高效降酚菌株Ochrobactrum sp. CH10生长动力学和苯酚降解特性的研究

菌株Ochrobactrum sp. CH10是从北京元大都城垣遗址处的人工湿地筛选到的高效苯酚降解菌.以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源对其进行了生长和苯酚降解特性的研究.该菌生长和降解苯酚的适宜条件为30℃、初始pH 7.0、接种量为5%.在该条件下,初始苯酚浓度为400 mg·L-1,24 h时苯酚完全被降解;初始苯酚浓度为900 mg·L-1时,44 h的降解率为92.3%;初始苯酚浓度为1 000 mg·L-1,48 h时的降解率为82.2%.对该菌株苯酚降解动力学过程进行模拟,符合基质抑制型的Haldane模型,各参数分别为:υmax(最大比降解速率)0.126 h-1,KS(半饱和常数)23.53 mg·L-1,KI(抑制常数)806.1 mg·L-1.该菌在苯酚中的生长动力学符合Andrews模型,表现出与苯酚降解相似的趋势.该菌为目前所发现的Ochrobactrum菌属中苯酚降解能力最强的菌株.该菌株在高效处理含酚废水方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

超声波/铁-炭微电解协同降解苯酚

采用超声波/铁-炭微电解联用体系,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了苯酚溶液初始pH值、初始浓度、铁屑与活性炭投加量等因素对联用体系降解苯酚效果的影响.结果表明:考察范围内,苯酚降解率随其初始浓度和溶液初始pH值的增加而降低,随铁屑与活性炭投加量的增加而升高.当苯酚初始浓度由50mg·L-1增至270mg·L-1,溶液初始pH值由3.0增至9.0时,降解率分别由91.3%和78.4%降至34.7%和50.7%;铁屑投加量为每L苯酚溶液中40g、160g和320g,铁屑与活性炭体积比均为1:1时,降解率依次为31.8%、51.9%和72.8%.对比实验及动力学分析表明:联用体系中超声波(US)和铁-炭微电解对苯酚降解具有明显的协同作用,协同因子E=5.12,且降解过程符合假一级动力学规律,并根据降解速率常数随各影响因素的变化关系确定了宏观动力学模型.     

菌株Pseudomonas sp.JF122降解苯酚同时还原Cr(Ⅵ)的条件优化及生长特性研究

采用富集培养法,从钢铁厂附近河流污泥中分离筛选到1株能同时降解苯酚与还原Cr(Ⅵ)的菌株JF122.在600 mg.L-1苯酚与1.2mg·L-1 Cr(Ⅵ)的条件下,采用单因素实验考察了温度、初始pH、该菌接种量等因素对其同时降解苯酚与还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,并通过正交试验L9(33)获得适宜的苯酚降解与Cr(Ⅵ)还原条件.结果表明,菌株JF122降解苯酚与还原Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为:30℃、初始pH=6和接种量1％,此条件下,菌株JF122在56 h内能够降解600 mg·L-1苯酚同时还原1.2 mg·L-1 Cr(Ⅵ).应用响应曲面法建立了菌株JF122的生长与温度、初始pH、接种量等因素间关系的数学模型,并对其生长条件进行了优化.结果表明,菌株JF122最优生长条件与其降解苯酚并同时还原Cr(Ⅵ)的最优条件具有一致性.     

石墨烯掺杂分子筛负载氧化铁芬顿催化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

通过水热晶化法制备了石墨烯掺杂介孔分子筛MCM-41复合载体,利用该载体浸渍负载氧化铁制备了非均相芬顿催化剂gh-MCM-41-Fe.以苯酚为模拟有机废水,考察了催化剂和H2O2投加量、水质因素(苯酚初始浓度、反应温度和水中腐殖酸和草酸)等对gh-MCM-41-Fe芬顿催化降解苯酚效能的影响.结果表明,当苯酚初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,催化剂在60 min催化降解苯酚去除率高达97.6%,COD去除率为65.9%,反应符合准一级反应动力学模型;苯酚降解速率随着催化剂和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,但投加过多会消耗·OH自由基从而不利苯酚降解过程;苯酚初始浓度从10 mg·L-1增至100 mg·L-1,苯酚降解速率相应降低,但体系中H2O2及·OH自由基的有效利用率反而增加;反应温度对于苯酚废水降解率和COD去除率影响不大,反应表观频率因子为105.68 min-1,表观活化能为18.43 k J·mol-1;腐殖酸和草酸对苯酚废水降解和COD去除均有抑制作用.     

菌株 Arthrobacter sp. CN2降解对硝基苯酚的特性与动力学

为研究对硝基苯酚降解菌Arthrobacter sp.CN2在实际生产中的应用潜力,本文分别分析了p H、盐浓度和额外添加碳源对降解效率的影响,同时对降解的动力学方程进行拟合分析.菌株CN2在p H 7.0~8.0,Na Cl浓度60 g·L-1之间能够高效降解对硝基苯酚,72 h内对50 mg·L-1对硝基苯酚的降解率均大于90%.同时发现适量添加葡萄糖(0.5%)可显著促进CN2降解对硝基苯酚,与不添加葡萄糖条件下相比,达到90%降解率所需时间缩短了16 h.当对硝基苯酚浓度低于300 mg·L-1时,菌株CN2对对硝基苯酚的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解速率常数在0.021 7~0.025 0之间.在生物反应器中应用菌株CN2模拟处理工业废水,3 L含对硝基苯酚废水(100 mg·L-1)在72h的降解率大于90%.研究表明,菌株Arthrobacter sp.CN2能够高效地降解对硝基苯酚,对于环境有良好适应能力,具有良好的应用前景.     

