可靠性试验、环境试验及其相互关系浅析

本文简单介绍环境适应性和可靠性的一般概念,分析环境试验和可靠性试验的基本特点、在产品研制各阶段中的作用及其主要区别,指出环境试验和可靠性试验均为提高产品质量和可靠性的重要手段,环境试验是可靠性试验的必要补充,但可靠性试验不能取代环境试验。环境试验必将作为一个十分有效的手段独立存在,并应在产品的研制过程中尽早使用,为更有效地提高产品的可靠性发挥其应有的作用。     

环境试验工程应用“剪裁”的方法与步骤

本文对美国国防部制订的有关标准和手册中有关“剪裁”的概念,应用于物资购置管理和特殊环境下应用设备的开发时,应用“剪裁”技术的方法和步骤进行了扼要的介绍,认为剪裁技术是环境试验与可靠性技术的结合,是使产品使用可靠性增长的有效方法,可供环境技术工作者开发特殊环境下应用产品和设备时的参考.     

用环境试验提高产品的可靠性

本文强调环境试验对提高产品可靠性的重要意义。探讨环境试验的原理与方法、发展与现状、试验效果、试验技术。文章指出,利用基于加速原理,强化某项或某几项环境因素进行的筛选试验,不但可减少研制与修理费用,加快产品研制与生产进度,而且可提高产品的现场使用可靠性。     

某新型雷达可靠性指标的论证

指标论证是武器装备研制任务的开端，经论证确定的指标值是工程设计的目标，可靠性论证是方案阶段可靠性工作的重要内容，本文透过一个具体产品（已研制成功）指标论证，阐述了可靠性论证的基本方法。     

环境与可靠性技术规格和标准的未来方向

在产品生产过程中,必须贯穿强化产品环境耐受力工作。限定环境与可靠性活动的技术规格和标准在过去十年已制定出,从局部考察它们行得通,但从产品生产过程的全面角度上来评价这些文件,有些活动是毫无价值的。本文对识别产品生产过程的各个阶段和每个阶段对应的读者及各环境工作作了阐述。在下面的论述中,对所提出的暂时性和长期性问题及整个生产过程的综合性环境工作进行了介绍。     

可靠性试验设备主要技术要求的确定

本文研究了产品环境应力筛选和可靠性验证试验中对试验设备的要求,以及试验设备主要技术指标的确定。其中一些数据资料对受试产品的承制厂和试验设备的生产厂,在选用、订购或研制有关试验设备有一定参考价值,可避免订购的或研制的试验设备不满足产品进行可靠性试验的要求。     

鱼雷实验室环境与可靠性试验方案探讨

实验室环境和可靠性试验是通过模拟鱼雷寿命周期内的各种环境应力,以暴露其在设计和生产过程中的产品缺陷,提升产品质量并保障其在寿命周期内正常工作的重要手段。本文研究了鱼雷产品寿命剖面内经历的各种阶段和环境应力条件,分析了相关环境应力下鱼雷全雷及各组部件的失效模式及影响,以此为依据制定了鱼雷的环境试验方案;同时,根据鱼雷各研制阶段的特点,提出了鱼雷全寿命周期的可靠性试验方案。     

温度—高度试验的剪裁研究

本文探讨了GJB150.6中规定的各试验步骤的考核目标,分析了美国军用规范和某新研产品研制规范对温度—高度试验的剪裁情况,提出了对于该项试验标准的剪裁意见。     

产品研制生产中环境工程的应用

介绍了环境适应性和环境工程的基本概念和环境工程工作的主要工作内容,列表展示了产品研制生产各阶段的环境工程工作和应形成的文件的设想。最后指出了全面推行环境工程是大所趋,制订环境管理顶层文件或有关管理规定是当务之急,重新设计环境工程标准体系和建立环境数据库是一项十分重要的,长期的基础工作。     

电子产品的可靠性试验

"电子产品的可靠性试验"顾名思义为评价分析电子产品可靠性而进行的试验.其试验目的通常有以下几个方面:(1)在产品研制阶段用以暴露试制产品各方面的缺陷,评价产品可靠性达到预期指标的情况;(2)生产阶段为监控生产过程提供信息;(3)对定型产品进行可靠性鉴定或验收;(4)暴露和分析产品在不同环境和应力条件下的失效规律及有关的失效模式和失效机理;(5)为改进产品可靠性,制定和改进可靠性试验方案,为用户选用产品提供依据.     

