罗非鱼对富营养型水体中沉水植物苦草的影响

通过室外模拟实验,分别设置罗非鱼组和无鱼对照组的两组处理,研究了尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）对富营养型水体中沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria spiralis）的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼显著地增加了水中总氮和总磷的质量浓度,同时浮游植物的生物量（叶绿素a）也明显增加;罗非鱼组中的附着藻类的生物量却显著低于无鱼的对照组;罗非鱼组中苦草的相对生长率为-10mg·g-1·d-1,显著低于对照组中苦草的相对生长率7mg·g-1·d-1。罗非鱼的直接牧食可能是苦草生物量降低的主要原因。研究说明,过高的罗非鱼密度会导致沉水植被退化,要保持沉水植被为优势的湖泊清水态,必须控制罗非鱼密度。     

水体氮质量浓度升高对附着藻生长和元素计量特征的影响

附着藻是浅水湖泊重要的初级生产者,水体氮磷质量浓度升高会影响附着藻的生物量和元素计量特征,从而改变牧食螺类的食物数量和质量,进而影响牧食螺类生长及其与沉水植物之间的相互关系。为了探索氮负荷升高对附着藻生物量和质量的影响,基于受控实验研究了水体氮质量浓度升高(总氮2、4、6、8和10 mg·L~(-1);总磷各处理组均为0.1 mg·L~(-1))对附着藻生长和元素计量特征的影响。实验前测定湖水氮、磷本底质量浓度,通过添加配置的营养盐溶液(氮为KNO_3,磷为KH_2PO_4),使其达到实验设计的质量浓度。每3天换1次水以控制营养盐质量浓度。在每个玻璃缸中放置5片聚乙烯附着基用于采集附着藻。实验结束时测定附着藻生物量、氮及磷含量,并计算附着藻的生长率。结果表明:随着氮质量浓度升高,附着藻的生物量和生长率呈先增加后降低趋势,在氮质量浓度为6 mg·L~(-1)时达到最大值。附着藻氮含量和氮磷比随水体氮质量浓度的升高,亦呈现先增加后降低的趋势,氮含量最大值出现在8 mg·L~(-1)处理组,氮磷比最大值出现在6 mg·L~(-1)组。附着藻氮含量与水体氮质量浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.614,P0.001)。分析认为,附着藻生长率、氮含量及氮磷比在一定范围内随着水体氮质量浓度升高而增加,当氮质量浓度超过一定范围时,三者反而降低。     

附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻生长的研究

以沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttalii(Plant.)ST.John.)为研究对象,室内利用原位湖水进行培养,通过测定伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数、光合作用速率等指标,研究了附着生物量的增加对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响。结果表明,随着附着生物处理量的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率随之下降,50d后,各处理的生物量与对照相比分别减少了约5%~15%,叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率下降了20%~43%、10%~36%。同时也分析了丝状藻对沉水植物伊乐藻的遮阴作用,初步推测附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响可能是由于附着生物的遮荫作用。研究的结果为揭示富营养化湖泊沉水植被衰退的机理提供了理论依据。     

生长不同根冠比沉水植物的实验水体对磷输入的响应比较研究

沉水植物是维持浅水湖泊清水型生态系统的关键因子.沉水植物可以从水和沉积物中吸收营养盐,但具有不同根冠比的种类有明显的差异,因此对生态系统的影响可能存在差异.以根冠比不同的两种常见沉水植物——苦草(Vallisneria natans)和轮叶黑藻(简称黑藻)(Hydrilla verticillata)为研究对象,通过建立实验水体,比较不同磷负荷条件下沉水植物生物量、水和沉积物中磷含量的变化,以探讨具有不同沉水植物种群的水体对外源营养盐负荷的响应特征.结果显示:随着磷负荷增加,苦草生物量降低,而黑藻生物量上升;苦草的根冠比显著高于黑藻,且两种沉水植物的根冠比都随磷负荷增加而降低.与没有沉水植物的结果比较显示:苦草和黑藻在不同磷负荷条件下,都能显著降低水和沉积物中磷的含量;苦草对沉积物中磷含量的影响大于黑藻,而黑藻对水中磷含量的影响大于苦草.因此,在外源营养盐负荷较高时,黑藻比苦草能更有效地削减水中磷浓度,从而更有利于维持浅水湖泊清水型生态系统;但沉积物扰动较强时,苦草和黑藻对水体的影响尚需进一步研究.     

