Land use Systems and Erosion in the Uplands of the Central Coast, Vietnam

Soil erosion is a significant problem in the uplands of the Central Coast, Vietnam. It affects the livelihood of farmers and could hinder the long-term economic development efforts in the uplands. Yet, trapped in poverty, upland farmers, especially the ethnic minority, are still mining the soil using erosive land use systems to meet their urgent needs. This study demonstrates that the level of soil erosion varies across the typical land use systems. The fruit tree-based agroforestry (AF) system is least erosive and most financially profitable. The choice of land use system is influenced by farmers' attributes, land plot characteristics, and policy-related variables. The set of policy variables is important in explaining land use choice by upland farmers. Promoting the switch to AF system and the adoption of soil conservation is of great importance to reducing soil erosion and sustaining development in the uplands. However, it is a very challenging task.     

生态退耕对安塞县土地利用及其生态服务功能的影响

以生态系统服务价值作为衡量区域生态服务功能的指标,对安塞县1998-2006年间生态服务功能的变化进行了分析。根据黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地坡度与水土流失相关关系以及农户调查数据,对安塞县耕地扰动调节、水分调节、水供应、侵蚀控制以及不同坡耕地食物供应能力的生态服务价值指数进行了修正。在此基础上,分析了安塞县退耕还林还草政策对区域生态服务功能变化的影响。结果表明:生态建设措施使得安塞县生态恶化的趋势得到扭转,其生态服务功能在1998-2006年间增加了12%,其中缓坡耕地、中坡耕地和陡坡耕地的退出,对安塞县生态服务功能增强的贡献率分别为25%,48%,27%。文章还对生态建设的监督与投资进行了讨论,认为基于实验的生态系统功能监测与评估技术才是生态系统服务价值评估的基础;生态建设所带来的生态效益的主要获益者是更大空间范围的利益相关者甚至全社会,因此作为社会代表的政府应成为生态建设的主要投资主体。     

丹江口库区土地利用/覆被与景观格局变化

丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程水源地,其库区的土地利用/覆被变化可能带来的生态环境效应备受关注。以2000和2004年的多源遥感影像为主要数据源,解译生成土地分类数据,对研究区内土地利用变化总体特征、速度、景观优势度变化以及景观生态效应进行了分析。结果显示：库区在这4年间土地利用整体结构上没有显著改变,但是耕地、建设用地增加,林地、未利用地减少。景观多样性指数及景观均匀性指数呈下降趋势,说明景观异质程度下降,景观类型有向单一化及非均衡化方向发展的趋势。林地减少加剧库区的水土流失,导致库区的生态环境质量下降,应采取措施促使库区经济与生态环境良性地协调发展。     

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Management of Mangrove Forests Within and Adjacent to Kiunga Marine Protected Area, Lamu, Kenya

The status of mangroves within and adjacent to Kiunga Marine Protected Area (MPA) were assessed by means of aerial photographs and intensive ground truthing. Vegetation maps (1 : 25,000) were produced on GIS environment making it possible to store, retrieve and analyze various types of information very quickly. The maps together with the digitized information provide important tools to the management of mangroves of Kiunga MPA since various proposed treatments can now be entered and summarized thus providing useful overviews for planning, implementation and monitoring.The present inventory revealed that the existing mangrove forests within and adjacent to Kiunga MPA have a net standing volume of 2,354,004.85 m³ in 16,035.94 ha. There are eight species of mangrove trees, of which Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriops tagal are dominant. The standing volume ranges between 6.85 to 710.0 m³ ha^–1 for stem with diameter above 5.0 cm. The average volume of the entire study area was 145.88 m³ ha^–1, which corresponds to a stocking rate of 1736 stems per ha. Given its high potential productivity and regeneration, mangroves within and adjacent to Kiunga MPA have excellent prospects for sustainable exploitation.     

Changes in Vegetation Cover and Socio-Economic Transitions in a Coastal Lagoon (Kalametiya, Sri Lanka), As Observed by Teledetection and Ground Truthing, Can be Attributed to an Upstream Irrigation Scheme

According to some non-scholarly reports, Kalametiya lagoon (dry zone of southern Sri Lanka, formerly 8.9 km², now 7.5 km²) had been a moderately or high salinity water body and a very important centre of prawn fishery until the late 1960s. Most of the lagoon area had remained open water until then. An upstream irrigation project, the Udawalawa irrigation scheme, came into operation in 1967, increasing the freshwater inflow to the lagoon. The flora, fauna and water quality of the lagoon was reported to have changed since then.The lagoon now is a shallow coastal water body with low salinity water. More than 75% of the lagoon is covered by freshwater species or mangrove species characteristic for water with a low salinity: Eichhornia crassipes, Typha latifolia resp. Sonneratia caseolaris. There is actually no commercially important fishery in the lagoon.The present study was carried out to assess scientifically the said changes in the vegetation within a GIS, using aerial photographs taken in 1956 and 1994 and IRS IC, PAN+LISS III satellite images of 1997 in combination with ground surveys and information from a questionnaire-based survey.It appeared from this work that the aerial cover by Sonneratia caseolaris has increased by more than 30 times over the period from 1956 to the recent dates. Also, the lagoon area with open water has been drastically reduced during the same period as a result of spreading of freshwater and low salinity plant species. The results strongly suggest that the locally reported changes (fisheries decline, water salinity decrease) can be corroborated by the observed profound changes in plant cover and that upstream water works may have had strong impacts on this ecosystem, thus causing these changes.This study couples data obtained from retrospective aerial photograph series, from spaceborne imaging, from actual ground surveys and from questionnaires amongst elderly people to reconstruct decadal environmental change, thus attempting to fill the gap of lacking historical environmental data.     

