浙江省永康市乡镇炼铝行业环境污染现状及对策

乡镇炼铝业是永康市主干行业之一，主要分布在古山、桥下两镇。调查结果表明，其生产过程产生的废气中，氟化物、二氧化硫、粉尘等标污染负荷比分别为６２９３％，２５２４％和１１８３％，废渣发生量约为０５ｔ／ｔ，废气、废渣已对环境产生污染，并危害人体健康。本文在调查研究基础上，提出了治理对策。     

无氰碱性镀锌新工艺中试试验

将无氰碱性电镀锌新工艺的实验室小规模的最佳配方和工艺组合放大200倍进行中试,与原有的有氰电镀工艺产品一起经中性盐雾试验(NSS)检测比较,得出该无氰碱性电镀锌新工艺可取代原有的有氰电镀工艺的结论。     

江苏省盐城自然保护区周围地区乡镇工业污染状况及发展方向

在盐城自然保护区周围建立一个环境良好的过渡带,是做好珍禽保护工作的一个重要方面。本文以1988年保护区周围乡镇工业污染源调查资料和历年来在保护区越冬的丹顶鹤数量为依据,从污染企业的比例、污染物排放量、排放强度、主要污染物及水环境和大气环境质量等方面,说明周围乡镇工业的发展,尚未对保护区的环境和丹顶鹤等珍禽的栖息产生明显的影响。但是,由于保护区的环境质量要求高,本区乡镇工业又正在迅速发展,因而必须重视乡镇工业的污染问题。本文认为,应当采取以下污染防治措施,以保证本区乡镇工业沿着正确的方向发展:1.统筹兼顾,优化工业布局;2.调整产业结构;3.强化环境管理。     

平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展

平原灌区作为农业规模化生产的基地,在农业乃至经济社会发展中起到了重要作用,但是随着农业的发展,平原灌区农田非点源污染问题日益严重,研究平原灌区农田非点源污染具有重要意义。文章以平原灌区污染物随水文循环迁移过程为基础对平原灌区养分非点源污染研究进行综述。(1)平原灌区农田非点源污染的主要来源是过量的化肥施用,农药和农膜,秸秆等农作物的降解,牲畜粪便,污水灌溉,灌溉引起的盐渍化以及大气的干湿沉降等;产生及影响因素主要有土壤的理化性质,水分的输入方式和人为管理措施等。(2)降雨径流及灌溉排水条件下污染物在多级渠系中的迁移规律和灌区地表水与地下水的交互耦合作用决定了平原灌区农田非点源污染的输送途径与特征。(3)在监测资料比较缺乏时,采用输出系数法进行负荷估算;在监测资料充足情况下,采用针对灌区特殊的水文特征而改进的经典水文模型对平原灌区农田非点源污染的负荷进行估算。(4)新型肥料、配方施肥、合理的耕作措施及生态沟渠的设置有利于平原灌区农田非点源污染的控制,TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loads)为平原灌区农田非点源污染控制提供可靠的依据。针对平原灌区非点源污染研究现状,提出了中国开展平原灌区农田非点源污染研究的重点,包括养分污染物在多级沟渠中的迁移,灌区地表与地下水水量水质耦合模型的建立,分级控制单元与TMDL的制定以及多模型结合模拟等,可望在控制农业非点源污染方面起到指导作用。     

重庆市场地土壤污染特征分析及行业来源识别

近年来随着大量工业企业关闭或搬离城市地区,中国遗留场地的土壤污染问题日益突出。基于重庆市已开展调查评估的353块工业企业遗留场地数据,分析了重庆市工业场地的环境特征和土壤污染类型;采用相关性分析、主成分分析等多元统计分析方法研究了场地土壤的主要污染因子及其行业来源分布特点。结果表明:82.5%的场地土壤偏碱性,这有利于大部分重金属污染物的稳定;重庆市高风险场地共涉及23个行业,主要有化学原料和化学制品制造业、金属制品业、汽车制造业、铁路、船舶、航空航天和其他运输设备制造业等,这些主要行业的遗留场地土壤出现污染的比例达43%-57%;TPHs和Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn等重金属是重庆市场地土壤主要污染因子,出现污染的概率分别为38%-80%和65%-94%;重金属-TPHs复合污染是重庆市场地土壤的重要污染特征;Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、苯、苯并(a)芘、TPHs等典型污染物主要来源于化工、钢铁、电镀、冶炼、运输设备制造业等主要行业。Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni5种重金属,苯和苯并(a)芘,Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和TPHs之间呈显著正相关,表明这些污染物可能有着相似的行业来源;Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni主要受金属制品业和运输设备制造业的影响,苯和苯并(a)芘主要受化学原料和化学制品制造业的污染排放影响,而Pb和TPHs的行业来源分布比较广泛。研究结果可为重庆市工业场地的土壤污染防治和风险管控提供科学依据。     