菹草生物量控制对群落中沉水植物生长及水质的影响

沉生植物对维护和提高湖泊生态系统的生物多样性和稳定性,控制湖泊富营养化具有重要生态价值。对于可在水面形成致密冠层的沉水植物,生物量过大时可能会对水体功能产生不利的影响。实验通过对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)+金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)群落中菹草在春季暴发时采取不同菹草收割强度(100%、80%、60%、40%、20%和0%的收割)进行生物量控制。每种收割处理均在底泥厚度为15 cm,水深为110 cm独立实验池中(4 m长×2 m宽×2.5 m深)进行。实验研究生物量调控对冬季种菹草与春季种金鱼藻交替及水质的影响,探讨群落中菹草的最佳生物量控制强度,为草型湖泊进行沉水植物生态管理提供依据。结果表明:在40%、20%和0%(未收割)菹草收割强度处理下菹草容易产生断枝并且整株上浮,更高强度的收割减小了植株受到的浮力,促进了群落中菹草和金鱼藻的生长,并延长了菹草的生命周期,推迟了菹草的上浮时间。菹草遮光效应在一定程度上促进了金鱼藻的生长,中等偏高强度的菹草收割使得菹草和金鱼藻均处在较高的生物量水平,维持了群落的稳定性。在菹草生长期对其进行60%~80%收割可维持水体营养盐在较低的水平,并能实现冬季种沉水植物菹草与春季种沉水植物金鱼藻在群落中有效交替,可缓解存留菹草衰亡给水质带来的不利影响,强化沉水植物群落的水质净化功能。     

西湖沉水植物恢复过程中物种多样性的变化

中国湖泊的富营养化与生态系统退化问题已非常严重,太湖、滇池、东湖、西湖等许多湖泊都出现了不同程度的富营养化现象,水生植被消亡、蓝藻水华频发,已经成为制约区域经济社会可持续发展的重要限制因素。沉水植物的恢复重建已成为富营养化水体生态修复的关键手段之一与研究热点。对国家"十二五"水专项的浙江杭州西湖的沉水植物恢复示范区中的物种多样性的变化特征进行了分析,依据植物种在示范区各水域的出现频率与各生活型植物种的组成,探讨了沉水植物恢复过程中植物种绝灭与定居特点。物种多样性指数分析表明:沉水植物恢复工程是沉水植物物种多样性不断增加的过程,恢复工程首先导致恢复示范区内特有种的出现,其次为稀有种。从植物的生活型来看,多年生沉水植物受示范工程的影响最大,而一年生沉水植物可存活于示范工程区的内部与外部,在示范工程区内沉水植物物种的绝灭速率小于定居速率。这表明,在湖泊恢复沉水植物,第一,必须要有一定的保护区域;第二,要合理利用湖泊资源,实行科学的湖泊管理制度;第三,有效恢复沉水植物群落需要经历一定时间与空间的生态重组过程。     

生态修复对浅水湖泊沉积物磷形态特征及湖水磷浓度的影响

以恢复沉水植物为主要手段在浅水富营养化湖泊修复中得到广泛应用,但修复后水质差异很大,可能与沉积物特征有关.暨南大学南湖是浅水富营养化湖泊,在削减外源负荷后,实施了沉水植物恢复等修复工程.本研究选择具有不同水质的区域,采集水样与沉积物,分析沉积物NH4Cl-P(弱结合态磷)、Fe-P(铁结合态磷)、Al-P(铝结合态磷)、Bio-P(细菌可利用性磷)、Ca-P(钙结合态磷)和Ref-P(残渣磷)6种形态的磷,并检测水质差异,以探讨生态修复对沉积物磷形态及水体磷浓度的影响.结果显示,沉水植物较丰富的2号点沉积物密度显著高于沉水植物较少的1号点,2号点沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P和Ref-P含量较高,沉积物磷最大释放潜力(P-MSP)为4.87 mg/L,大幅高于1号点的2.58mg/L,然而2号点水体磷浓度却低于1号点,1号点水体的总磷、颗粒态磷、总溶解性磷和溶解活性磷浓度分别为2号点的1.29倍、1.11倍、1.17倍和1.14倍,水质较2号点差.本研究说明沉水植物能抑制沉积物中磷的释放,提高沉积物对磷的滞留能力,从而降低水体磷含量,改善水质.     