Simplified LCA and matrix methods in identifying the environmental aspects of a product system

In order to effectively integrate environmental attributes into the product design and development processes, it is crucial to identify the significant environmental aspects related to a product system within a relatively short period of time. In this study, the usefulness of life cycle assessment (LCA) and a matrix method as tools for identifying the key environmental issues of a product system were examined. For this, a simplified LCA (SLCA) method that can be applied to Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) was developed to efficiently identify their significant environmental aspects for eco-design, since a full scale LCA study is usually very detailed, expensive and time-consuming. The environmentally responsible product assessment (ERPA) method, which is one of the matrix methods, was also analyzed. Then, the usefulness of each method in eco-design processes was evaluated and compared using the case studies of the cellular phone and vacuum cleaner systems. It was found that the SLCA and the ERPA methods provided different information but they complemented each other to some extent. The SLCA method generated more information on the inherent environmental characteristics of a product system so that it might be useful for new design/eco-innovation when developing a completely new product or method where environmental considerations play a major role from the beginning. On the other hand, the ERPA method gave more information on the potential for improving a product so that it could be effectively used in eco-redesign which intends to alleviate environmental impacts of an existing product or process.     

浅谈生态道德观对环境科学发展的指导

针对环境科学的特点,立足于长远发展,从生态哲学角度分析了生态道德观对环境科学技术的重要价值。分析认为应用生态的观点来学习和研究环境科学,才能达到最大程度防治的目的;合理融入生态观念的环境治理技术有利于经济发展;生态道德观是环境科技工作者必备的品质和环境科学发展的动力。通过这三个方面的分析得出环境科学技术的发展必须以生态道德观为指导的结论。另外本文从纵向和横向分析了生态道德观在指导环境科学技术发展过程中存在的问题并提出了相应的措施和建议。     

A new health and environmental regulatory and risk scoring index

Products or product lines (portfolio items) are often ranked and classified according to their market growth and profitability potentials. Such ranking does not typically address the potential for posing health and environmental risks, nor does it formally consider the current or future regulatory climate or the customer/consumer perception of the product. This article describes a product screening procedure—Health and Environmental Regulatory (HER) Index—that addresses all of the above issues in a qualitative to semiquantitative manner. For each of the eight products addressed during the development of this procedure, we reviewed three subsystems along the product life cycle—manufacturing, distribution, and the customer/consumer. We posed a series of questions and qualitatively scored each one based on relationships among portfolio items and overall corporate, industry, and regulatory benchmarks. Using these results, we developed a product score or index. The multidisciplinary project team provided expert input and a reality check on the results. We have found the HER Index to be a potentially important tool for product risk ranking and priority setting for environmental, health, and safety resource allocation and of significant use in Responsible Care product stewardship.     

Elements of effective DFE program management and product stewardship

Design for the Environment (DFE) is a systems-oriented approach for designing more ecologically and economically sustainable product systems. It couples the product development cycle used in business with the physical life-cycle of a product. DFE integrates environmental requirements into the earliest stages of design so total impacts caused by product systems can be reduced. With DFE practices, environmental, performance, cost, cultural, and legal requirements are balanced. Concepts such as concurrent design, total quality management, cross-disciplinary teams, and multiattribute decision making are essential elements of DFE.¹ In this article, the authors show how these DFE initiatives can provide the design and product development teams with the training, information, decision support tools, and procedures that ensure improved product development decisions and environmental performance.     

Environmental research in the environmental policy cycle

A recent article in this journal put forward an environmental research policy, organized around the environmental policy cycle The research policy concerned is flawed by a bias generally occurring in the philosophy of science, i e., the inability to include the normative science disciplines in the science and research concepts. This inability results in a biased environmental research effort. Almost all attention goes to physical science research in the problem-identification phase of the environmental policy cycle. Practice shows that it is wise to be more open-minded It may be more efficient to employ normative science research, directly productive for solving environmental problems, than to be able to identify these problems better and better This article describes and underpins a more comprehensive approach to environmental research and exemplifies typical research questions.     