天津市工业源污染物排放标准的优选

环境标准作为改善环境质量行之有效的手段,是实施污染减排的重要途径。针对天津市地方污染物排放标准的现状及问题,以天津市工业污染源为研究对象,从大气和水两方面入手,采用系统的数据分析方法,甄选出大气、水污染物中贡献率较大的行业以及特征污染因子的典型污染行业,从而提出天津市地方污染物排放标准制定的方向。     

天津市机动车污染评估方法

依据城市机动车空气污染评价方法确立了天津市空气污染物机动车污染的评价体系。该评价体系具有准确性、先进性和实用性，采用科学的方法估算天津市城区机动车排气污染物的排放浓度及总量对环境空气污染的分担率。科学地给出了天津市现阶段机动车污染的现状及发展趋势，为环境保护决策提供了科学依据。     

乡镇工业印染行业的排污系数

本文通过广泛的实地调查和监测,研究了我国乡镇工业印染行业生产与污染物排放。提出了棉印染、毛印染、针织印染、化纤、毛巾、袜子等各类印染的排污系数。为全国乡镇工业污染源调查提供一种简便、易操作、准确的统计办法。     

北京城市大气污染源的暴露效率研究

为了精确地估算产业部门不同类别与特征的大气污染源对指定区域的污染强度 ,采用暴露效率概念及其研究方法。以北京城区为例 ,应用大气污染扩散模型ISCST3,由污染排放数据、全年逐时气象数据以及市区人口分布 ,求得 1999年各污染源对北京市区SO2 ,PM10 ,NOx 等污染物浓度的贡献率和北京城区居民的暴露效率。研究表明 ,不同行业污染源导致SO2 暴露效率在 2× 10 -6～ 2 0× 10 -6之间 ,PM10 、NOx 暴露效率在 2× 10 -6～ 5 0× 10 -6之间。采暖 ,交通等行业部门的污染源产生的暴露效率较大 ,而污染物排放量较大的污染源 (电厂 ) ,由于远离人口密集区并且排放高度较高 ,因此暴露效率较小。     

海南省畜禽养殖污染及其治理分析

畜禽粪便中含有大量畜禽食粮后没有被完全转化的有机质和氮、磷、钾等营养元素,也含有可作为饲料营养物质,流失进入水体环境后会造成水质富营养化,降低河流水质功能。通过实测和估算,研究海南省畜禽养殖粪便产生的主要污染物及其对河流水体的影响情况,同时研究海南省处置畜禽粪便污染的效果。2002年海南省畜禽养殖粪便主要污染物产生量分别为:COD量50.35万t、无机氮8.87万t、磷酸盐2.26万t;主要污染物入河量分别为:COD量19861t、无机氮1953t、磷酸盐365t。目前采用的好氧与厌氧沼气化处理处置畜禽粪便与污水效果较好,COD平均去除率为89%,氨氮平均去除率为88%,总磷平均去除率为75%。国内对畜禽养殖粪便的处理处置和污染问题也有不少研究,但像此文较系统性地研究畜禽养殖粪便污染及其治理问题却为鲜见,计算与估算的方法也与其它研究有所不同。     

A new prediction method of industrial atmospheric pollutant emission intensity based on pollutant emission standard quantification

