发展循环经济 推进资源型城市转型——访安徽铜陵市市委书记姚玉舟

安徽铜陵作为典型的资源型工业城市,几十年来,随着城市的不断发展,矿山的过度开采、资源的逐渐消耗、环境的人为破坏,成为制约该市进一步发展的“瓶颈”和障碍。为贯彻和落实科学发展观,加快推进循环经济发展,促进经济增长方式转变,铜陵市及铜陵有色金属（集团）公司同时被批准为第一批国家循环经济试点单位。铜陵市以打造循环产业链为核心,构建区域大中小循环的资源型城市循环经济发展模式,破解面临的资源枯竭困局,从工业领域重点突破,逐步向农业、服务业等领域推进,对于主导产业链条长、带动力强的资源型城市具有一定的参考意义。     

中国首次出台资源型城市可持续发展的国家级专项规划

据中国政府网消息,为统筹推进全国资源型城市可持续发展,国务院近日印发了《全国资源型城市可持续发展规划（2013-2020年）》（以下简称《规划》）。     

资源枯竭型城市工业固体废弃物回收利用体系建设——以白银市为例

通过对资源枯竭型城市白银市在工业固体废弃物回收利用方面的现状分析发现存在诸多问题,如对固体废弃物回收利用工作重视不够、激励和引导固体废弃物回收利用产业发展的政策不健全、技术体系不完备等。基于循环经济"减量化、再利用、再循环"三原则理念,提出建设资源枯竭型城市工业固体废弃物回收利用体系的一系列措施:提高工业固体废弃物的循环利用效率;完善固体废弃物分类回收系统;开发引进固体废弃物回收利用的高新技术;完善垃圾处理收费及管理制度等。     

“城市矿产”示范基地已成为绿色发展新引擎

近日,国家发展改革委环资司和财政部经建司在长沙召开"国家‘城市矿产’示范基地建设现场会",主要是贯彻落实党的十八大会议精神,总结几年来国家"城市矿产"示范基地建设经验,进一步推进示范基地建设工作,以加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,提高生态文明水平,缓解我国资源环境瓶颈约束。     

“城市矿产”开发是循环经济的永恒亮点

“城市矿产”使城市成为资源循环利用的开发基地。“城市矿产”的开发是在国家指导、规划和资金投入的支持下进行,是缓解我国资源和环境压力,提高环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的多赢举措     

资源型城市统筹规划的思考与建议

以编制区域循环经济发展规划为主线,概述了我国循环经济发展的总体趋势和资源型城市经济转型试点的接续产业发展规划;探索性地提出制定循环经济产业基地集聚区建设规划的工作思路;强调发挥政府规划和投融资政策的引导作用,以及建立产业政策体系和激励机制的必要性。     

推行垃圾分类处理开发“城市矿产”资源——在2012“城市矿产”产业高峰论坛上的讲话

各位领导、各位专家、同志们、朋友们: 大家好! 众所周知,伴随着城市的快速发展,会产生数量庞大的废弃物.将这些城市废弃物开发成为可以利用的城市资源,是发展循环经济的切入点,是产业结构升级的新路径,对于我们建设环境友好型、资源节约型社会,有效缓解资源瓶颈约束,减轻环境污染具有十分重要的意义. 作为"城市矿产"重要组成部分的城市生活垃圾,目前全国各地大多采取卫生填埋、焚烧的处理方式,但这种处理方式存在一些无法回避的缺陷.通过对垃圾的分类处理,充分挖掘垃圾分类回收中蕴含的资源潜力,不仅可以从源头上减少垃圾产量,最大程度避免卫生填埋、焚烧处理方式的缺陷,而且可以变废为宝,化害为利.这是推进垃圾资源化处理的必由之路,也是发展循环经济的重要体现.     

试论城市森林资源的合理利用

城市森林资源是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,针对我国森林资源紧缺的现状,提出合理利用城市森林资源.一方面要在不破坏其生态功能的前提下,合理、有序地利用城市森林资源,另一方面要通过及时补栽等科学的管理方法来促进资源的循环利用与可持续发展.首先,以“城市矿山”理论为基础,从“资源节约”和“循环经济”的角度出发,阐述了合理利用城市森林资源的观点,并作了可行性分析；其次,通过测算武汉市7所大学的森林蓄积量,揭示了我国城市森林资源的巨大潜力；最后,在前面分析的基础上,提出了资源利用的具体实施办法.     

积极开发“城市矿山” 全面协调发展循环经济

从金属资源回收循环利用出发,把城市比喻成为一座储有优良矿产资源的"城市矿山"加以开发,寻求矿物资源,是经济社会可持续发展的必然选择."城市矿山"比天然形成的真正矿山更具开发价值,关键是如何科学有序、有效地开发"城市矿山",需要国家有关部门指导、规划和资金投入的支持.     

