上海市生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈及对策思考

梳理了上海市生活垃圾分类减量的管理工作,就推进生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈进行了阐述,并提出了促进生活垃圾分类减量的对策。     

上海农村垃圾源头分类的可行性研究

针对上海市生活垃圾分类减量工作出现的瓶颈问题,提出在农村地区实行生活垃圾源头分类,就地处置,是突破上海市垃圾减量瓶颈的可行性办法。     

苏州市生活垃圾分类实践及思考

介绍了苏州市生活垃圾"近期大分流、远期细分类"的分类模式,以及垃圾分类的政策法规体系、收运体系和终端处置体系,提出关于垃圾分类对垃圾减量的贡献、厨余垃圾分类的必要性和可行性、垃圾分类的主要推动力及垃圾分类模式选择的思考和建议。     

校园生活垃圾“三元二级分类”体系研究

垃圾分类是垃圾处理的基础,探索适宜的垃圾分类模式,将助力生活垃圾强制分类和处理。以山东农业大学南校区为例,采用"三元二级分类"体系,对校园生活垃圾分类进行探索;对分类后的湿垃圾资源化进行研究;对推进高校生活垃圾分类进行探讨。"三元分类"实现干、湿分离,及对特种垃圾单列;"二级分类"对三大类再进行细分。对山东农业大学南校区生活垃圾经过6次取样,统计结果为湿垃圾占比63.91%、干垃圾占比35.58%、特种垃圾占比0.51%。对其中的湿垃圾利用黄粉虫和白星花金龟过腹转化进行研究,结果表明,利用微生物+两种环境昆虫组合技术,最大可实现湿垃圾资源化减量95%,占生活垃圾总量的60.71%。在推进高校生活垃圾分类研究中,总结了成立创新团队和建立生活垃圾分类及湿垃圾资源化示范基地两条可行路径。     

城市生活垃圾分类政策执行中的问题与对策分析

随着城镇化进程的持续加快,全国各地生活垃圾产量持续走向新高,且依旧呈现上升的趋势,各地生活垃圾末端处理压力巨大。此外,随着生活水平的不断提高,市民普遍对周边生活环境的质量有了更高的需求,促使政府必须构建更加完善的城市生活垃圾治理系统。生活垃圾分类处理被视为解决生活垃圾污染环境、促进生活垃圾资源化利用的关键之举,在我国已有几十年的发展历程,但始终没有取得良好的效果,究其原因,政策工具的选择及其执行过程是关键因素。为此,以我国政策工具视角出发,对现行政策工具进行了梳理,系统分析了我国垃圾分类政策工具及政策执行过程中存在的问题,并提出针对性解决对策,对构建城市生活垃圾分类管理新模式,促进生活垃圾减量和资源回收是非常有必要的。     

北京市生活垃圾分类标准体系框架研究

为认真贯彻落实习近平总书记关于垃圾分类工作的重要指示精神,配合《北京市生活垃圾管理条例》正式实施,北京市开展垃圾分类工作。根据北京市垃圾分类实际工作需要,按照垃圾分类全流程梳理标准,构建标准体系。以标准体系为基础,整理垃圾分类标准存量情况,分析标准制修订需求,梳理垃圾分类过程,为今后制定生活垃圾分类相关标准提供理论支撑,实现对标准的科学管理,系统地指导北京市垃圾分类工作,构建垃圾分类新发展格局。     

台湾生活垃圾减量措施及其对中国大陆的启示

介绍了台湾生活垃圾减量措施,包括制定相关政策法规、倡导垃圾源头减量、开展宣传教育等。分析了其成功经验,以及对我国大陆开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示。     

荷兰生活垃圾分类管理经验及启示

通过对荷兰生活垃圾分类管理和经验做法的介绍,分析荷兰居民生活垃圾源头减量的措施,以及对我国开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示.     