武汉市湖泊蓝藻分布影响因子分析

对武汉市15个浅水湖泊在不同水期的浮游植物进行调查,同时监测相应的环境因子指标;以蓝藻物种多度及生物量数据和9个环境因子进行了典范对应分析(CCA).物种鉴定结果表明武汉市湖泊蓝藻的常见属有微囊藻(Microcystis)、螺旋藻(Spirulina)、平裂藻(Merismopedia)和色球藻(Chroococcus)等.CCA分析结果表明水温、水深、pH、浮游动物生物量是影响城市浅水小型湖泊蓝藻种类组成及分布的主要因子,同时绿藻生物量等对蓝藻组成分布也有一定的影响;由于武汉市浅水湖泊的高营养盐浓度,总磷及氮磷比不再是蓝藻生长的限制因子.＃     

几种观赏型沉水植物对富营养化蓝绿藻类的抑制作用

一些大型沉水植物种类的存在对"水华"藻类的生长具有抑制作用,其主要机制是水生高等植物不仅与藻类竞争营养、光照和生长空间等生态资源,而且还可以向水中分泌具有抑制藻类生长的化感物质。通过连续滴加种植水的方式研究了3种观赏型沉水植物矮慈菇(Sagittaria pygmaea Miq)、杉叶藻(Hippuris vulgaris.)、石龙尾(Limnophila heterophylla)对5种富营养化淡水藻,蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugnasa)、纤维席藻(Phormidium tenue);绿藻:衣藻(Chlamy domonas sajao)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quaclricauda)、小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的抑制作用。研究结果表明:(1)矮慈菇种植水对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻、纤维席藻的生长没有影响,对小球藻的生长具有促进作用,对衣藻的生长具有明显的抑制作用;(2)杉叶藻种植水小球藻、衣藻和纤维席藻的生长没有影响,对四尾栅藻的生长具有促进作用,对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显的抑制作用;(3)石龙尾种植水对小球藻、四尾栅藻、纤维席藻都具有明显的抑制作用,对铜绿微囊藻的生长没有影响,对衣藻的生长具有促进作用。3种沉水植物中,石龙尾的抑藻能力最强,矮慈菇和杉叶藻次之,石龙尾的化感抑藻效应更具有广谱性,在富营养化水体中与蓝绿藻类的竞争更具有优势,比较适用于改善城市景观水体水环境质量。     

底质中氨氮对沉水植物生长的影响

沉水植物的生长不但与水体营养盐浓度具有十分密切的关系,也受底泥中营养物质的影响,尤其是底泥中氨氮的含量对于植物生长具有重要的作用,因此研究底质中氨氮对高等沉水植物生长的影响,能够为沉水植被的重建及选种提供科学参考。作者在人工配制的7种含不同浓度铵态氮的底质条件下,通过测定苦草VallisnerianatansL.和伊乐藻Elodeanuttallii两种沉水植物的植株鲜物质量的变化、干物质量、根系的活力、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,以期明确这两种沉水植物与水体底质浓度之间的关系。试验结果表明,氨氮起始质量分数<50mg·kg-1和<500mg·kg-1时可以分别促进苦草和伊乐藻鲜物质量、干物质量和根系活力的增加,大于此范围则会抑制苦草VallisnerianatansL和伊乐藻Elodeanuttallii的生长。     

Benthic-planktonic coupling, regime shifts, and whole-lake primary production in shallow lakes

Alternative stable states in shallow lakes are typically characterized by submerged macrophyte (clear-water state) or phytoplankton (turbid state) dominance. However, a clear-water state may occur in eutrophic lakes even when macrophytes are absent. To test whether sediment algae could cause a regime shift in the absence of macrophytes, we developed a model of benthic (periphyton) and planktonic (phytoplankton) primary production using parameters derived from a shallow macrophyte-free lake that shifted from a turbid to a clear-water state following fish removal (biomanipulation). The model includes a negative feedback effect of periphyton on phosphorus (P) release from sediments. This in turn induces a positive feedback between phytoplankton production and P release. Scenarios incorporating a gradient of external P loading rates revealed that (1) periphyton and phytoplankton both contributed substantially to whole-lake production over a broad range of external P loading in a clear-water state; (2) during the clear-water state, the loss of benthic production was gradually replaced by phytoplankton production, leaving whole-lake production largely unchanged; (3) the responses of lakes to biomanipulation and increased external P loading were both dependent on lake morphometry; and (4) the capacity of periphyton to buffer the effects of increased external P loading and maintain a clear-water state was highly sensitive to relationships between light availability at the sediment surface and the of P release. Our model suggests a mechanism for the persistence of alternative states in shallow macrophyte-free lakes and demonstrates that regime shifts may trigger profound changes in ecosystem structure and function.     