● Established a quantification method of pollutant emission standard. ● Predicted the SO₂ emission intensity of single coking enterprises in China. ● Evaluated the influence of pollutant discharge standard on prediction accuracy. ● Analyzed the SO₂ emissions of Chinese provincial and municipal coking enterprises. Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China. Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmospheric pollutants and control atmospheric pollution precisely. Based on China’s coking enterprises in 2020, we proposed a quantitative method for pollutant emission standards and introduced the quantification results of pollutant emission standards (QRPES) into the construction of support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR) prediction methods for SO₂ emission of coking enterprises in China. The results show that, affected by the types of coke ovens and regions, China’s current coking enterprises have implemented a total of 21 emission standards, with marked differences. After adding QRPES, it was found that the root mean squared error (RMSE) of SVR and RFR decreased from 0.055 kt/a and 0.059 kt/a to 0.045 kt/a and 0.039 kt/a, and theR² increased from 0.890 and 0.881 to 0.926 and 0.945, respectively. This shows that the QRPES can greatly improve the prediction accuracy, and the SO₂ emissions of each enterprise are highly correlated with the strictness of standards. The predicted result shows that 45% of SO₂ emissions from Chinese coking enterprises are concentrated in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces in central China. The method created in this paper fills in the blank of forecasting method of air pollutant emission intensity of single enterprise and is of great help to the accurate control of air pollutants.     

Achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets with minimum abatement costs: An enterprise-level allocation method with constraints of fairness and feasibility

• Quantification of efficiency and fairness of abatement allocation are optimized. • Allocation results are refined to the different abatement measures of enterprises. • Optimized allocation results reduce abatement costs and tap the abatement space. • Abatement suggestions are given to enterprises with different abatement quotas. For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets, total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China. However, the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of economic cost often results in unreasonable emission reduction pathways, and industrial enterprises as the main implementers have to pay excessively high costs. Therefore, this study adopted economic efficiency as its main consideration, used specific emission reduction measures (ERMs) of industrial enterprises as minimum allocation units, and constructed an enterprise-level pollutant emission reduction allocation (EPERA) model with minimization of the total abatement cost (TAC) as the objective function, and fairness and feasibility as constraints for emission reduction allocation. Taking City M in China as an example, the EPERA model was used to construct a Pareto optimal frontier and obtain the optimal trade-off result. Results showed that under basic and strict emission reduction regulations, the TAC of the optimal trade-off point was reduced by 46.40% and 45.77%, respectively, in comparison with that achieved when only considering fairness, and the Gini coefficient was 0.26 and 0.31, respectively. The abatement target was attained with controllable cost and relatively fair and reasonable allocation. In addition, enterprises allocated different emission reduction quotas under different ERMs had specific characteristics that required targeted optimization of technology and equipment to enable them to achieve optimal emission reduction effects for the same abatement cost.     

机动车污染模拟和地理信息系统支持

机动车污染是城市大气污染物的重要来源,对街区机动车污染排放量的预测和排放模拟对了解城市街区环境污染状况有重要价值。文章中将ＣＡＲ模式的模拟计算和ＧＩＳ集成在一起,通过ＶｉｓｕａｌＢａｓｉｃ进行了一个样例开发,其中ＧＩＳ功能由ＭａｐＸ控件实现。     

南昌地区不同企业周边重金属分布及影响规律

结合GIS技术和主成分分析方法,综合评价南昌地区钢铁、化工、电镀和塑料4种类型6个不同企业周边红壤-蔬菜系统的环境质量.结果表明,4种元素的污染程度依次为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中Pb含量未超过土壤环境质量二级标准.重金属Cd、Zn和Cu具有良好的同源性,其分布均呈辐射状,从南到北逐渐降低,东南方向的电镀厂和钢铁厂2周边区域为最高浓度区.企业周边蔬菜地中白菜(Brassica chinensis)未受Pb污染,Cu、Zn和Cd已在白菜体内达到了一定程度的积累.白菜中重金属与土壤中对应重金属全量极显著相关.说明蔬菜中重金属主要来源于表层土壤中所积累的重金属.     

利用硫杆菌淋滤电镀污泥中的重金属(英文)