洞庭湖区近50年土地利用/覆盖的变化研究

利用1978,1989,1998年的Landsat卫星遥感影像资料及20世纪50年代航测的地形图,研究了洞庭湖区近50年土地利用／覆盖及其景观结构的变化,土地利用／覆盖类型分为水体,湿地,农田,林地和建成区五类,各时期遥感影像的总体分类精度都在80％以上,运用ArcInfo和ArcView GIS软件,将不同时期的土地利用／覆盖格局在空间上清晰地显示出来,通过叠加4个不同时期的影像分类图,计算出各种土地利用／覆盖类型转变为其他土地利用／覆盖类型的比例,洞庭湖区50年来水体面积不断减少,减少量为1460km^2,其中1955年到1978年水面面积缩小了970。57km^2,分别为1978年到1989年和1989年到1998年缩小面积的2．23倍和1805倍,湿地面积逐渐增加,1998年湿地面积分别为1955,1978和1989年的1．46,1．41和1．09倍,农田的面积百分比从1955年的54．70％增加到1978年62．15％,又逐渐降低到1989年的51．88％和1998年的48．17％,林地的面积1978年比1955年减少了17％,,1989年比1978年增加了57％,1998年比1989年增加了11％,建成区的变化表明近50年来湖区城市化的进程,洞庭湖区土地利用／覆盖及其景观结构的变化是社会经济和自然因素综合作用的结果。     

Study on the Evolution of River Networks during Urbanization since the Development and Opening of Pudong New Area, Shanghai

1 INTORDUCTIONRivers are the artery of the earth surface system; and it isone of the major components of natural environment incities, whose quantity and quality result from the long-time interaction between environment and human activities(Chen Dechao, et al. 2002; Wang Ying, Sheng Jingfen.2002). As a symbol of reform and opening in China,Pudong New Area plays an important role in the economicdevelopment around Yangtze Delta and even all over thecountry. The 14th congress of the Com…     

上海市郊区农业土地流转类型与土地利用变化响应差异性研究

在对农业用地流转机制进行深入分析的基础上，将农业土地流转市场划分为三种类型：政府引导型、集体推动型和农户主导型。进而结合农户调查数据，通过建立农业土地非耕地化流转的驱动力模型。分析不同类型的农业土地流转市场对于耕地利用变化的影响。模型运行结果表明：政府引导的农业土地流转导致耕地面积大幅减少，集体推动的流转有利于提高耕地利用效率。农户主导的农业土地流转促使了粮食作物种植面积的减少。最后以模型运行结果为依据，从保护农民土地权益、维持耕地总量平衡的角度提出相关建议。     

基于中日比较的人口城市化对耕地影响机制研究

人口城市化是对耕地变动产生复合影响的一个过程.人口由农村向城市的转移是城市土地扩张的基本动力;这对耕地形成了占用的直接影响,我国人口城市比对耕地减少的直接影响度约在5%～10%之间.人口城市化对耕地的间接影响通过城市人均用地比农村少,土地利用集约度高,可以间接减少耕地占用;同时农村人口的减少,可以推动村镇合并,整理土地,增加耕地等途径来实现.因此,人口城市化对耕地存在积极的间接影响.人口城市化过程对耕地变动的复合影响结果是积极的还是消极的,将取决于一是城市化发展状态,即与工业化发展是否同步;二是村镇合并集中是否及时到位.为此,文章对中日人口城市化对耕地影响机制进行了比较.     

苏南现代化进程中的遥感土地利用动态监测——以苏、锡、常地区为例

地少人多的广大苏南地区早在６０年代已形成了强大的经济实力,改革开放以来,乡镇企业的迅速崛起带动了地区经济的全面发展。随着苏南经济的迅速发展,土地开发和利用方式也发生了较大变化。人地矛盾、人与空间的不协调日益严重。改善投资环境、合理利用城市土地、促进苏南经济的持续、快速发展,必须更好地实现土地利用的动态监测。为了适应这种新的需求,本文以苏、锡、常地区土地动态变化研究为背景,采用人机交互式解译遥感图像,将多时相遥感信息进行复合,用地理信息系统软件进行分析处理并输出图件。并对苏、锡、常地区的土地利用动态变化特点、各类型变化情况进行了具体分析。实践证明,该方法是行之有效的