铬渣钡渣代替天然砂制作混凝土的研究

用铬渣、钡渣代替部分天然砂制作强度等级为C1 5的普通混凝土 ,混凝土的强度等级与钡渣、铬渣的加入量关系较大。用PO3 2 5标号水泥 ,铬、钡渣的质量代替砂子质量的 5 0 %时 ,混凝土的抗压强度达到 1 8 9MPa ,比普通混凝土设计的抗压强度提高 2 6% ,混凝土的收缩量为 1 / 3 0 0 ,优于国家标准 ,对混凝土作浸出毒性试验 ,Cr6 和Ba2 都远小于国家规定的标准值。     

铬渣烧结炼铁的应用研究

铬渣产量大、毒性剧烈,是严重污染环境和危害人类健康的危险废物。本文介绍了铬渣烧结连铁的解毒原理和工艺处理过程,从理论和实践两个方面阐述了铬渣烧结炼铁的可行性。研究对比了掺加铬渣前后成品矿的浸出毒性和＂三废＂排放情况,得出了铬渣烧结炼铁的最佳掺加量。结果表明,控制铬渣掺加量在1.5%以内,成品矿的性能指标符合相关标准要求,所排放的污染物能达标排放。从而达到铬渣解毒目的,实现铬渣的资源化和无害化。     

铬渣污染控制及综合利用的研究

铬渣是强碱性危险废物,对环境污染严重。分析了铬渣的来源与危害,提出从减少产渣量、铬渣中Cr6+回收、铬渣的无害化、综合利用及安全填埋等途径控制其污染。     

化工铬渣中铬的存在形态研究

通过铬在原铬渣、消解铬渣和消解解毒铬渣中存在形态的研究，揭示了铬渣中的铬以水溶态，酸溶态、稳定态、结晶态和残余态等５咱形态存在，其中稳定态，结晶态和残余态中的铬含量为１．４－１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ渣，基本相等，在自然条件下，这３种形态的铬都比较稳定，而原铬渣与消解铬渣中水溶态与酸溶态的铬占总铬量的４０％，这部分铬容易通过各种途径释入到环境中造成污染。研究还表明经蒸压消解的铬渣较大幅度地提高了水溶态６价铬     

浅谈铬渣解毒技术

介绍了铬渣污染状况,对比分析了10余种铬渣解毒技术的优缺点,并且重点论述了旋风炉附烧铬渣工艺过程及其技术特性。研究表明,旋风炉附烧铬渣具有吃渣量大,解毒彻底等优点,是一种具有推广价值的新型铬渣解毒技术。      

铬盐行业不同工艺废渣的产生特性和污染特性比较

目前我国铬盐主要有两种生产工艺:少钙焙烧工艺和无钙焙烧工艺。本文从化学反应原理角度分析了两种工艺废渣的产生特性,通过试验对比分析的方法比较了两种工艺废渣的污染特性。结果表明:1)无钙焙烧工艺产生的铬渣量比少钙焙烧工艺铬渣量少,但铝泥和芒硝的用量有所增大;2)无钙焙烧工艺铬渣中残留的总铬量比少钙焙烧工艺多,但六价铬含量比少钙焙烧工艺少;3)少钙焙烧工艺铬渣中有铬酸钙残留,铬渣治理难度更大;4)两种工艺残留的铝泥和芒硝的性质差异不大。     

铬渣浸出毒性试验研究

铬渣给环境带来的危害一直困扰着铬盐行业的发展 ,其浸出毒性研究有利于对铬渣危害的监测评估、治理及综合利用。本试验对新渣和陈渣的浸出毒性进行了探讨 ,同时对铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ )进行全量溶取 ,并分析铬渣中主要阴、阳离子的浸出行为。从而提出适宜于评价铬渣浸出毒性的试验方法 ,即 :液固比 2 0∶1,浸取时间 8h、提取剂为HAC NaAC(pH5 0± 0 2 ) ,粒径为 12 0目的浸出体系     

湿法解毒还原工艺对铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的治理特性

以治理铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)污染为目的,提出了硫酸浸出-硫酸亚铁还原的铬渣湿法解毒工艺,在对铬渣处理前后的表面形貌进行表征的基础上,探究了不同处理条件下铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的处理效果及其修复机理。结果表明:铬渣湿法球磨时间为20 min时,铬渣颗粒98.68%过200目筛,水溶性Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出率可达40.96%;铬渣硫酸添加量为60%,液固比为4∶1,酸溶时间为2.5 h时,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出趋于饱和,此时浸出终点pH为5.8,水溶性和酸溶性Cr(Ⅵ)总浸出率为95.38%;硫酸亚铁添加量为40%时,铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)含量下降为1.38 mg/kg。铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除主要与硫酸对含Cr(Ⅵ)矿物的溶解、SO₄2-和CrO₄2-的离子交换以及Fe(Ⅱ)对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用有关。     

