福建将出台多项财税措施扶持节能与循环经济发展

近日,福建省经贸委下发《2011年节能与循环经济工作专项》。初步计划,福建省2011年要力争实现单位GDP能耗比2010年下降2%,万元GDP能耗下降到0.769 t标准煤,规模以上万元工业增加值能耗下降到1.078 t标准煤,工业固体废物综合利用率达75%。为实现目标,福建省将加大政策扶持力度,力促节能与循环经济工作。     

“十一五”SO2排放总量后评价

＂十一五＂期间在我国国内生产总值（GDP）、能源消费增长均超过规划目标的情况下,2010年全国SO2排放总量为2295万t,完成了在2005年基础上减排10%的规划目标。2010年全国实际SO2去除率为65%,比2005年提高23%。建议＂十二五＂期间将GDP年均增长率控制在7%以下,维持0.5～0.4能源消费弹性系数及0.7～0.6的电力能源消费弹性系数,提高SO2去除率至73%以上;国家有关部门逐年公布GDP年均增长率、能源消费弹性系数、电力能源消费弹性系数和节能减排公报。     

北京市经济增长与物质代谢的脱钩关系及驱动因素研究

运用物质流核算方法,得到北京市2005—2013年直接物质输入量(DMI)和生产过程排放量(DPO),并应用Tapio脱钩模型,对北京市2006—2013年经济增长与物质代谢的脱钩关系及程度进行研究,分析发展的时间演变趋势。借助STIRPAT模型,对直接物质输入量的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:2006—2013年北京市经济增长与DMI基本实现"弱脱钩";DPO呈下降趋势,与经济增长呈"强脱钩"状态;城市化率、产业结构、人口和人均GDP对DMI均有促进作用,其中城市化率对DMI的影响最大。     

青岛市工业危险废物处理现状分析与评价

自2006年青岛市工业产业结构调整以来,城市经济快速发展与人民生活水平日益提高,商品消费量不断增加,由此导致工业危险废物的产生量与排放量加速增长,且废物种类繁多、性质复杂、产生源数量分布广泛,管理难度大,因而带来了极大的环境安全隐患.在调查和分析2005-2007年青岛市工业危险废物产生现状的基础上,指出:(1)产生量最大危险废物类别为无机氰化物、无机氟化物、含铬废物和染料涂料等4大类;(2)产生量大小排序依次为平度市、莱西市和李沧区.同时,在分析废物产生特性和污染特性的基础上,提出青岛市在工业危险废物管理过程中存在的问题已成为青岛绿色经济发展的严重壁垒.针对工业经济发展规划和废物产生特征,提出了相关的管理对策和建议,对青岛市工业危险废物的有效管理和促进循环经济的发展具有一定的指导意义.     

发展资源再生产业有利于缓解能源紧张状况

1 形成能荒的原因是管理失控导致能耗过高 2004年初,全国在为2003年克服非典等异常灾害下取得GDP增长9.1%而欢庆的同时,却感到煤、电、油同步供应紧张的能荒.关于造成能荒的原因,有人认为是GDP增长过快,有人认为是电力等能源建设跟不上,有人则认为是节能淡化造成的GDP能耗居高不下.笔者经查阅有关资料对比后同意第三种观点,具体指标的对比见表1.     

工业固体废物资源化的思考

循环经济发展模式从根本上缓解环境、资源与发展之间的尖锐冲突,在促进经济增长的同时顾及到生态环境的承受能力,从工业经济系统自身发掘资源、能源,充分挖掘潜力,寻找伴生资源,开发利用废弃物,促进工业固体废物资源化,以循环经济模式替代陈旧的线性经济模式,保持经济可持续发展。     

节能与综合利用司组织召开废旧光伏组件回收利用工作交流会

为贯彻落实《固体废物污染环境防治法》,推进废旧光伏组件等新兴固废综合利用,2022年5月12日,工业和信息化部节能与综合利用司召开线上工作交流会。来自光伏组件生产企业、光伏电站运营企业、废旧光伏组件回收利用企业、有关行业协会、研究机构的代表参加会议。会上,有关专家介绍了我国光伏装机情况及增长趋势,分析了废旧光伏组件产生规模和来源渠道。相关企业分享了废旧光伏组件回收拆解技术研发、产业化应用等方面的进展。     