不同底质和透明度下马来眼子菜的表型可塑性研究

马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianusMiq.)是目前太湖沉水植物优势种之一。文章比较分析了3种不同底质和透明度情况下马来眼子菜的生长特征,探索其在太湖不断扩展的原因及其适应性。分别选取粘土质粉砂、粉砂和下蜀黄土底质上生长的马来眼子菜进行观察试验。结果表明,这3种底质在粒度组成、营养盐和分布特征上具有显著差异。在太湖粘土质粉砂和粉砂底质上马来眼子菜的生物量比下蜀黄土底质上的马来眼子菜高,其生物量随着底质营养盐的增加而增加。马来眼子菜与觅光相关的形态指标,如高度、节间距、节数、叶数、叶长及叶面积均随着底质营养盐的增加而显著增加。马来眼子菜的冠层高度与水体的透明度呈显著负相关,表明其对剧烈变化的湖泊光环境具有很强的适应能力。马来眼子菜在不同底质上的形态可塑性是其优先占据湖泊资源成为优势种的重要原因。     

Modeling the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes in ecological dynamics of shallow lakes: A new model of fish functional response

Submerged macrophytes often provide refuge for zooplankton from fish predation in temperate and subtropical shallow lakes. However, since the relationship between submerged macrophyte abundance and its refuge effect has not been well established, the refuge effect is difficult to be simulated. In this paper, we constructed mathematical models to describe the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes on fish foraging activities and ecological dynamics of shallow lakes based on the previous studies. We clarified the underlying behavioral mechanisms of the observed functional responses through analyses of the fish foraging behavior, extracted the affected variables related to the refuge effect, formulized the relationship between the affected variables and submerged vegetation density, and determined parameter values with a compensative procedure. Calibration and validation results indicated that the new functional response model was successful to simulate the refuge effect on interfering with fish foraging behavior. Moreover, the model was cooperated into a minimal ecological model for shallow lakes. Modeling results showed that the model was able to simulate the refuge effect in ecological dynamics, and made the ecological model produce significantly different results from those with the existing functional response models.     

草、藻型湖泊水体生态及理化特性的实验对比

2006年9月,根据营养水平和种植水草的差异设计了6个浅水湖泊模拟系统,实验用水草为菹草(Potamogeton crispusLinn.)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus-Miq).在15个月实验期间,通过多次监测各系统的景观外貌和水质,对草、藻型湖泊生态及理化特性的差异进行研究,得出以下结论:(1)草、藻型系统分别对应清水和浊水2种状态,景观外貌差异很大.(2)水草可使湖泊系统维持在清水状态,在一定条件下,甚至可使富营养化湖泊维持在清水状态;但是水草腐烂分解等也可使水质迅速恶化,甚至引起湖泊草、藻状态的转变;关键在于,对于不断变化的环境条件,系统内水草能否健康生长.(3)由于营养和生产力水平低,贫营养系统的水质指标随时间变化较小,草、藻型系统间的差异不明显,DO变化范围分别为8.1～14.4 mg·L~(-1)、7.5～11.6 mg·L~(-1),pH 8.71～9.89、8.25～9.22,TP 0.006～0.012 mg·L~(-1)、0.006～0.053 mg·L~(-1),TN 0.11～0.71 mg·L~(-1)、0.10～0.83 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 0.01～0.17 mg·L~(-1)、0.01～0.26 mg·L~(-1),PO_4~(3-)-P 0.002～0.012 mg·L~(-1)、0.000～0.008mg·L~(-1).(4)由于水草和藻类的大量生长等,中营养与富营养系统湖水的DO、pH、水温和NH_4~+-N的日变化明显,日变化曲线呈“⌒”形,且具有季节性变化规律;由于水草向底泥中输氧气等原因,与藻型湖泊相比,草型湖泊水中TP、TN和NH_4~+-N的浓度较低,PO_4~(3-)-P浓度较高,草、藻型系统的TP均值分别为0.16、0.51 mg·L~(-1),TN 1.30、8.32 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 0.19、0.43mg·L~(-1),PO_4~(3-)-P 0.07、0.01 mg·L~(-1).     

