盐81.2%来自蔬菜.因此,蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的高低已成为衡量蔬菜安全与否的一项重要指标,我国已对无公害蔬菜中的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量提出明确的限量标准.……     

苏南某市春季蔬菜中农药残留调查

2003年3月对苏南某市蔬菜中有机氯、拟除虫菊酯及氨基甲酸酯类农药残留状况的调查结果表明:有机氯农药残留量较低,检出范围为ND～31.7μg·kg-1,蔬菜基地蔬菜中六六六类农药检出量高于传统菜地;蔬菜中滴滴涕类残留物主要组分为p,p′ DDE和p,p′ DDD。拟除虫菊酯类农药检出范围为ND～46.9μg·kg-1,检出量较高的是氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯。氨基甲酸酯类农药检出范围为ND～111.9μg·kg-1,其中灭虫威和3-羟基克百威检出量和检出率最高,且蔬菜基地样品中的检出量低于传统菜地。蔬菜样品中克百威大部分已降解为3-羟基克百威,涕灭威、亚砜涕灭威与砜涕灭威检出量都很低,其中砜涕灭威平均检出量最低。供试区春季蔬菜中所检测的各种农药除克百威和涕灭威外,其余残留量均低于国家无公害蔬菜农药残留量标准。     

无公害农产品生产与生态农业

分析了无公害农产品生产与生态农业建设的关系 ,认为生态农业是无公害农产品生产的有效途径。此外 ,探讨了有关无公害农产品生产的技术与管理体系。     

无公害农产品生产与生态农业

分析了无公害农产品生产与生态农业建设的关系，认为生态农业是无公害农产品生产的有效途径。此外，探讨了有关无公害农产品生产的技术与管理体系。     

南京市城郊蔬菜生产基地有机氯农药残留特征

以网格法在南京市无公害蔬菜生产基地八卦洲采集70个土壤样品,用加速溶剂萃取、固相萃取柱净化后GC-μECD测定土壤中有机氯农药(α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH和δ-HCH以及o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,o,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDE 和p,p'-DDD)残留量.结果表明,土壤中有机氯农药残留总量在6.18～84.72 μg·kg-1之间,平均18.63 μg·kg-1.DDT残留量高于HCH,为3.36～74.19 μg·kg-1,平均12.61 μg·kg-1.土壤中HCH残留量为2.48～17.80 μg·kg-1,平均6.02 μg·kg-1.DDT同系物中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT为主,而HCH中δ-HCH含量较低,其他3种异构体含量水平相当.所有土样中DDT和HCH残留量均远远低于GB/T 18407 无公害蔬菜产地土壤标准限定值500 μg·kg-1,但大多数土样中DDT和HCH残留量远远高于荷兰无污染土壤标准.     

不同栽培模式下耕层土壤盐分演变规律研究

通过定位试验对有机栽培、无公害栽培和常规栽培模式下土壤盐分动态进行了研究。结果表明,有机栽培和无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异不显著,常规与无公害栽培模式中土壤盐分差异显著(F0.05=9.04),常规与有机栽培模式下的土壤盐分差异也极显著(F0.01=9.37)。常规栽培与无公害栽培环境中,全年土壤全盐量变化表现为两个积盐期:春季和秋季,以春季积盐最明显;有机栽培环境中,从7月份即出现了积盐过程,并且土壤全盐量变化趋势与气温变化基本一致。     

天津市区域土壤Cd污染及其对农产品影响

研究了天津市土壤Cd元素区域分布特征,依据本次土壤调查背景参数特征和国家环境质量标准对农田土壤Cd污染进行了分级评价,天津市农田土壤存在不同级别的Cd污染。其中中-重度污染区面积约116km2,占调查面积的1.07%,主要集中在东丽区大毕庄、荒草坨,津南区双港,西青区邓店、楼家院等。在不同污染程度区农产品的调查结果表明,Cd在中-重度污染地区蔬菜中有富集和超标现象,应加强污染区土壤监测和治理工作。     

源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法,研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明:气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中,根含氟量不受气源氟的影响;籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度,与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关;糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

上海市蔬菜地土壤硝态氮状况研究

以上海市郊不同管理方式下菜地表层土壤采样测定土壤硝态氮含量为基础,并以水稻土等土壤作为对照,以期了解上海蔬菜地土壤硝态氮的现状,为菜地的合理施肥提出科学依据。结果表明,由于管理方式不同,土壤的硝态氮的NO3--N质量分数差异明显。大棚蔬菜地土壤中NO3--N明显高于其它其他用地管理方式下的土壤,依次为:w(大棚蔬菜地)>w(露天蔬菜地)>w(传统自留地),而且土壤硝态氮的积累是全剖面性的,而非仅在表层,如在80~100cm土层,大棚土壤硝态氮也为农田的好几倍。而且,大棚蔬菜地土壤盐渍化明显,主要特点之一是硝态氮积累,盐分高的土壤一般硝态氮也高。此外,长期大量的N肥投入引起了土壤酸化。土壤pH与土壤NO3--N质量分数呈线性负相关,经统计检验相关性达极显著水平。     

重庆金佛山岩溶区不同植被条件下土壤-植被系统CO2浓度日变化

对重庆金佛山典型岩溶区林地、裸地表层岩溶生态系统CO2浓度进行短时间尺度变化的野外观测结果表明,林地与裸地不同深处土温变化幅度由地表向土壤深部逐步降低,裸地地表温度和不同深度土温波动幅度均较林地大.林地与裸地各层次土壤CO2浓度变化与土温呈较好的相关关系.林地各层土壤CO2浓度波动微弱,变幅小于裸地.林地与裸地土层中CO2浓度随土层深度增加而增高.植被各层的温度和温度变化幅度从大到小依次为林层、灌层和草层.林层温度最大值滞后于气温约3 h.     