节能与综合利用司举办工业资源综合利用政策培训班

为贯彻落实《固体废物污染环境防治法》,节能与综合利用司2022年5月27日举办工业资源综合利用线上培训会,各地工业和信息化主管部门、有关行业协会、部分骨干企业等参加。就贯彻落实新《固体废物污染环境防治法》,节能与综合利用司强调要进一步提高政治站位,主动作为,切实将法律赋予工业和信息化系统的职责落地抓好,特别是推动固废源头减量和资源综合利用等任务。生态环境部固体司有关同志解读一般工业固废环境管理相关政策和管理要求,行业专家结合新形势、新要求,详细解读《关于加快推动工业资源综合利用的实施方案》;中汽数据有限公司专家介绍退役动力电池回收利用的政策体系和下一步打算。与会的工业和信息化主管部门、行业协会和骨干企业围绕创新工作思路、完善政策体系、协同推进工业资源综合利用等方面进行了互动交流。     

公开征求对《限期淘汰产生严重污染环境的工业固体废物的落后生产工艺设备名录(征求意见稿)》的意见

为贯彻落实《固体废物污染环境防治法》,加快淘汰产生严重污染环境的工业固体废物的落后生产工艺、设备,持续提高工业绿色发展水平,我们研究起草了《限期淘汰产生严重污染环境的工业固体废物的落后生产工艺设备名录(征求意见稿)》.现将征求意见稿向社会公开征求意见,如有意见或建议,请于2021年8月18日前反馈工业和信息化部节能与综...     

电力生态系统的基本理论研究

电力是推动经济发展的重要基础能源,我国日益严峻的大气污染问题已经成为制约电力和经济发展的重要因素之一,只有在发展过程中系统地研究电力、环境、经济之间的关系,才能够实现电力、环境、经济之间的协调发展。在复杂系统理论和复合生态系统理论的基础上提出了电力生态系统的定义、组成、功能、效应、演化等基本理论。研究结果表明,电力生态系统是由电力、环境与经济三个子系统相互影响、相互作用而形成的复合生态系统,能量流动是电力生态系统最为重要的功能,电力生态系统存在着从无序向有序的自组织演化过程,其演化过程符合逻辑斯蒂增长曲线的趋势。     

Predicted growth of world urban food waste and methane production.

Landfill gas emissions are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of methane especially because of food waste (FW). To prevent these emissions growing with world population, future FW best management practices need to be evaluated. The objective of this paper was therefore to predict FW production for 2025 if present management practices are maintained, and then, to compare the impact of scenario 1: encouraging people to stay in rural areas and composting 75% of their FW, and; of scenario 2, where in addition to scenario 1, composting or anaerobically digesting 75% of urban FW (UFW). A relationship was established between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and the population percentage living in urban areas (%UP), as well as production of municipal solid waste (MSW) and UFW. With estimated GDP and population growth per country, %UP and production of MSW and UFW could be predicted for 2025. A relatively accurate (R(2) > 0.85) correlation was found between GDP and %UP, and between GDP and mass of MSW and FW produced. On a global scale, MSW and UFW productions were predicted to increase by 51 and 44%, respectively, from 2005 to 2025. During the same period, and because of its expected economic development, Asia was predicted to experience the largest increase in UFW production, of 278 to 416 Gkg. If present MSW management trends are maintained, landfilled UFW was predicted to increase world CH4 emissions from 34 to 48 Gkg and the landfill share of global anthropogenic emissions from 8 to 10%. In comparison with maintaining present FW management practices, scenario 1 can lower UFW production by 30% and maintain the landfill share of the global anthropogenic emissions at 8%. With scenario 2, the landfill share of global anthropogenic emissions could be further reduced from 8 to 6% and leachate production could be reduced by 40%.     

Economic growth and selection of municipal waste treatment options in Bangkok

A reasonable selection of waste treatment options is indispensable to address challenges in waste management. Introduction of incineration plants for municipal waste in Bangkok had been considered in the past, but each time it was dismissed. In 2013, however, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) decided to introduce an incinerator facility with electricity generation. This study examined how changes in socio-economic factors resulting from economic growth affected the BMA’s decision. First, we conducted interviews of key relevant stakeholders (policymakers and other experts) to determine what kinds of changes in socio-economic factors affected their decision. Then, for interpretation and confirmation of the results from interview, we quantitatively estimated changes in environmental factors (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions), financial factors (e.g., construction and operating costs), and social factors (e.g., employment) in 1990, 2000, and 2012. Based on the result of interview and quantitative analysis, we illustrated the complicated structure of the mechanism of how economic growth affected the selection of waste treatment options in Bangkok, particularly those that led to the selection of the incineration. In addition to local conditions, global economic also affected the waste treatment policy in Bangkok even though waste management is usually thought of as a local issue.     

