化学淋洗—H2O2-O3-UV复合催化氧化技术修复硝基甲苯一氯、二氯代物污染土壤工程实例

针对某退役化工企业地块的关注污染物硝基甲苯一氯、二氯代物的历史形成、污染状况和土质特点,在小试技术验证的基础上,采用化学淋洗—H₂O₂-O₃-UV复合催化氧化技术进行受污染土壤异位修复的工程实践。结果表明,该技术能较好地适用于关注污染物的土壤修复工程,修复后指标明显优于目标值,且造价和运行费用较低,具有显著的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益,有一定的推广价值。     

脱硝性能V2O5-WO3-CeO2/TiO2催化剂的制备及其

采用一步浸渍法和分步浸渍法分别制备了V_2O_5-WO_3-CeO_2/TiO_2催化剂,考查了其脱硝性能、抗SO_2中毒性能和脱硝活性稳定性,并通过SEM、EDS、XRD、激光拉曼等技术对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:分步浸渍法制备的催化剂的脱硝活性优于一步浸渍法,且抗SO_2中毒能力更强;在m(V_2O_5)∶m(WO_3)∶m(CeO_2)∶m(TiO_2)=1∶5∶10∶100时催化剂脱硝活性最佳,且具有良好的脱硝活性稳定性。表征结果显示,分步浸渍法与一步浸渍法制备的催化剂晶型结构相差不大,而分步浸渍法制备的催化剂颗粒粒径更小、更均匀,催化剂中Ce、O、V和W元素的含量更高。     

水合物法分离CO2研究

混合气体在形成水合物时,水合物内的气体组分与气相内不同。CO2溶解度远高于N2、O2、H2等气体,因此水合物法可分离燃煤电厂烟气中的CO2。分析了气体组成、压力、温度、促进剂和多孔介质等因素对水合物法分离CO2的影响,指出采用耦合技术降低操作压力和提高水合速度是今后改进和努力的方向。     

火电厂CO2捕集与封存技术探讨

火电厂CO2减排技术主要包括燃烧前处理、燃烧中减排及燃烧后捕集三类。介绍了IGCC、富氧燃烧、胺吸收法、生物法等CO2捕集与封存技术,分析其存在问题及应用前景。     

燃煤烟气中CO_2脱除方法的分析与探讨

作为主要的温室气体,CO2减排问题引起全球范围的广泛关注。阐述了燃煤烟气中CO2脱除的多种方法,分析比较了CO2的吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法等的特点及各自的优缺点,侧重介绍了有机胺和氨水脱除的技术进展,并介绍了氨水烟气脱碳的部分试验结果。     

副产液体SO2的烟气脱硫技术

介绍了资源化法烟气脱硫技术的工艺原理和工艺流程.相关试验表明,资源化法烟气脱硫技术具有脱硫效率高、设备投资省、运行费用低、可靠性高、操作简便、实现硫资源的回收利用等诸多优点.     

液相催化氧化法脱除燃煤烟气中多污染物研究进展

针对燃煤烟气中SO₂、NO_x和重金属Hg等污染物,可将多个单一污染物控制系统串联进行脱除,但存在系统庞杂、运行成本高等问题,因此开发经济高效的一体化脱除技术十分必要。液相催化氧化法能够在液相中对多污染物进行联合脱除。根据使用氧化剂的不同,对不同的液相催化氧化法进行了详细论述,包括H₂O₂氧化法、次氯酸盐及亚氯酸盐氧化法、过二硫酸盐和过一硫酸氢盐氧化法等,总结了各种方法的优缺点,并对未来的研究方向提出了建议。     

烟道气回收CO_25万t/a生产装置

四川维尼纶厂于 1 996年建成的以天然气为原料的精甲醇装置合成气碳氢不平衡 ,每小时需补充CO2 2 50 0 m3。 1 997年初该厂采用了成都华西化工研究所提供的利用 MEA水溶液常温常压吸收烟道气中的 CO2 ,再升温解吸获取纯 CO2 5万 t/ a的技术方案 ,并委托成都华西化工研究所完成设计和工程建设。该装置于 1 998年初建成 ,一次试车成功 ,按合同正常运行 1 a后于 1 999年 4月验收正式转交。该装置可处理常压、1 45℃、CO2 体积分数为7%～ 8%的烟道气 4 80 0 0 m3/ h,年产纯度大于99.5%的 CO2 气体 5万 t。该装置具有如下技术特点 :( 1 )低…     

氨法在燃煤电厂烟气治理中的应用和发展

燃煤排放的CO2、SO2、NOx等气态污染物会造成酸雨、温室效应、臭氧层破坏等一系列的大气环境问题。减少和抑制燃煤电厂燃烧过程中污染气体的排放,是实现清洁生产和能源可持续发展的基本需要。氨法烟气治理技术作为电厂排放烟气处理的新兴技术,以其污染物脱除效率高、耗能小、二次污染低、脱除副产品可资源化等特点,得到了越来越多的关注,并已在部分燃煤电厂得到成功的应用。对氨法脱除烟气中气态污染物技术进行了分析和总结,并对其应用前景进行了分析和预测,指出了氨法烟气治理技术在燃煤电厂烟气处理方面具有良好的经济、社会和环保效益,并具有广阔的发展前景。     