关于生活垃圾分类的市场化研究

生活垃圾分类是改善生态环境,提升居民文明素养的有效平台,开展生活垃圾分类具有深远意义。对生活垃圾分类收集市场产业化运作模式进行了分析,以问题为导向,建立统筹谋划,靶向失策,系统改革的工作思路,对城市开展生活垃圾分类收集市场化发展提供了理论依据。     

广州市城市木质废弃物资源化利用的初步探讨

目前，广州市已全面实施垃圾分类工作，将城市垃圾中占一定比重的木质废弃物进行资源化利用对解决城市垃圾减量问题具有重大意义。提出总体布局回收网络，规划分拣中心，整合资源化利用平台，推动公共政策服务规范化和标准化的思路和构想，推进木质废弃物资源化利用，为实现广州市垃圾减量和推动循环经济发展提供参考。     

垃圾分类标准及标示语统一的必要性

中国垃圾收集分类回收工作尚处在起步阶段,乱象多多,如垃圾分类标准不统一,监管不到位,宣传标示不规范,译名混乱等,与国外发达国家相比差距较大,也与中国这些年来经济和技术的飞速发展极不相称。要解决这些问题,必须在全国范围内统一分类标准,健全相关法规,实行长期有效的监管。与此同时,规范宣传,统一标示的重要性也不可小觑。     

GHS化学品危险性分类及其公示要素(下)

概述了全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）的产生背景、推行GHS的重要意义,介绍了GHS关于化学品危险性分类和公示要素的主要内容,评估了我国现行化学品危险性分类与GHS分类的差异点,并对我国全面实施GHS提出了若干对策建议。     

GHS化学品危险性分类及其公示要素(上)

概述了全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）的产生背景、推行GHS的重要意义,介绍了GHS关于化学品危险性分类和公示要素的主要内容,评估了我国现行化学品危险性分类与GHS分类的差异点,并对我国全面实施GHS提出了若干对策建议。     

乡镇垃圾分类循环利用现状——以闽侯县上街镇为例

由于我国乡镇经济的迅速发展以及乡镇村民生活水平加速提高,乡镇的垃圾种类及数量趋向于城市.乡镇村民居住较为分散,垃圾分类、收集、循环利用相较于城市困难,因此推进乡镇垃圾分类循环利用迫在眉睫.本文从闽侯县上街镇展开调查,以乡镇垃圾分类、回收循环利用为关键词展开分析,并从上街镇垃圾分类循环利用模式存在的问题进行分析、总结和建...     

Solid waste bin detection and classification using Dynamic Time Warping and MLP classifier

The increasing requirement for Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a significant challenge for municipal authorities. A number of integrated systems and methods have introduced to overcome this challenge. Many researchers have aimed to develop an ideal SWM system, including approaches involving software-based routing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), or sensor intelligent bins. Image processing solutions for the Solid Waste (SW) collection have also been developed; however, during capturing the bin image, it is challenging to position the camera for getting a bin area centralized image. As yet, there is no ideal system which can correctly estimate the amount of SW. This paper briefly discusses an efficient image processing solution to overcome these problems. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) was used for detecting and cropping the bin area and Gabor wavelet (GW) was introduced for feature extraction of the waste bin image. Image features were used to train the classifier. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifier was used to classify the waste bin level and estimate the amount of waste inside the bin. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves was used to statistically evaluate classifier performance. The results of this developed system are comparable to previous image processing based system. The system demonstration using DTW with GW for feature extraction and an MLP classifier led to promising results with respect to the accuracy of waste level estimation (98.50%). The application can be used to optimize the routing of waste collection based on the estimated bin level.     

