活性炭吸附水中铅离子的动态研究

本文采用两种煤质活性炭，研究了其对不同浓度二价铅离子溶液的吸附，应用固定床吸附动力学模型，Ｍａｒｑａｄｔ方法非线性回归固定床吸附流出曲线，获得了铅离子在活性炭上的扩散传质系数。结果发现，孔扩散系数Ｄｐ强裂地依赖于铅离子入口浓度，随着入口浓度的升高，孔扩散系数变小，随后用上述扩攻系数理论预测了其它操作条件下的流出曲线，结果表明实验曲线与理论预测曲线能很好地相符，动态法能可靠地获取固吸附过程的吸附及扩     

针铁矿对几种氧化锰矿物氧化As(Ⅲ)特性的影响

用氧化还原平衡法研究了水钠锰矿、钙锰矿和黑锰矿等三种不同结构类型氧化锰矿物对As(Ⅲ)的氧化特性，以及针铁矿对上述氧化的影响。结果表明，水钠锰矿、钙锰矿和黑锰矿对As(Ⅲ)的最大氧化量分别为480．4、279．6和117．9mmol／kg，其氧化能力与氧化锰矿物的结构、Mn氧化度、表面电荷性质以及结晶度等因素有关；体系中存在针铁矿时，它们对As(Ⅲ)的最大氧化量分别增加到651．0、332．3和159．4mmol／kg；针铁矿本身并不氧化As(Ⅲ)，体系氧化能力增强是通过针铁矿对氧化生成的As(Ⅴ)的吸附来实现的。     

海泡石黏土矿物对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

研究分析了海泡石黏土矿物对铜离子的吸附性能和动力学特征,结果表明,海泡石黏土矿物对Cu~(2 )吸附的最佳pH值为6.0左右,随着pH值的增大,吸附作用减弱;在[Cu~(2 )]=100mg·l~(-1),溶液pH值为6,吸附时间为2h时,添加0.1 g海泡石,海泡石对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率仅为39.5%,当海泡石用量提高至0.4 g时,其对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率提高到94.8%;实验结果同样显示,18min内有90%的Cu~(2 )被海泡石吸附,随着吸附时间的增加,吸附作用趋于稳定,2h可达到吸附平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程.同时,分别采用拟一级模型和拟二级模型考察了吸附动力学,并计算了这些动力学模型的速率常数.实验数据和拟二级模型计算结果之间有较好的相关性.     

石英砂负载氧化铁吸附除锑的研究

考察了石英砂负载氧化铁(IOCS)在不同的实验条件下(无机阴离子种类及其离子强度、 pH值、IOCS投加量、温度等)对水溶液中锑的去除效果.结果表明:三种无机阴离子(NO-3,Cl-,SO2-4)对IOCS吸附锑的去除率、吸附容量以及反应速率几乎没有影响;在pH3-9范围内,锑的去除率达到90%.二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型可分别较好地描述锑的吸附动力学及吸附等温线实验结果.随着温度的增加,反应速率以及吸附容量也随之增加.     

水合氧化铁对痕量铀的吸附行为

研究了水合氧化铁的制备条件及其对痕量铀的吸附行为,结果表明,当加碱温度和反应温度均为80℃时,吸附剂具有最大比表面积172．8m^2.g^-1,当吸附平衡时间为30min,吸附温度为90－95℃,溶液pH≈6时,铀吸附量可达122mg.g^-1,但吸附体系中硼酸和硫酸镁的存在导致铀吸附量下降。     

天然沸石对溶液中氨氮吸附特性的研究

为了探讨天然沸石对NH4 的吸附规律,以浙江缙云出产的粒径为2~3.2mm的天然斜发沸石为实验材料,进行吸附等温线实验和吸附动力学实验。结果表明,实验沸石对NH4 的吸附等温线符合Langmuir公式,且对氨氮吸附量的极限值为1.624mol·kg-1;实验沸石对NH4 的吸附反应符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.1882h-1。通过监测溶液中各阳离子浓度的变化,可确定沸石晶体内与NH4 进行交换的主要离子为Ca2 和Na ,二者占交换总量的96%以上;在交换反应初期,出现了由于沸石晶体中的离子在固液两相中的再分配所造成的离子交换的不等量现象。     

海带对镉、铅的吸附作用及其机理

利用大型海藻海带(Laminaria japonica)作为可降解性生物吸附材料,对有害重金属镉离子和铅离子的吸附作用和机理进行了研究.结果显示,通过电位差滴定法,得到海带的酸性基数量为1.25mmol.g-1,其解离常数为0.18 mmol.l-1.对平衡吸附量与pH的关系进行了模型模拟.海带对于金属离子的吸附为Bidentate型,吸附平衡常数分别为5.72×103L.mol-1,6.28×104L.mol-1.同时,采用拟二次速度模型对镉离子和铅离子的吸附速度进行了模拟,得到的吸附速度常数分别为0.010 min-1,0.014min-1.结论,海带对二价镉、铝离子的吸附量大于很多其它藻类吸附剂,对它的研究可为重金属化湖泊水质的改善和生态修复提供参考依据.     