用鼓风炉渣消除铬渣毒性的研究

针对含铬废渣对环境污染大及治理难的特点,提出了以废渣治理废渣的技术,利用鼓风炉渣的还原性以及刚排出时的高温,将铬渣按一定比例与之混合,进行铬渣的解毒处理,并对铬渣的解毒机理进行了理论分析。从实验结果可以看出,当铬渣加入量低于10%时,该技术能够较彻底的将铬渣中的Cr6+进行解毒。     

铬渣处理技术与综合利用现状研究

针对国内铬渣污染现状,介绍了铬渣污染途径及危害,列举了铬渣无害化处理的技术,包括酸性还原法、碱性还原法、碳还原法、微生物解毒法、干式还原法和固化/稳定化处理法。对铬渣的解毒方法和固化/稳定化技术进行了比较。概述了铬渣的部分利用现状。铬渣用于制砖、铬渣用于制造微晶玻璃、铬渣作为玻璃着色剂、铬渣用于制造耐火材料、铬渣用作炼铁熔剂、铬渣用于制钙镁磷肥。总结了目前铬渣处理技术与利用现状的不足。     

含钛高炉渣制光催化剂降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

以攀钢含钛高炉渣为原料制备了光催化剂,并将其用于降解水中2,4-二氯酚,研究了光催化剂投加量、光照强度、反应物浓度、反应时间对2,4-二氯酚降解率的影响。结果表明:高炉渣制光催化剂对2,4-二氯酚具有良好的光催化效果,在催化剂投加量为0.3g/L,光照时间为2h的条件下,浓度为50mg/L的2,4-二氯酚的降解率达到了77.1%。通过反应的动力学分析,确立出高炉渣制光催化剂对水中2,4-二氯酚的降解反应为一级反应。对2,4-二氯酚的光催化降解产物进行分析发现,苯环上的C—Cl键被光催化剂产生的羟自由基·OH氧化断裂,氯取代基成为游离Cl-存在于溶液中,2,4-二氯酚被·OH降解生成中间小分子有机产物,这些小分子有机物再进一步被光催化降解。     

Solid and liquid residues as raw materials for biotechnology

In the past few decades huge amounts of solid and paste-like wastes of domestic and industrial origin have been deposited on sanitary landfills worldwide. Only a small proportion was incinerated, where incineration plants were available. Since primary resources, such as ores for metal production or crude oil for the production of gasoline, diesel, solvents and plastics, or coal and natural gas as sources for energy or chemicals are not available in unlimited quantities, and because the deposition of residues, wastes and worn-out commodities on sanitary landfills causes pollution of the atmosphere, the soil and the groundwater due to hazardous gaseous emissions and toxic leachates, wastes from households and from industry must be avoided or minimized at an early stage. Whenever waste material can be recycled it must be re-introduced into production processes and the non-recyclable fractions should be used as a fuel for energy recovery. After incineration, the highly toxic dust fractions of ashes and slags resulting from burning the wastes should be deposited on sanitary landfills, while the granulated mineral slag fractions could be used as a substitute for the sand in cement as a construction material. Here we review various processes for the treatment of organic fractions of differently composed wastes to upgrade them to more valuable, re-usable products or at least to recover their energy content. Upgrading processes of organic wastes include composting, biogas fermentation, production of organic acids and solvents, and biopolymer or biosurfactants production. We also include biological purification procedures for the most important components of wastes, such as chitin from the shells of Crustaceae. Typical examples from pilot-scale or full-scale studies are discussed for each process.     

铅锌冶炼弃渣有害特征及其浸出行为研究

铅锌弃渣是有色金属工业排出的大宗固体废物之一。其中有铅冶炼系统排铅烟花炉渣,锌系统排锌回转窑渣。铅锌弃渣一般含有多种超过排放标准而目前又尚无成熟工艺提取的有价值和稀贵金属元素。这些废渣的堆存直接影响自然景观,并有可能对环境如土壤、水体和作物等造成危害。因此,考察铅锌渣的有害特征,研究其水浸出行为与规律,对解决铅锌弃渣对环境污染,寻求同行业固体废物的治理途径具有重要的现实意义。     

Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs). Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .     