利用固体吸附剂去除烟道气中的CO_2

以色列 Solmecs公司开发出一种从气流 (电厂烟道气 )中去除 CO2 的新方法。该法被称作化学 -温度 -交替吸附 ( CTSA)法 ,使用一种由该公司开发出的具有专利权的固体吸附剂。这种高孔隙度吸附剂在 4 5～ 65℃利用化学吸附将 CO2 从气流中吸附去除 ;吸附的 CO2 在 1 0 0～ 1 2 5℃被解吸 ,同时使吸附剂的活性再生。据估计 ,该法的投资为 60 0美元 /( t CO2 ·h- 1 ) ,而传统的胺吸附法的投资为 90 0美元。新法的运转费用为 2 0美元 /t CO2 ,而胺法为 35～ 4 0美元。新法费用低的原因是因为其设备简单 ,能耗低及运转稳定。该法已完成实验…     

An accelerated laboratory study evaluating the disintegration rates of plastic films in simulated aquatic environments

Six plastic films were exposed to accelerated sunlight while in simulated aquatic environments to determine the effects of chemical composition and environment on the disintegration rates. An environment of UV light/no water was used as a control to determine if the microorganisms in the aquatic systems enhanced the breakdown of the plastic films. The disintegration rate of the plastics was determined by monitoring changes in selected physical properties. The plastics included two conventional plastics commonly used in packaging (LDPE and polystyrene) and four plastics enhanced to have more rapid breakdown in the environment (2% ECO, 10% ECO, PE with ketone graft, and PE with starch). The two ECO copolymers had a significantly faster loss of physical properties than the other plastics evaluated in this study. Degradation was influenced by environmental conditions. Those plastics that showed a change in physical properties had a greater change faster in the UV light/no water than in the environments where water was present. Plastics on the surface of the water showed a more rapid loss of properties than those samples partially or completely submerged. This can be attributed to decreased light intensity and the lack of heat buildup.     

Bench-scale testing of a novel soil PFAS treatment train for informed remedial planning and decision-making

Bench-scale batch tests were conducted to assess the potential applicability of a combined separation/concentration/destruction treatment train to address soils and sediments impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination at Schriever Space Force Base with historic aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). Specifically, a novel treatment train coupling soil washing (for treatment of impacted soil/sediment) with foam fractionation (for treatment of the wash water [WW] generated during soil washing) and electrochemical oxidation (ECO, for treatment of the foam fractionate generated during foam fractionation) was evaluated at the bench scale using site-specific materials. Results presented herein show that the AFFF-impacted sandy soils with low organic content were amenable to treatment via soil washing. However, the removal of hydrophobic PFAS, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), from the organic-rich sediments was challenging. Results from batch desorption experiments were within a factor of 2 of those generated by soil washing bench studies, suggesting that simple batch tests can potentially be used to reasonably predict the treatment efficacy of soil washing. Long-chained perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) within the WW were removed more effectively in the foam fractionation studies as compared to short-chain PFAAs. Addition of a surfactant, such as cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), enhanced foaming but only marginally improved the treatment of short-chained PFAAs and in some cases inhibited PFOS removal. ECO reduced PFAS concentrations in the foam fractionate generated during foam fractionation by several orders of magnitude. However, generation of unwanted byproducts may warrant further treatment and/or disposal. Overall, results from this study provide a novel data set highlighting the site-dependent nature of these PFAS remedial technologies and how simple, low-cost bench tests can be reliably leveraged for informed decision-making during PFAS remedial planning.     

CO2资源化利用的现状及前景

介绍了CO2分离捕集最新工艺——电化学法、膜法、化学循环燃烧法的研究进展。评述分析了CO2的各种资源化应用前景：CO2气体用作生物碳源、辅助注射成型剂及有机物（如氨基甲酸酯、表面活性剂）合成原料等;液态CO2用于人造金刚石、热泵干燥、超临界CO2萃取及固体干冰冷喷射清洗等。CO2作为一种潜在的丰富碳源,应不断研发其新的应用领域,加快其工业化应用。     

Laboratory studies on the remediation of mercury contaminated soils

Mercury, in contrast to other toxic metals, cycles between the atmosphere, land, and water. During this cycle, it undergoes a series of complex chemical and physical transformations. Because of these transformations, it is found in the environment not only as simple inorganic and organic compounds, but also as complex compounds. As a result, it is difficult to remediate mercury contaminated materials. Laboratory studies were conducted with a mercury contaminated complex waste from an industrial site to evaluate the ability of extractants such as H₂O₂, H₂SO₄ and Na₂S₂O₃ to decontaminate the waste. Up to 87 percent of the total mercury present in the waste was extracted. Mercury was recovered as insoluble mercury sulfide by adding Na₂S solution to the combined filtrates from the H₂O₂ + H₂SO₄ and Na₂S₂O₃ treatment steps. The technique described in this article is capable of recovering mercury in a usable form and can be used as a pretreatment to remediate mercury contaminated waste before laud disposal.     