Combination of two indication systems in pre-alpine lakes — diatom index and macrophyte index

Since the climax of eutrophication in the early 1980s mainly greater lakes have been investigated and monitored in terms of their nutrient charge. In the future there will still be a need to develop guidelines for monitoring the trophic status of smaller lakes. Four small lakes were investigated by the author in the years 1996 and 1997. In order to define the nutrient charge of those lakes more precisely, special emphasis has been put upon the two criteria diatoms and macrophytes. Eventually an evaluation of the lakes' catchment areas will also be an important component of these studies. Benthic diatoms are the main part of periphyton. As unicellular fast reproducing organisms they are excellent indicators for trophic situations in lakes. The diatom index denotes the trophic status of the littoral zone during the last few weeks before sampling. The macrophytes, however, reflect the nutrient charge over a longer period, i.e. several years. The macrophyte index is based on the fact that some species are most prevalent at certain nutrient loads. The effort to combine these two indication systems carries a high resolution of spatial nutrient changes as well as in temporally changes.     

Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty

There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers.     

不同温度对沉水植物保护酶活性的影响

富营养化导致了湖泊沉水植被消亡,是我国众多湖泊存在的普遍现象.在富营养化未能有效控制的前提下,采用人工措施重建沉水植被,已被水环境工作者普遍关注.然而,受水体温度、透明度、营养盐以及适宜的物种等限制,沉水植被的有效重建面临诸多困难.本研究着眼于温度对沉水植被重建的影响,设置了5、10、15、25、30、35℃6个温度处理,在人工气候箱培养条件下,对黑藻Hydrilla verticillata和马来眼子菜Potamogeton malaianus在5 h、10h、14h和7d处理后的蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了测试.同时考察了实验前后植物生物量积累的情况,比较了不同温度胁迫下,两种植物生物量的净积累与抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量的关系,试图为沉水植被的恢复提供理论依据和经验借鉴.结果表明,25℃是两种植物生物量净积累的最佳温度,此温度下,各种酶活性和可溶性蛋白未随处理时间的延长而显著变化.高于或低于25℃的处理,生物量净积累显著下降.并且,表现为短期胁迫5～14h内,各种酶活性和可溶性蛋白随处理时间的延长呈上升或下降的趋势,7 d长期胁迫后上述指标均低于25℃处理.结果表明,25℃外,其它处理均不同程度受到了温度的胁迫.短期胁迫,各处理的酶活性和可溶性蛋白表现了激烈的响应,以清除和维持植物体内活性氧的平衡和植物细胞较低的渗透势,保持植物正常的代谢活动.随着胁迫时间的延续,抗氧化酶系统受损,可溶性蛋白降低,植物正常的代谢紊乱,最终导致实验结束时,各处理植物生物量的积累存在较大差异.     

盐胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生长的影响

冷季型草坪草在不同盐离子含量的胁迫下生长,其各项生理指标都会发生相应的变化,这些变化可以反应出不同草坪草抗逆性的强弱.本实验所用的品种为早熟禾P.Pratensis L.、黑麦草L.Perenne L.、高羊茅F.Arundinacea Schreb..3种草均为冷季型草坪草.将氯化钠溶液设为5个处理,其质量分数分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和一个对照,每个处理3次重复.将处理后3种草坪草的种子,播于营养钵中,实验室内培养.每日浇灌相对应的盐溶液,浇灌量为约2/3的溶液流出.待幼苗长到5～7 cm时,进行测定.在盐胁迫条件下,通过对黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾的发芽率、POD酶活性、质膜相对电导率等生理指标测定的研究,结果表明黑麦草抗盐性较强,早熟禾的耐盐性较弱.为在盐碱地上种植草坪提供了参考依据.     

Marsh macrophyte responses to inundation anticipate impacts of sea-level rise and indicate ongoing drowning of North Carolina marshes

In situ persistence of coastal marsh habitat as sea level rises depends on whether macrophytes induce compensatory accretion of the marsh surface. Experimental planters in two North Carolina marshes served to expose two dominant macrophyte species to six different elevations spanning 0.75 m (inundation durations 0.4–99 %). Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus exhibited similar responses—with production in planters suggesting initial increases and then demonstrating subsequent steep declines with increasing inundation, conforming to a segment of the ecophysiological parabola. Projecting inundation levels experienced by macrophytes in the planters onto adjacent marsh platforms revealed that neither species occupied elevations associated with increasing production. Declining macrophyte production with rising seas reduces both bioaccumulation of roots below-ground and baffle-induced sedimentation above-ground. By occupying only descending portions of the parabola, macrophytes in central North Carolina marshes are responding to rising water levels by progressive declines in production, ultimately leading to marsh drowning.