还原法修复六价铬污染土壤的研究

摘要：铬渣中含有毒性较强的六价铬化合物,其严重污染环境。本文通过实验室模拟试验,研究了硫代硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠、抗坏血酸和硫酸亚铁等还原剂对铬渣污染土壤中六价铬的解毒效果。探讨了还原剂的浓度、pH和反应时间对六价铬还原效果的影响。结果表明：亚硫酸钠浓度为1mol／L、pH9．5和反应时间为15min时对六价铬的还原效果最佳。     

含铬污泥球团在钢铁工业中的应用前景

含铬污泥是一种来源广泛、潜在危害大、难于处理的危险废物,常规的处理与资源化技术如固化/稳定化、造砖、制水泥、提取有价金属、制备铬系产品等,往往存在铬泥消纳量小、利用工艺复杂、成品纯度低、操作过程中存在污染转移等限制性因素。将含铬污泥经造球、高温还原、杂质去除、有用金属回收等工序处理后,返回高炉再利用,不仅可节省钢铁企业高昂的委托处理费用,利用其中的有价资源,还可有效避免污染的二次转移,实现危险废物的闭路循环利用。     

An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: reviewing current research trends

In this study we carry out a detailed environmental evaluation of geopolymer concrete production using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The literature shows that the production of most standard types of geopolymer concrete has a slightly lower impact on global warming than standard Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Whilst our results confirm this they also show that the production of geopolymer concrete has a higher environmental impact regarding other impact categories than global warming. This is due to the heavy effects of the production of the sodium silicate solution. Geopolymer concrete made from fly ashes or granulated blast furnace slags based require less of the sodium silicate solution in order to be activated. They therefore have a lower environmental impact than geopolymer concrete made from pure metakaolin. However, when the production of fly ashes and granulated blast furnace slags is taken into account during the life cycle assessment (using either an economic or a mass allocation procedure), it appears that geopolymer concrete has a similar impact on global warming than standard concrete. This study highlights that future research and development in the field of geopolymer concrete technology should focus on two potential solutions. First of all the use of industrial waste that is not recyclable within other industries and secondly on the production of geopolymer concrete using a mix of blast furnace slag and activated clays. Furthermore geopolymer concrete production would gain from using waste material with a suitable Si/Al molar ratio in order to minimise the amount of sodium silicate solution used. Finally, by taking into account mix-design technology, which has already been developed for OPC concrete, the amount of binder required to produce a geopolymer concrete could be reduced.     

不锈钢渣资源利用特性与重金属污染风险

研究了2种不锈钢渣——电炉(EAF)钢渣和转炉(AOD)钢渣可资源化利用和重金属污染特性.结果表明:2种钢渣的粒径主要分布于小于5 mm的范围内;EAF钢渣的主要元素(w>1%)为Ca,Si,Mg,Al,Fe,O和Cr,主要矿物质为Ca₂SiO₄和Ca₃Mg(SiO₄)₂;而AOD钢渣主要由Ca,Si,Mg,C和O等元素组成,主要矿物质为Ca₂SiO₄,资源化利用潜力大.不锈钢渣浸出毒性测试结果表明:除Cr外,所有重金属浸出质量浓度均低于或接近于检测限,Cr浸出质量浓度小于0.2 mg/L,远低于危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996)相应限值,且重金属主要以稳定的化学形态存在;根据有效浸出测试结果,不锈钢渣中的Cr在最不利条件下存在溶出风险,但以毒性较低的Cr(Ⅲ)为主,与X射线衍射测试结果一致.因此,不锈钢渣中的重金属浸出污染风险低.      

微电子行业的环境效应分析

文中以芯片生产为例分析微电子行业的生产过程,发现该行业资源、能源消耗量大,使用的原料和排放废弃物中有毒有害物质含量较高,对社会环境潜在的压力很大;提出了在该行业推行节约化、清洁化生产的解决措施企业生产管理措施,法规手段,经济手段和信息措施;呼吁在我国大力发展微电子产业时,要吸取发达国家的经验教训,实施清洁生产,避免对环境造成严重的破坏。     

高浓度木糖醇有机废水处理工艺技术研究

在木糖醇的生产工艺中,废水污染物产生量主要集中于木糖生产过程,从生产性质分析,木糖生产属天然原料加工过程,虽不合有毒性或重金属污染成份,但其排放废水属高浓度有机废水、pH值较低、色度较高,并且含有难以生物降解的木质素等天然大分子化合物,有一定的处理难度。针对其水质特性,本研究选择适合木糖醇废水水质特点、有机物去除率高、耐冲击负荷强、运行简单的混凝沉淀一厌氧水解一好氧生化一化学氧化相结合的处理工艺,将生化与物化方法相结合,最后达到理想的效果,也为同类型工业废水处理提供参考经验。