火电厂降低PM2.5排放措施研究

简要介绍了几种新型实用的火电厂降低PM2.5排放的控制技术,为火电厂最大限度的降低PM2.5排放提供系统的设计方案。     

Chemical and microbiological stability of waste sludge from paper industry intended for brick production.

Due to its chemical composition, waste sludge generated in the paper industry may be used as a raw material for brick production. Brick manufacture is limited to the warmer months of the year whereas sludge is produced continuously by different effluent treatment devices. Therefore, it has to be stored until further processing. For this reason, it is essential that it is not subject to significant chemical and microbiological decomposition during storage. In the experiment, sludge from a tissue paper mill was tested for its stability. It was stored for several weeks during winter and summer periods in a pile, 2 m in height, in an open but covered store. Different leachable organic and inorganic compounds indicating possible ongoing deterioration processes, as well as pH value, redox potential, temperature, humidity and dry matter content were evaluated weekly in water extracts of homogenized sludge samples. According to the test results, the material may be considered to be chemically and microbiologically stable as there was practically no emission of odorous and toxic compounds such as H2S, NH3 and butyric acid despite prolonged storage times and elevated environmental temperatures. All the microbial species identified in the sludge during storage belong to the typical microflora of the environment.     

脱硫废水和澄清器废水的综合利用研究

某公司2×300 MW机组脱硫废水和澄清器废水均未经处理直接外排,造成废水超标排放.经分析研究,两种废水混合后呈中性,采用压滤处理后,出水回用于燃料系统,既消除了环境污染,同时又减少了新鲜水用量,环境、经济效益显著.     

N2O emission from a combined ex-situ nitrification and in-situ denitrification bioreactor landfill

A combined process comprised of ex-situ nitrification in an aged refuse bioreactor (designated as A bioreactor) and in-situ denitrification in a fresh refuse bioreactor (designated as F bioreactor) was constructed for investigating N₂O emission during the stabilization of municipal solid waste (MSW). The results showed that N₂O concentration in the F bioreactor varied from undetectable to about 130 ppm, while it was much higher in the A bioreactor with the concentration varying from undetectable to about 900 ppm. The greatly differences of continuous monitoring of N₂O emission after leachate cross recirculation in each period were primarily attributed to the stabilization degree of MSW. Moreover, the variation of N₂O concentration was closely related to the leachate quality in both bioreactors and it was mainly affected by the COD and COD/TN ratio of leachate from the F bioreactor, as well as the DO, ORP, and NO₃^?-N of leachate from the A bioreactor.     

金属有机骨架材料低温脱硝技术研究进展

金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）因其独特的结构作为催化剂应用于SCR系统表现出较好的低温脱硝效果和较强的抗SO₂、抗H₂O性能。综述了几种较典型的MOFs催化剂及其改性产物的低温催化性能,以及MOFs材料应用于SCR技术的研究进展,指出：对含有两种或两种以上金属的复合MOFs材料的深入研究,是开发稳定性更高、抗SO₂抗H₂O能力更强的MOFs催化剂的重要思路;此外,对有机组成部分进行改性,提高有机配体的热稳定性也是一个重要的研究思路。     

A novel additive for the reduction of acid gases and NO(x) in municipal waste incinerator flue gas.

The reduction of SO2, HCl, and NO(x) concentrations using calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) as a novel sorbent in a simulated municipal waste incinerator flue gas was investigated. The reduction of individual SO2, HCl, and NO(x) concentrations was tested at 850 degrees C and it was found that CMA could reduce the SO2 concentration by 74%, HCl concentration by 64%, or NO(x) concentration by 94%. It was observed that individual SO2 or HCl capture increased with increasing initial oxygen concentration in the reacting gas or increasing sorbent input. NO(x) reduction decreased with increasing initial oxygen concentration in the reacting gas. The simultaneous reduction of SO2, HCl, and NO(x) concentrations by CMA was also investigated. It was found that CMA could simultaneously capture 60% SO2 and 61% HCl and reduce NO(x) concentrations by 26%, when the initial oxygen concentration in the reacting gas was 4%. During the simultaneous reduction of SO2, HCl, and NO(x), it was noted that as the initial oxygen concentration in the reacting gas increased, the efficiency of SO2 capture increased too, but the efficiency of HCl capture and the efficiency of NO(x) destruction decreased.