高效苯酚降解菌Bacillus sp.L5-1的分离及其降解特性

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效苯酚降解菌L5-1,经菌落形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序,结果表明菌株L5-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,美国国家生物信息中心（NCBI）的注册号为MN784421.将苯酚设置为唯一碳源,对其生长和苯酚降解特性展开研究.结果表明：菌株L5-1在10%接种量、温度30~35℃、pH值7~8的条件下,均能高效降解培养基中苯酚（培养基体积为100mL,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,14h时降解率>93%）.而在最优降解条件下（10%接种量,培养温度为35℃,pH值7.0,NaCl浓度为1%）,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,菌株在14h内的苯酚降解率可达97.1%;而当初始苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,菌株也可在46h内达到97.71%的降解率.运用Haldance方程动力学模拟菌株在不同浓度苯酚下的生长过程,其最大比生长速率为0.355h^-1,半饱合常数104.27mg/L,抑制常数为322.83mg/L,R²=0.997.菌株L5-1为目前已报道的Bacillus菌属中降解苯酚能力较强的菌株,为实际处理含酚废水中提供理论参考.     

光合细菌黑暗好氧降解2-氯酚的特性研究

研究了光合细菌PSB-1D在黑暗好氧条件下处理2-氯苯酚时的降解规律和影响因素。考察了不同培养时间、碳源、氮源、初始pH值、PSB-1D接种量、摇床转速、不同初始2-氯苯酚浓度等因素对PSB-1D生长和2-氯苯酚处理效果的影响。结果表明:以葡萄糖、硫酸铵和酵母膏作为最佳碳氮营养源,初始pH值为7.0、接种量为10%、摇床转速为130r/min为最佳工艺条件,在此条件下PSB-1D处理2-氯苯酚降解率可达61.50%。黑暗好氧条件下光合细菌PSB-1D降解2-氯苯酚的规律符合一级降解动力学模型。随着初始2-氯苯酚的浓度逐渐由20mg/L提高到150mg/L,半衰期由39.36h延长为92.88h,也即2-氯苯酚浓度越高,降解所需的时间越长,降解速率常数Kb亦逐渐减小,由0.01754mg(/L·h)降到0.007458mg(/L·h)。     

HP-β-CD对不动杆菌降解高浓度硝基苯的影响

研究了在不动杆菌降解高浓度硝基苯的过程中添加羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)对细菌生长、硝基苯的去除及中间产物的转化的影响.利用乙酸酐直接将硝基苯的降解样品酰基化,通过GC-MS分析定性出降解中间产物2 氨基苯酚.在适宜降解菌生长的400mg·L-1硝基苯初始浓度下,加入250和500mg·L-1HP-β-CD对生物量和硝基苯的降解基本无影响;当硝基苯初始浓度约为850mg·L-1时,加入HP-β-CD(>2000mg·L-1)显著促进了细菌的生长、硝基苯的降解和2-氨基苯酚的生物转化,并且促进程度与加入量成正比.这种促进主要是因为HP-β-CD的空腔对硝基苯和2-氨基苯酚的包合产生了脱毒的效果.当HP-β-CD的加入浓度分别为0,2000,4000mg·L-1时,降解菌对850mg·L-1硝基苯的降解都遵循一级反应动力学,降解速率常数由0 0077h-1分别增加到0 0089和0 0161h-1,当HP-β-CD的加入浓度为8000mg·L-1时,降解菌对850mg·L-1硝基苯的降解遵循零级反应动力学,其降解速率常数为16 1162mg·L-1·h-1.     

臭氧降解高浓度腐殖酸动力学

采用臭氧氧化法降解高浓度腐殖酸废水,并研究了臭氧对腐殖酸的降解动力学,考察了臭氧投量、初始腐殖酸浓度、初始pH和反应温度对臭氧降解高浓度腐殖酸废水的影响.结果表明,在臭氧投量为3.46 g.h-1,初始腐殖酸浓度为1 000mg.L-1,初始pH=8.0,反应温度为303 K,反应30 min的条件下,腐殖酸的去除率达到89.04%.在臭氧投量为1.52～6.01g.h-1,初始腐殖酸浓度为250～1 000 mg.L-1,初始pH为2.0～10.0,反应温度在283～323 K的范围内,臭氧降解腐殖酸符合拟一级动力学模型,通过对实验数据拟合,得到反应动力学方程,反应活化能较低(Ea=1.30×104J.mol-1),并且模型计算数值与实际数据吻合良好(平均相对误差为7.62%).     

ZVI/EDDS/Air体系降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

建立零价铁(ZVI)、乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)和曝气三者组成的类Fenton(ZVI/EDDS/Air)处理体系,考察了初始EDDS浓度、铁粉投加量、曝气速率、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)浓度、初始pH以及反应温度等对水溶液中2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果表明,该体系能有效降解2,4-DCP,并且其降解规律符合准一级动力学方程.在2,4-DCP质量浓度100 mg·L-1、EDDS浓度0.80 mmol.L-1、铁粉投加量20 g·L-1、曝气速率为2 L.(min.L)-1的最佳实验条件下室温反应1 h,2,4-DCP的降解率达到99%.ZVI/EDDS/Air体系对氯酚的降解较ZVI/EDTA/Air体系具有环境友好、反应条件温和,而且对2,4-DCP的降解效果好等优点.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.