A Graphical Method for the Estimation of Radiation Hazards from a Crowded Multiple Antenna Site

Summary The major objective of the design of safe crowded transmitting antenna sites is not only to determine a safe zone around each individual antenna; rather, to establish safety areas at the antenna site itself, as well as, at the neighboring areas. The requirement is to ascertain the safety regions by considering the following parameters at each Test Point (TP) (or area segment): the contribution of N co-located radiating antennas to the total radiation incident at the TP, the radiation pattern of each antenna, the near/far field region of each antenna, and most importantly, the different Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) associated with each operating frequency at the antenna site. Implementation of all the above-mentioned aspects in a suitable computer requires resources that only expert knowledgeable organizations possess. The graphically aided tool presented in this paper facilitates the calculation of a “safety zone” for RADHAZ around a crowded antenna site from the knowledge of the “safety ranges” which correspond to the individual transmitting antennas comprising it.     

220kV拟建输变电工程环境影响评价分析

随着电网规模的不断扩大,220 k V电压等级的输变电网络将越来越多地介入人们的日常生活,如何对民众关心的220 k V输变电工程进行客观的环境影响评价分析成为越来越重要的实际问题。以某拟建220 k V输变电工程环境影响评价为例,介绍了评价因子尤其是电磁环境的现状监测、类比监测及模式预测综合分析,深入分析了该拟建输变电工程环境影响评价全过程,对输变电工程环境影响评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

PCB影响辐射骚扰超标之分析

本文就通过信息产品的PCB LAYOUT的电源布局不合理而引起的产品辐射骚扰测试超标现象,逐一发现、分析、解决之辐射骚扰超标的问题,然后提出改正之方法并且加以验证之。最后对以上之现象加以综述,并且对将来类似产品的PCB LAYOUT提出了建议及见解。     

与电信端口相关的电磁兼容干扰和防护设计

本文针对和电信端口相关的常见的电磁兼容检测项目,分析不合格的原因,并给出整改措施.同时,给出电信端口的电磁兼容干扰抑制,和电磁兼容防护设计方法.最后,给出一个实际应用当中的电路图,对本文中提到的方法加以总结和说明.     

Continuing Issues in the Limitations of Pesticide Use in Developing Countries

The rationale for pesticide use in agriculture is that costs associated with pesticide pollution are to be justified by its benefits, but this is not so obvious. Valuing the benefits by simple economic analysis has increased pesticide use in agriculture and consequently produced pesticide-induced “public ills.” This paper attempts to explore the research gaps of the economic and social consequences of pesticide use in developing countries, particularly with an example of Nepal. We argue that although the negative sides of agricultural development, for example- soil, water, and air pollution; pest resistance and resurgence; bioaccumulation, bio-magnification; and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience caused by the use of pesticides in agriculture, are “developmental problems” and are “unintentional,” the magnitude may be increased by undervaluing the problems in the analysis of its economic returns. Despite continuous effort for holistic system analyses for studying complex phenomena like pesticides impacts, the development within the academic science has proceeded in the opposite direction that might have accelerated marginalization of the third world subsistence agricultural communities. We hypothesize that, if these adversities are realized and accounted for, the benefits from the current use of pesticides could be outweighed by the costs of pollution and ill human health. This paper also illustrates different pathways and mechanisms for marginalization. In view of potential and overall negative impacts of pesticide use, we recommend alternative ways of controlling pests such as community integrated pest management (IPM) along with education and training activities. Such measures are likely to reduce the health and environmental costs of pesticide pollution, and also enhance the capabilities of third world agricultural communities in terms of knowledge, decision making, innovation, and policy change.     

新能源汽车之电磁兼容性分析

根据新能源汽车的组成特点,结合实际工作经验,对新能源汽车的电磁兼容性进行分析阐述,以在工程应用具有实践和指导意义。     

高速动车组车内低频电磁场测试及分布特性分析

近年来我国高速铁路建设飞速发展,在给交通运输带来了方便快捷的同时,也引入了电磁干扰问题。本文以高速动车组车内低频电磁环境为对象,分析了高速铁路电磁骚扰源及列车产生电磁骚扰的机理,通过对大量实测数据的统计和总结,分析了高速动车组车内低频电磁场的分布和规律,并对我国高速动车组车内低频电磁环境的优化提出一些看法和建议。     

Graphical Presentation of 50/60 Hz Magnetic Field Contours as an Engineering Tool for Minimizing ELF Fields