麦饭石对Pb2+离子吸附的动力学研究

本文研究了水溶液中麦饭石对Ｐｂ＾２＋离子去除的反应动力学,考察了ＭＦＳ粒度、溶液ＰＨ值和铅离子的初始浓度对吸附反应的影响。结果表明,ＭＦＳ对Ｐｂ＾２离子具有较强的吸附性能,ＰＨ值是影响吸附的主要因素,Ｐｂ＾２＋离子吸附的最初速率与浓度符合一级反应动力学;吸附过程符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式;离子交换和表面络合反应是主要吸附形式。     

真菌对铜离子生物吸附的研究

从电镀废水污泥中分离、纯化获一高抗铜菌株，经鉴定为枝孢霉菌(Cladasporium sp.)，并采用不同的化学试剂对枝孢霉菌进行预处理。考察了不同因素如溶液的pH、摇床转速、接触反应时间对未处理菌和预处理菌的吸附能力的影响。结果表明：经0．2mol／LNaOH预处理的菌体具有最佳吸附效果。pH、摇床转速对菌体的吸附具有较显著影响。未处理菌吸附的最佳pH值为4.0，摇床转速为100r/min，预处理菌吸附的最佳pH为5．0，格床转速为100r/min。在一定的浓度范围内(10-150mg/L)菌对铜离子的吸附较好地符合Langmuir模型。生物吸附过程中pH变化呈一定的规律。     

硝化褐煤对铬离子溶液的吸附研究

利用硝酸与龙口褐煤反应制得硝化褐煤,使其有效吸附质腐植酸含量提高。用该湖化褐煤对铬离子进行吸附试验,研究吸附剂的吸附量、吸附动力学、吸附模型和溶液的pH值对吸附的影响。结果表明：硝化褐煤对铬离子具有良好的吸附特性,其静态等温吸附符合Langmuir等温议程。     

Pb2+、Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制球形红细菌生长的毒性效应

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准方法,得到Pb2 、Cd2 和Cr(Ⅵ)对球形红细菌生长的最小无差异浓度(LNOEC)分别为85.9mgL-1、22.1mgL-1和17.7mgL-1.根据实验结果采用几率单位进行数据处理,得到抑制球形红细菌生长的96hEC50分别为195.0mgL-1、91.2mgL-1和77.6mgL-1,并对各剂量反应方程进行χ2检验,结果均符合精度要求,计算出的96hEC50真实可靠.研究结果表明,抑制球形红细菌生长的毒性由大到小的顺序是Cr(Ⅵ)>Cd2 >Pb2 .不同金属离子与细胞壁亲和性不同或能通过菌体内生物化学转化形成沉淀,可能是导致金属离子抑制球形红细菌生长毒性差异的主要原因.图1表2参15     

铜、汞、铅对涡虫的急性毒性作用

在恒温 (2 0± 1)℃条件下研究了铜、汞、铅离子对东亚三角头涡虫 (Dugesiajaponica)的急性毒性作用 .结果为Cu2 、Hg2 和Pb2 对涡虫 2 4h半致死浓度 (LC50 )分别是 :1.5 6 3mgL-1、0 .70 4mgL-1和 188.16mgL-1;4 8h的LC50 分别是 :0 .888mgL-1、0 .6 6 6mgL-1和 171.5 7mgL-1;72h的LC50 分别是 :0 .786mgL-1、0 .6 6 2mgL-1和 14 0 .94mgL-1;96h的LC50 分别是 :0 .779mgL-1、0 .6 4 7mgL-1(Pb2 无此值 ) .试验结果表明 :这些重金属的作用应属于3种类型 ,涡虫作为重金属污染的指示生物基本可行 .图 2表 1参 18     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

Higher CO2 absorption using a new class of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) nanoparticles

Environmental Chemistry Letters - With rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations globally, there is an urgent need for highly efficient CO2 capture technologies. This report introduces...     

Co-present Pb(II) accelerates the oxidation of organic contaminants by permanganate: Role of Pb(III)

• Simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and Pb(II) was achieved by Mn(VII). • Pb(II) enhanced Mn(VII) oxidation performance over a wide pH range. • Pb(II) did not alter the pH-rate profile for contaminants oxidation by Mn(VII). • Mn(VII) alone cannot oxidize Pb(II) effectively at pH below 5.0. • Pb(III) plays important roles on enhancing Mn(VII) decontamination process. The permanganate (Mn(VII)) oxidation has emerged as a promising technology for the remediation and treatment of the groundwater and surface water contaminated with the organic compounds. Nonetheless, only a few studies have been conducted to explore the role of the heavy metals (especially the redox-active ones) during the Mn(VII) oxidation process. In this study, taking Pb(II) as an example, its influence on the Mn(VII) decontamination performance has been extensively investigated. It was found that, with the presence of Pb(II), Mn(VII) could degrade diclofenac (DCF), 2,4-dichlorophenol, and aniline more effectively than without. For instance, over a wide pH range of 4.5–8.0, the dosing of 10 μmol/L Pb(II) accelerated the DCF removal rate from 0.006–0.25 min⁻¹ to 0.05–0.46 min⁻¹ with a promotion factor of 1.9–9.4. Although the UV-vis spectroscopic and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses suggested that Mn(VII) could react with Pb(II) to produce Mn(IV) and Pb(IV) at pH 6.0–8.0, further experiments revealed that Pb(II) did not exert its enhancing effect through promoting the generation of MnO₂, as the reactivity of MnO₂ was poor under the employed pH range. At pH below 5.0, it was interesting to find that, a negligible amount of MnO₂ was formed in the Mn(VII)/Pb(II) system in the absence of contaminants, while once MnO₂ was generated in the presence of contaminants, it could catalyze the Pb(II) oxidation to Pb(IV) by Mn(VII). Collectively, by highlighting the conversion process of Pb(II) to Pb(IV) by either Mn(VII) or MnO₂, the reactive Pb(III) intermediates were proposed to account for the Pb(II) enhancement effect.     

Possible cause of inhibition of seed germination in two rice cultivars by heavy metals Pb2+ and Hg2+

Seeds of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa) cv. PR-116 and Pant Dhan-12 subjected to heavy metal lead (Pb²⁺) and mercury (Hg²⁺) exposure showed an inhibition in germination percentage, shoot and root length, and lower fresh and dry weight after 7 days. Both Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ inhibited the solubilization process of starch due to reduction in α-amylase activity, which is also evident from greater starch content and reduced soluble carbohydrate content of endosperms of treated seeds of the two cultivars. Mercury was more tolerated by Pant Dhan-12 when grown under in vitro culture medium containing 2% sucrose. The inhibitory effect of Pb²⁺ on embryo growth was not only abolished but also accelerated by 2% sucrose. The inhibitory effect, however, was not significantly blocked in Hg²⁺-treated embryos grown in vitro in sucrose containing medium. Embryos did not grow normally in a medium devoid of sucrose in either case. Data indicated that Pb²⁺ inhibited germination and seedling growth by impairing the solubilization of endosperm starch without markedly affecting the embryo, while Hg²⁺ inhibited germination and seedling growth by damaging the embryo itself.     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

High specificity detection of Pb2+ ions by p-SCN-Bz-DTPA immunogen and p-NH2-Bn-DTPA coating antigen

Only one bifunctional metal-chelator was used to prepare immunogen and coating antigen in all of the previous researches. However, the antibody-specific recognition to the spacer arm of the bifunctional metal- chelator might lower the specificity of heavy metal ions immunoassay. Two different bifunctional metal-chelators were adopted to prepare the immunogen and coating antigen respectively in our study to avoid this problem. The conjugates of keyhole limpet hemocyanin （KLH） and p-SCN-Bz-DTPA-Pb were used as immunogen, whereas the conjugates of bovine sentrn albumin （BSA） and p- NH2-Bn-DTPA-Pb were used as coating antigen. Poly- clonal antibodies specific to DTPA-Pb chelates were obtained from rabbits. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was adopted to detect Pb^2＋ ion solutions prepared by Pb^2＋ standard solution and ultrapure water. In the mixing microplate, DTPA and Pb2＋ ions formed chelates and combined with specific anti- bodies. After incubation, the DTPA-Pb and the antibodies complex were added into the wells of the reaction microplate. The reaction microplate was coated by the conjugates ofBSA andp-NH2-DTPA-Pb, which competed for the specific antibodies. The result signals presented a good sigmoid curve when the Pb^2＋ concentration ranges from 0.01 to 100mg·L^-1 The IC50 of the indirect competitive ELISA is 0.23±0.04mg·L^-1 Pb2＋ ion. The cross-reaction with Cd^2＋, Cu^2＋, Fe^2＋, Mn^2＋, Zn^2＋, and other divalent ions were less than 5%.     

不同玉米品种对重金属铅镉的富集和转运能力

通过土培试验研究了10个来自不同产地的玉米(Zea mays)品种对重金属铅和镉的累积特性。结果表明,重金属铅(400 mg·kg-1)和镉(10 mg·kg-1)复合胁迫条件下,玉米不同生育期累积铅的能力从大到小依次为成熟期、拔节期和苗期,累积镉的能力从大到小依次为苗期、拔节期和成熟期。玉米各部位铅镉吸收量从大到小依次为根、茎、叶和籽粒。供试的10个玉米品种中籽粒铅含量均超过GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》中的规定(≤0.2 mg·kg-1),广甜3号、国审浚79-5、兴黄单892、晋单51和北科4号籽粒镉含量符合GB 2715—2005中的卫生标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1)。其中,广甜3号对镉的累积量最小,可以在中、轻度污染土壤上推广种植。