从广东云浮硫铁矿矿山酸性废水中分离得一株氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxdans),从新兴县含硫化氢温泉中分离得一株氧化硫硫杆菌 (Thiobacillus thiooxidans), 并将其应用于电镀污泥的生物淋滤的研究,该污泥含铬、镍及铜分别为80.74 g/kg自然风干污泥、37.34g/kg自然风干污泥和13.42 g/kg自然风干污泥.利用未经驯化的氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌,以底物类型、菌液比、初始pH值和污泥浓度为四个因素,设置3个水平进行L9(34)正交实验,得出电镀污泥的最适淋滤条件:污泥浓度0.1%、硫酸亚铁和硫代硫酸钠作底物、菌液比T.f:T.t=:1:1、初始pH值2.0.为了将分离得的两种硫杆菌应用于更高浓度的电镀污泥,对所得菌进行驯化,以提高该菌种的重金属耐性,并应用于高浓度污泥的生物淋滤.经过驯化后的细菌,成功地适应了电镀污泥环境.结合上述最适条件,加入了合适的营养底物及还原剂之后,电镀污泥中的重金属,如铜、镍等,在30℃酸性好氧的环境中,能够在7天内被有效地淋滤出来,混合菌对污泥浓度为0.5%的污泥中铜的滤出率达90%以上,镍的滤出率40%以上;对1%的污泥的淋滤效果较差;对铬的淋滤效果不明显.本文还讨论了两株硫杆菌对高毒性电镀污泥的适应性.即在一定的污泥浓度范围内,氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌能够氧化底物,并产生硫酸将污泥中的重金属溶解,两株硫杆菌能够加快镍和铜的滤出效率.     

辽河流域工业废水污染物排放的时空变化规律研究

采用等标污染负荷法,针对改革开放和产业结构大调整前后的5个典型年份,从工业污染源空间特征出发分析了辽宁省辽河流域工业废水污染物排放的变化趋势,并讨论了重点污染物排放的时空变化规律。结果表明：辽河流域工业污染源主要分布在辽宁中部城市群及沿海地区,且有不断集中的趋势;工业废水排放总量以及污染物排放总量都呈不断减少的趋势;辽河流域主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚和石油类,有机污染物排放量高于无机污染物;重金属类污染物变化较大,1985—1999年重金属类以汞为主,2002—2005年期间重金属类以镉、铅和六价铬为主,2008年重金属类以铅、砷和六价铬为主;氨氮、COD的主要排放区域变化不大,挥发酚、石油类、铅、砷的主要排放区域变化很大,污染物排放区域转移趋势明显。     

Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of fresh water fish Labeo rohita

In acute toxicity (96 hr) experiment the fingerlings of freshwater fish Labeo rohita was exposed to tannery, electroplating and textile mill effluents. The LC0 and LC50 concentrations were 15% and 20% for tannery effluents, 3% and 6% for electroplating effluents and 18% and 22% for textile mill effluents respectively. It was found that, electroplating effluent was more toxic than tannery and textile mill wastes. After acute toxicity experiments for different industrial effluents, various tissues viz. gill, liver, muscle and kidney were obtained separately from control, LC0 and LC50 groups. These tissues were used for biochemical estimations. The glycogen content in all the tissues decreased considerably upon acute toxicity of three industrial effluents except muscle in LC50 group of tannery effluent and kidney in LC50 group of textile mill effluent, when compared to control group. The total protein content decreased in all tissues in three effluents except gills in LC50 group of tannery effluent, kidney in LC50 group of electroplating effluent and kidney in LC0 group of textile mill effluent. In general total lipid content decreased in all tissues after acute exposure when compared to control group. The results obtained in the present study showed that, the industrial effluents from tannery, electroplating and textile mills caused marked depletion in biochemical composition in various tissues of the fish Labeo rohita after acute exposure.     

城市空气颗粒物开放源理论与治理技术研究进展

城市空气颗粒物开放源已成为大气颗粒物的主要来源之一，它对改善我国城市空气环境质量具有重要意义。开放源是一种复合源类，具有源强不确定和排放不连续等特点。其所排放的主要污染物是扬尘。但目前只有少数的开放源类起尘量可以进行估算。国内外一般对城市空气颗粒物开放源的防治对策有生态环境综合整治或生态修复治理、湿法防尘、将堆放物用覆盖物覆盖或封闭储存等。     

膜技术在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的应用

介绍了膜技术应用在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的运行效果及成本分析的实例。将连续膜过滤技术（CMF）用于反渗透的预处理,采用微滤膜在线连续反冲洗技术,成功解决了传统中空纤维膜易堵塞,不能连续工作的难题,保证了系统连续稳定运行。采用一级二段式RO（反渗透）系统,产水率65%,制备纯水180 m3/d,既提高了产水率也可满足生产用水要求。将抑菌剂、阻垢剂、在线监测和控制系统等关键技术,系统性、集成性引入连续微滤和反渗透装置,为其应用于废水脱盐深度处理提供支撑和保障。     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.