国家发展改革委 财政部关于开展城市矿产示范基地建设的通知

<正>各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市、新疆生产建设兵团发展改革委、经贸委(经委、经信委、工信委、工信厅)、财政厅(局):为贯彻落实《循环经济促进法》,推动资源循环利用产业发展,促进循环经济形成较大规模,培育新的经济增长点,缓解资源环境瓶颈约束,加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,国家发展改革委、财政部决定组织开展"城市矿产"示范基地建设。     

Serving the unserved: informal refuse collection in Mexico.

The incomplete collection of municipal solid waste is a significant problem in the cities of many developing countries. Mexican cities collect less than 75% of the waste generated. The uncollected waste generates pollution and poses risks to human health and the environment. Low-income communities comprise most areas that lack refuse collection. In many of the areas where there is no official collection service, informal collectors provide this service for a fee. This paper analyses informal refuse collection in three Mexican cities, and argues that it can supplement municipal collection, create jobs, benefit the economy and help clean up the urban environment.     

A review of municipal solid waste composition and quantities in Poland

A review of results of the research involving the quantitative and composition analyses of household waste conducted in Poland in recent years is presented in this paper. For these analyses various methodologies have been employed, as there is not one obligatory methodology how to characterise municipal solid waste. The results of the research in large Polish cities indicate great variability, which is difficult to be reasonably explained. This situation is affected by a number of factors, such as various methods and places for sample collection, various methods for tests, fractional character of most of the studies (studies carried out only in some periods during a year). Consequently, it is neither possible to measurably compare their results, nor to generalise them. Hence, within this article only individual data for large cities is provided. It is therefore necessary to standardise methodology for such analyses in Europe, taking into account local variability (such as different housing patterns, climate and waste collection schemes) to allow comparison of results.Reported yearly household waste generation in Polish cities varies from 238 to 309 kg per inhabitant. Biodegradable waste is a strongly dominated fraction in household waste from Polish cities, followed by paper/cardboard and plastics. Historical data shows that waste composition has undergone profound changes, the most significant being an increase of the share of plastics and decrease of fine fraction. The presented data indicates that waste composition strongly depends on the type of housing and its heating system. In the new multi-family buildings with central heating the share of paper and plastics is higher than in old houses with individual heating. In the latter ones the share of fine fraction is higher.     

Assessment of the availability of agricultural crop residues in the European Union: Potential and limitations for bioenergy use

This paper provides a resource-based assessment of the available agricultural crop residues for bioenergy production in the European Union, at the level of the 27 Member States. The assessment provides the amount of the residues produced, collected, their present uses and the residues left available for bioenergy. This study considers the crop production and yields and multi-annual yield variation for each crop. The calculation was based on specific residues to product ratios, which were determined, depending on the crop type and crop yield. Sustainable removal rates were considered in order to protect soil fertility. The results show large spatial and temporal variations of available crop residues within EU27. The average amount of crop residues available for bioenergy in EU27 was estimated at 1530 PJ/year, with a variation between 1090 and 1900 PJ/year. The average value represents about 3.2% in final energy consumption in the EU27 while the variation 2.3–4%. This variation, which is even larger at the level of Member States, may result in shortages in biomass supply in some years, when crop residues are available in a lower amount than the average.     

Municipal solid waste source-separated collection in China: A comparative analysis

A pilot program focusing on municipal solid waste (MSW) source-separated collection was launched in eight major cities throughout China in 2000. Detailed investigations were carried out and a comprehensive system was constructed to evaluate the effects of the eight-year implementation in those cities. This paper provides an overview of different methods of collection, transportation, and treatment of MSW in the eight cities; as well as making a comparative analysis of MSW source-separated collection in China. Information about the quantity and composition of MSW shows that the characteristics of MSW are similar, which are low calorific value, high moisture content and high proportion of organisms. Differences which exist among the eight cities in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) are presented in this paper. Only Beijing and Shanghai demonstrated a relatively effective result in the implementation of MSW source-separated collection. While the six remaining cities result in poor performance. Considering the current status of MSWM, source-separated collection should be a key priority. Thus, a wider range of cities should participate in this program instead of merely the eight pilot cities. It is evident that an integrated MSWM system is urgently needed. Kitchen waste and recyclables are encouraged to be separated at the source. Stakeholders involved play an important role in MSWM, thus their responsibilities should be clearly identified. Improvement in legislation, coordination mechanisms and public education are problematic issues that need to be addressed.     