Economic growth and trends of municipal waste treatment options in Asian countries

Many developing Asian countries are rapidly expanding their economies. Economic growth affects waste management policy development. Statistical analyses applied to Japan, Korea, and China indicate a positive correlation between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and incineration rate. However, they show a negative correlation between GDP per capita and composting rate in Japan and China, and a positive correlation in Korea. Historical prefectural/provincial data indicate that in Japan and in China, although the incineration rate in a specific year differs due to regional conditions, the rate has increased in parallel with economic growth. An analytic hierarchy process was conducted with experts and government officials from Southeast and East Asian countries. The results statistically confirm the trend correlated with economic growth, which was suggested by previous studies and mentioned by experts based on their experience. For instance, social acceptance was important in upper middle-income countries (USD 4,036–12,475). These results support the possibility that economic growth affects the selection of waste treatment options.     

Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution control and energy recovery in waste incineration

Incineration of municipal solid waste is a debated waste management technology. In some countries it is the main waste management option whereas in other countries it has been disregarded. The main discussion point on waste incineration is the release of air emissions from the combustion of the waste, but also the energy recovery efficiency has a large importance.The historical development of air pollution control in waste incineration was studied through life-cycle-assessment modelling of eight different air pollution control technologies. The results showed a drastic reduction in the release of air emissions and consequently a significant reduction in the potential environmental impacts of waste incineration. Improvements of a factor 0.85–174 were obtained in the different impact potentials as technology developed from no emission control at all, to the best available emission control technologies of today (2010).The importance of efficient energy recovery was studied through seven different combinations of heat and electricity recovery, which were modelled to substitute energy produced from either coal or natural gas. The best air pollution control technology was used at the incinerator. It was found that when substituting coal based energy production total net savings were obtained in both the standard and toxic impact categories. However, if the substituted energy production was based on natural gas, only the most efficient recovery options yielded net savings with respect to the standard impacts. With regards to the toxic impact categories, emissions from the waste incineration process were always larger than those from the avoided energy production based on natural gas. The results shows that the potential environmental impacts from air emissions have decreased drastically during the last 35 years and that these impacts can be partly or fully offset by recovering energy which otherwise should have been produced from fossil fuels like coal or natural gas.     

Waste management activities and carbon emissions in Africa

This paper summarizes research into waste management activities and carbon emissions from territories in sub-Saharan Africa with the main objective of quantifying emission reductions (ERs) that can be gained through viable improvements to waste management in Africa. It demonstrates that data on waste and carbon emissions is poor and generally inadequate for prediction models. The paper shows that the amount of waste produced and its composition are linked to national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Waste production per person is around half that in developed countries with a mean around 230 kg/hd/yr. Sub-Saharan territories produce waste with a biogenic carbon content of around 56% (+/−25%), which is approximately 40% greater than developed countries. This waste is disposed in uncontrolled dumps that produce large amounts of methane gas. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from waste will rise with increasing urbanization and can only be controlled through funding mechanisms from developed countries.     

The use of life cycle assessment for the comparison of biowaste composting at home and full scale

Environmental impacts and gaseous emissions associated to home and industrial composting of the source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid waste have been evaluated using the environmental tool of life cycle assessment (LCA). Experimental data of both scenarios were experimentally collected. The functional unit used was one ton of organic waste. Ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide released from home composting (HC) were more than five times higher than those of industrial composting (IC) but the latter involved within 2 and 53 times more consumption or generation of transport, energy, water, infrastructures, waste and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emissions than HC. Therefore, results indicated that IC was more impacting than HC for four of the impact categories considered (abiotic depletion, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidation and cumulative energy demand) and less impacting for the other three (acidification, eutrophication and global warming). Production of composting bin and gaseous emissions are the main responsible for the HC impacts, whereas for IC the main contributions come from collection and transportation of organic waste, electricity consumption, dumped waste and VOCs emission. These results suggest that HC may be an interesting alternative or complement to IC in low density areas of population.     