CQC 3114-2015标准与CQC 3114-2009标准的主要差异

面对计算机行业的飞速发展,产品生产企业在不断创新技术的同时,也需要持续了解国家对产品节能认证及测试的最新标准,已满足产品节能的新要求。本文简述新旧版计算机节能认证技术规范的主要差异,运用实例比对阐述标准的使用,帮助企业更好的理解新版标准的实施。     

汽车电子电气零部件环境适应性和可靠性验证

本文介绍了汽车电子电器零部件开发过程中的环境适应性和可靠性验证方法。主要通过对开发过程中各个阶段验证情况的研究,分析了现在车厂对汽车电子电气零部件的试验目标、试验项目及试验时间的设定方法,为车载电气零部件的环境适应性和可靠性验证提供依据。     

ECO-ENGINEERING-THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1

It is presumed that the present environmental thrust is not a wholly transitory fad; that there will be a residual impact on American society which will demand greater consideration in the future of ecological and environmental values by resource developers and public works agencies. An example is cited to show the validity of the environmental thrust and the severe consequences of ignoring it under the present emphasis on this aspect of resource development. An attempt is made to understand some of the reasons for the dramatic change in public attitude toward the environment and opposition to projects of apparent benefit to society. It is suggested that basic changes in philosophy and concept will be necessary in the field of resource development. Some broad ecological and developmental guidelines are provided in the interest of implementing environmental considerations. Finally, those involved in resource development and public works are challenged to accept the concept of eco-engineering; a concept combining the competing elements of resource development and conservation.     

A Crosswalk from the Endangered Species Act to the HCP Handbook and Real HCPs

The U.S. Departments of Interior and Commerce published the HCP handbook in 1996 to guide the issuance of incidental take permits (ITPs). The HCP handbook lists six guidelines and provides many others throughout the text. However, the guidelines sometimes contradict the intent of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and some are vague due to their use of improperly defined terms, such as ecosystem, region(al), net benefits, and habitat types. A proposed addendum provides little improvement to the HCP handbook. The guidelines in the HCP handbook could be prepared to better match those that scientists would expect from the language of the ESA. Three HCPs met only 3-10% of the 39 guidelines I would expect based on the ESA, and they met only 7-20% of the 30 guidelines in the HCP handbook. Based on a recent legal decision on the Alabama Beach Mouse HCP, ITP applicants are expected to follow the guidelines in the HCP handbook. The three HCPs I reviewed are vulnerable to similar legal decisions. However, many of the guidelines in the HCP handbook are inconsistent with the ESA. Therefore, I recommend that the HCP handbook be revised so that it is consistent with the ESA and with academic standards in the use of scientific methods. The guidelines need to be more explicit to be operationally consistent. Such a revision would provide ITP applicants and all the stakeholders with much more certainty in the outcome of the process. In lieu of a revised HCP handbook, I recommend that ITP applicants prepare their HCPs using the standards presented in Smallwood and others (Environmental Management, 1999, 24:421-435), thereby giving their HCPs a strong scientific foundation.     

Instruments and strategies to improve the eco-efficiency of products

This article examines what tools can be used to analyze and improve the environmental performance of a product. It discusses how companies can upgrade the environmental performance of products in a cost-effective way and enhance their competitive position in the market through product innovation. Based on current examples, it is concluded that a complete toolbox is available to assist companies in developing more eco-efficient products. Which combination of practices can best be applied depends on various factors, particularly the type of external demand(s) the company is facing, its available resources, its time horizon, and its environmental strategy. Experience shows that it is better for companies to be ahead of external criticism and act more proactively. This article shows how companies can follow four main strategies in which eco-efficient product development goes hand in hand with a better competitive position in the market: (1) an efficiency improvement strategy; (2) a market share improvement strategy; (3) a market development strategy; and (4) a product diversification strategy. Finally, the importance of product innovation is stressed in order to implement the eco-efficiency strategies mentioned above.