Is there a difference between urban and rural areas in the disposal of home medical care waste? 13 years of nation-wide repeated cross-sectional study in Japan

Home medical care (HMC) is advancing not only in Japan but also throughout the world. In Japan, HMC waste is legally classified as municipal waste. Nevertheless, some municipalities do not collect some or all the HMC waste because of fear of infection. Therefore, this study was conducted to clarify the following two issues: First, have the municipalities made progress in collecting and appropriate disposal of HMC waste in the past 13 years? Second, is there a difference between a large city and a small city in terms of appropriate disposal progress? A total of 687 municipalities published the treatment of HMC waste. Currently, 42 municipalities collected all HMC waste. 236 municipalities were collecting HMC waste except for self-injection needle. 117 municipalities were collecting HMC waste except for self-injection needle and Syringe. The collection status of HMC waste was better in cities with high population than in cities with low population. HMC waste collection status was progressed over 13 years. However, more than 60% of the municipality staff stated that they could not avoid being anxious about infection caused by HMC waste. We suggest that providing HMC waste education to the municipalities wherein these efforts have not yet progressed is important.

     

A Comparative Overview Of Recycling In London And Hamburg

The level of recycling for household waste is significantly higher in Hamburg than in London, yet the extent of materials recovery in both cities is well below technically achievable levels. This paper shows that the higher level of recycling in Hamburg can be accounted for by three main factors: a higher density of recycling facilities combined with the use of more sophisticated collection systems such as a dual-bin service for putrescible wastes; a unified administrative structure for waste management under direct control of an elected regional government; and finally, a system of proportional representation in local government allowing environmentalist political demands to be directly translated into public policy. Despite these differences however, both cities face difficulties with the expansion of recycling derived from the weakness of the secondary materials market, the lack of legislative control over the size and composition of the waste stream, the fiscal constraints on local government and the expense of comprehensive recycling programmes in comparison with alternative forms of waste disposal. This paper concludes that the high cost of recycling presents a fundamental political dilemma for sustainable waste management policy in developed economies.     

Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: an insight

Solid waste management is one of the most challenging issues in urban cities, which are facing a serious pollution problem due to the generation of huge quantities of solid waste. This paper presents an assessment of the existing situation of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in major cities in India. The quantity and composition of MSW vary from place to place, and bear a rather consistent correlation with the average standard of living. Extensive field investigations were carried out for quantification, analysis of physical composition, and characterization of MSW in each of the identified cities. The MSW management status (per the MSW Rules, 2000) has also been assessed, and an action plan for better management has been formulated; both are presented in this paper. Studies carried out in 59 selected cities in India have revealed that there are many shortcomings in the existing practices used in managing the MSW. These shortcomings pertain mainly to inadequate manpower, financial resources, implements, and machinery required for effectively carrying out various activities for MSWM. To overcome the deficiencies in the existing MSWM systems, an indicative action plan has been presented incorporating strategies and guidelines. Based on this plan, municipal agencies can prepare specific action plans for their respective cities.     

New Non-food-Based Composites of Acorn Nutlet and Polycaprolactone: Preparation and Characterization Evaluation

Two dissimilar renewable resource-based thermoplastic acorn nutlet (TPAN) materials were prepared via twin-screw extrusion with the aid of glycerol or monoethanolamine as plasticizers, and then two TPAN/polycaprolactone (PCL) composites with different plasticized systems were prepared. Mechanical test showed that glycerol-based composites had excellent tensile properties, and at a PCL content of 50 wt%, their tensile strength and elongation at break reached 14.4 MPa and 1,361 %, respectively. The micro-morphologic investigation of liquid-nitrogen brittle fracture surface indicated certain interface adhesion between glycerol-based thermoplastic acorn nutlet (GTPAN) and PCL. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis , differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the weight ratios of TPAN in composites significantly affected the crystallinity, glass transition temperature (T_g), melting temperature (T_m) and thermal stability of composites. Soil burial degradation analysis displayed that all composites had excellent biodegradability. These results demonstrated that GTPAN/PCL composites had superior mechanical and biodegradable properties, enough to partially replace the conventional thermoplastic plastics.     

Integrated approach to solid waste management in Chennai: an Indian metro city

Management of municipal solid waste is a major problem for most of the Indian cities due to the growing urban population and per capita waste generation rate, inadequate public participation and the deplorable organizational and financial capacities of urban local bodies. This article highlights the interventions required for sustainable solid waste management in Indian cities by analyzing the waste generation, collection, and disposal scenario of a metro city in India along with the regulatory and institutional frame work. It advocates a phased and integrated approach taking into account the operational hurdles and the capacity building of local bodies with the support of educational organizations.