Investigation of metallothionein level,reduced GSH level,MDA level,and metal content in two different tissues of freshwater mussels from Atatürk Dam Lake coast,Turkey

Atatürk Dam Lake is one of the important freshwater ecosystems in the world in terms of the size of the surface area and the biodiversity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of metal pollution in the Atatürk Dam Lake on some biochemical markers in the gills and digestive glands of mussels (Unio mancus). Mussel samples were collected in July-2018 from four stations. The metal residues (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni) in the tissues were determined by ICP-MS. The MT, reduced GSH, and MDA levels were analysed using the proposed spectrophotometric methods. According to the results, toxic metals such as Cd and Pb in both tissues were determined mostly in mussels collected from St1. The highest MT and MDA levels in the gills were determined in St3 and St2 respectively, while the highest MT and MDA levels in the digestive glands were determined in St1. Although there was no significant difference in the reduced GSH level in the gills among the stations, the highest reduced GSH level in the digestive glands was determined in St4. These results indicated that mussels are appropriate sentinel organisms for metal contamination with effects on oxidative stress and metal exposure biomarkers.     

Toxicological effects of mouse diet contaminated with tributyltin on the immune and neurological systems of C57BL/6 mice

Organotin compounds, widely used as antifouling agents, are known to bioaccumulate in the food chain. Among organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT), a toxic and widespread contaminant, has become a serious factor in environmental pollution and is suspected of being immunotoxic in animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 80 µg of TBT per kilogram of body weight (kg bw), provided in food, on the immune and neurological systems of C57Bl/6 mice. Data showed that TBT increased the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in both adult and juvenile female and juvenile male mice, but that it decreased the proliferation of both T and B lymphocytes in adult male mice. The macrophages activity in female and male juvenile mice was higher than in adults of both sexes. The natural killer cytotoxic activity was also increased in juvenile and adult males and females compared to the control groups. In the brain, we observed the presence of TBT in the hippocampus, the striatum, the cortex, and the cerebellum in both the male and female groups. The highest levels were observed in the cortex of females and males, while the lowest levels were found in the cerebellum. TBT also induced an increase in the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in the striatum, the hippocampus and in cortical structures but not in the cerebellum where the levels of TBT are lower. Our findings indicate that TBT modulated the immune and nervous systems causing endocrine and nervous perturbations.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster, Crassostrea Gigas, and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground, Taiwan

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^-1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^-1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^-1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

秸秆焚烧导致南京及周边地区2次空气污染事件的成因比较

从天气形势、卫星遥感火点监测、物理量诊断和后向轨迹模拟等方面分析了2008和2010年秸秆焚烧导致南京及周边地区空气污染事件过程的异同点。结果表明,2008年污染过程受大气底层切变线的控制,2010年污染过程受高压天气形势的控制;2008年火点仅出现在江苏地区,而2010年江苏、安徽和浙江地区均有出现;2008年大气底层气流为弱上升运动,导致高浓度的污染,2010年因受下沉气流控制而导致大范围的污染;2008年污染物来源为江苏地区,2010年则受江苏和安徽地区火点的共同影响,这些差异导致2次污染过程影响的范围和强度有所不同。     

Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina,Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

Summary Changes in the density of beech scale infestation (Cryptococcus fagisuga) of a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated after gap-cutting in limed and unlimed areas bordering on the gaps and in untreated areas over a 5-year period. Parallelly the concentrations of sucrose, protein amino acids, and procyanidins were examined in the inner and outer bark of non-infested beech trees and beeches infested by beech scale.Irrespective of liming in the areas bordering on the gaps the proportion of beech trees with increasing beech scale infestation was significantly higher, the proportion of beeches with diminishing infestation was significantly lower than in the untreated control areas. Trees with the same infestation tendency occurred in clusters.Physiological defence reactions in the inner and outer bark of the infested beech trees were registrated as an increase in the procyanidin content and a decrease in the protein amino acid content. A change in the outer bark—inner bark—ratio of the infested beech trees showed a transfer of compounds between the inner and outer bark. During the period of observation long-lasting shifts occurred in the pattern of compounds of the bark irrespective of actual infestation intensity.     

污水灌溉区土壤肥力及酶活性特征研究

通过野外调查和采样分析,研究了石家庄栾城县不同污水灌溉时间（0-52a）和不同层位（0-100cm）耕地土壤肥力及酶活性的分布特征。研究结果表明：与清灌对照点相比,污水灌溉区表层（0-20cm）土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性、亚表层（20-40cm）蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性和下层（40-60cm）蔗糖酶活性均相对较高,而下层有机质含量、全氮含量和底层（60-100cm）全氮含量均相对较低。4层土壤阳离子交换量和过氧化氢酶活性较对照点均无明显的变化规律。表层土壤全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性、亚表层有机质含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性、下层蔗糖酶活性与污灌时间之间均存在显著相关性沪〈0．05）。上述特征反映了土壤肥力及酶活性对污灌的响应具有明显的层位效应和非同步性,而这些响应是由于污水中的营养物质输入土壤后引发微生物活性提高的“激发效应”所致。