Valorization of pellets from municipal WWTP sludge in lightweight clay ceramics

A direct result of the growing number of municipal wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) has been an increase in the generation of large amounts of sewage sludge that requires environmentally acceptable final destination. To decrease the volume of sludge, a common technique is drying the sludge at a low temperature in rotary kilns. The result of this process is a granulated material consisting of dehydrated sludge pellets.After this treatment, this pelletized material becomes easier to manipulate, but it also becomes a more toxic waste, containing dangerous substances, mostly of the lipid type. At its final stage, this material is usually incinerated, used as a comburent material, used as an agricultural fertilizer, or used in the cement industry. Each application has its own problems and requires remediation measures from the safety and environmental viewpoints.In this study, we looked beyond these possible applications and analyzed the transformation of sewage sludge through a ceramization process into a material similar to expanded clays; we subsequently explored its uses in the building industry or in the agriculture industry, among others. Both the properties of the product material and the production method were characterized, and an environmental analysis was conducted.The new, lightweight material had a microstructure with open porosity and low thermal conductivity. Environmental characterization such as the leaching test revealed that undetectable amounts of hazardous metals from the sludge were present in the leachate after the sludge went through a thermal treatment, despite their initial presence (with the exception of vanadium, which could pose some restrictions on some of the proposed uses for the final product). Toxicity tests also showed negative results. The study of gaseous emissions during production revealed emissions factors similar to those during the production of conventional clay ceramics, although with higher organic emissions. As for conventional clay ceramics, industrial production would require the implementation of some type of air-depuration system. The results showed that the ceramization of sludge pellets is a promising valorization technique worth considering from both the economic and technological perspectives.     

Planning for integrated solid waste management at the industrial park level: a case of Tianjin, China

Industrial parks play a significant role in the production and use of goods and services. The proper management of solid waste is a major challenge for industrial parks due to the large quantity of wastes and the variability of waste characteristics from these types of developments. Therefore, integrated solid waste management has become very crucial to the industrial park managers. Such an approach requires industrial park managers to assess the overall use of resources, and to seek waste reduction, reuse and recycling opportunities both at the individual company level and among different tenant companies. The adoption of this method can bring both economic and environmental benefits. This paper introduces the planning efforts of a real case in China. It first presents the basic information on Tianjin Economic Development Area (TEDA), and then introduces its current practices on solid waste management. The main focus of this paper is to describe how to plan an integrated solid waste management system at TEDA. Benefits and challenges are all identified and analyzed. The experiences and methods from this case study should be applied in other industrial parks so as to improve the overall eco-efficiency of the whole industrial park.     

Development of a purpose built landfill system for the control of methane emissions from municipal solid waste

In the present paper, a new system of purpose built landfill (PBLF) has been proposed for the control of methane emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW), by considering all favourable conditions for improved methane generation in tropical climates. Based on certain theoretical considerations multivariate functional models (MFMs) are developed to estimate methane mitigation and energy generating potential of the proposed system. Comparison was made between the existing waste management system and proposed PBLF system. It has been found that the proposed methodology not only controlled methane emissions to the atmosphere but also could yield considerable energy in terms of landfill gas (LFG). Economic feasibility of the proposed system has been tested by comparing unit cost of waste disposal in conventional as well as PBLF systems. In a case study of MSW management in Mumbai (INDIA), it was found that the unit cost of waste disposal with PBLF system is seven times lesser than that of the conventional waste management system. The proposed system showed promising energy generation potential with production of methane worth of Rs. 244 millions/y ($5.2 million/y). Thus, the new waste management methodology could give an adaptable solution for the conflict between development, environmental degradation and natural resources depletion.     

Perspectives for pilot scale study of RDF in Istanbul,Turkey

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most important environmental problems arising from rapid urbanization and industrialization. The use of alternative fuels in rotary kilns of cement plants is very important for reducing cost, saving fossil fuels and also eliminating waste materials, accumulated during production or after using these materials. Cement industries has an important potential for supplying preferable solutions to the waste management. Energy recovery from waste is also important for the reduction of CO₂ emissions.This paper presents an investigation of the development of refuse derived fuel (RDF) materials from non-recycling wastes and the determination of its potential use as an alternative fuel in cement production in Istanbul, Turkey. RDF produced from MSW was analyzed and its effects on cement production process were examined. For this purpose, the produced RDF was mixed with the main fuel (LPG) in ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Then chemical and mineralogical analyses of the produced clinker were carried out. It is believed that successful results of this study will be a good example for municipalities and cement industries in order to achieve both economic and environmental benefits.