腐蚀性空气环境的分级及检测方法

介绍了国外有关腐蚀性空气环境的分级标准及其检测方法。环境中的腐蚀性气体可对电子元器件及自动控制设备产生腐蚀，影响其性能。根据腐蚀性的严重程度，美国仪器学会标准中将腐蚀性空气环境分为四级。环境腐蚀性置于腐蚀性环境中的铜试条进行检测。     

北京垃圾分类工作现存问题与对策建议

《北京市生活垃圾管理条例》实施以来,北京垃圾分类工作取得“六升两降”八项成效。基于现阶段北京垃圾分类工作推进情况与存在的痛点、难点问题,提出通过购买第三方服务、借助科技手段与工具、多种渠道多种方式相结合、建立长效监督评价机制等方式,为顺利推进北京垃圾分类工作提供参考。     

以回收利甩标准破解“垃圾围城”

生活垃圾处理已经成为各城市面临的难题。在已有研究基础上分析了城市垃圾分类收集存在的严重问题和影响居民实施垃圾分类的关键因素,概述了现有的垃圾分类收集标准和废弃产品回收利用标准内容,最后提出加强实施相关标准、促进垃圾分类收集的建议。     

Validation of Microtox as a first screening tool for waste classification

The Waste Framework Directive (WFD; 2008/98/EG) describes how waste materials are to be classified as hazardous or not. For complex waste materials chemical analyses are often not conclusive and the WFD provides the possibility to assess the hazardous properties by testing on the waste materials directly. As a methodology WFD refers to the protocols described in the CLP regulation (regulation on Classification, Labeling and Packaging of chemicals) but the toxicity tests on mammals are not acceptable for waste materials. The DISCRISET project was initiated to investigate the suitability of alternative toxicity tests that are already in use in pharmaceutical applications, for the toxicological hazard assessment of complex waste materials. Results indicated that Microtox was a good candidate as a first screening test in a tiered approached hazard assessment. This is now further validated in the present study. The toxic responses measured in Microtox were compared to biological responses in other bioassays for both organic and inorganic fractions of the wastes. Both fractions contribute to the toxic load of waste samples. Results show that the Microtox test is indeed a good and practical screening tool for the organic fraction. A screening threshold (ST) of 5 geq/l as the EC₅₀ value in Microtox is proposed as this ST allows to recognize highly toxic samples in the screening test. The data presented here show that the Microtox toxicity response at this ST is not only predictive for acute toxicity in other organisms but also for sub lethal toxic effects of the organic fraction. This limit value has to be further validated. For the inorganic fraction no specific biotest can be recommended as a screening test, but the use of direct toxicity assessment is also preferable for this fraction as metal speciation is an important issue to define the toxic load of elutriate fractions. A battery of 3 tests (Microtox, Daphnia and Algae) for direct toxicity assessment of this fraction is recommended in literature, but including tests for mechanistic toxicity might be useful.     

The importance of chemical buffering for pelagic and benthic colonization in acidic waters

In poorly buffered areas acidification may occur for two reasons: through atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances and – in mining districts – through pyrite weathering. These different sources of acidity lead to distinct clearly geochemistry in lakes and rivers. In general, the geochemistry is the major determinant for the planktonic composition of the acidified water bodies, whereas the nutrient status mainly determines the level of biomass. A number of acidic mining lakes in Eastern Germany have to be neutralized to meet the water quality goals of the European Union Directives and to overcome the ecological degradation. This neutralization process is limnologically a short-term maturation of lakes, which permits biological succession to overcome two different geochemical buffer systems. First, the iron buffer system characterizes an initial state, when colonization starts: there is low organismic diversity and productivity, clear net heterotrophy in most cases. Organic carbon that serves as fuel for the food web derives mainly from allochthonous sources. In the second, less acidic state aluminum is the buffer. This state is found exceptionally among the hard water mining lakes, often as a result of deposition of acidifying substances onto soft water systems. Colonization in aluminum-buffered lakes is more complex and controlled by the sensitivity of the organisms towards both, protons and inorganic reactive aluminum species. In soft-water systems, calcium may act as antidote against acid and aluminum; however, this function is lost in hard water post mining lakes of similar proton concentrations. Nutrient limitations may occur, but these do not usually control qualitative and quantitative plankton composition. In these lakes, total pelagic biomass is controlled by the bioavailability of nutrients, particularly phosphorus.