Summary Since IARC classified ELF magnetic field as Possibly Carcinogenic to Human the fear from 50/60 Hz magnetic field exposure had been increased to the state of public “panic”. Subsequently, environment quality preservation organizations increased their pressure on their government to adopt the “precautionary principle” and to reduce the allowable ELF Magnetic Field exposure to much lower values than are recommended by ICNIRP-1998. As an example the present Environmental Ministry in Israel recommendation is to lower the ELF Field exposure to 10 mG averaged over 24 h. As a result of this stringent exposure guideline imposed by the government, electrical engineers who are involved in the deployment and installation of large and medium electrical utilities, such as overhead power lines, transformers, UPS systems, electrical public transportation, switching stations, etc., are much more aware to the need to employ special measures and methods for reducing the magnetic fields that might be emitted from such utilities. There are few computer codes that are capable of analyzing with great accuracy magnetic and electric fields surrounding single phase and three phase electrical utilities in a 3-D system. The best presentations of the analysis results are by equi-value contours depicting electric and magnetic fields. This graphical presentation is a powerful design tool that enables better deployment and installation design aided to reduce the magnetic field emissions from high-power electrical utilities. This paper describes the various types of graphical presentations available for ELF field contours, the dependent and independent variants and parameters, magnetic field animation for optimization of power line installation and routing, and finally an example that demonstrates the usefulness of the graphical presentation tools.     

影响静电放电试验结果的因素和试验分析

静电放电测试是很多产品标准中常见的电磁兼容检测项目,本文叙述了静电放电测试中一些容易被测试人员忽视的细节,同时分析影响静电放电测试结果的因素,为EMC实验室和企业人员正确开展静电放电测试,和加强实验室管理提供帮助。     

ICNIRP限制电磁场暴露的导则(100kHz~300GHz)解读

ICNIRP于2020年3月出版了2020年版《限制电磁场暴露的导则(100 kHz~300 GHz)》,为了准确掌握2020版导则在基本限值和导出限值方面与旧版导则的差异,通过对比新旧导则对应条款得到具体变化情况。2020版导则修订了全身暴露基本限值与导出限值、局部暴露基本限值、神经刺激基本限值、肢体感应电流导出限值,增加了局部暴露导出限值、短暂局部暴露基本限值与导出限值,删除了微波听觉效应基本限值、接触电流导出限值。2020版导则更新了限制射频电磁场暴露的科学基础,使限值更加匹配近年来的科学研究成果,提升了导则的科学性、严谨性和准确性。     

某倾角传感器敏感元件的电磁干扰抑制

某型号液压调平装置上的高精度双轴倾角传感器的控制电路单元与敏感元件同腔体,腔内敏感元件受其内部直流电场干扰,本文对此提出了一种硬件抑制直流电场对敏感元件电磁干扰的特效方法,可广泛应用于同类各形倾角传感器电磁兼容设计和电磁兼容质量控制.     

Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Selecting Alaskan Lakes for Winter Water Use1

Abstract: Water resources are limited in many areas of the North Slope, Alaska, particularly during winter. Water is used by the oil industry for ice road construction and maintenance, drilling and facility operations, and potable water supplies. The coastal plain between Teshekpuk Lake, in the National Petroleum Reserve‐Alaska (NPR‐A) and the Colville River has numerous shallow lakes, but further south in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, and east to the Canning River, lakes are fewer. While many oil and gas lease sales have been conducted, or are proposed, access to the leases may be limited because of the lack of available water for ice road construction. Ice roads are the main means by which exploration is conducted in the Arctic, putting a stress on freshwater bodies that do not freeze to the lakebed in winter. Lakes that do not freeze to the lakebed also serve as overwintering habitat for fish. The purpose of this paper is to report on the potential distribution of water bodies that may provide overwinter water in selected areas from Teshekpuk Lake to the Canning River. The project used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to search for the presence of water in lakes in March 2006. In the Kuparuk and Canning SAR images, 52 and 61% of lakes were frozen to their beds by March 2006, accounting for 49 and 57% of the lake area in these study regions. Conversely, only 2% of the lakes in the Teshekpuk region were frozen to the bottom by March 2006. Unfrozen water was more available because of deeper and more numerous lakes in the Teshekpuk Lake region (west) than in the Canning River area (east). While only specific SAR tiles were analyzed herein, the method will be a useful tool for land managers who seek to evaluate the potential for ice road construction across the Arctic.     

成都地区移动通信基站电磁辐射影响与水平

通过对成都地区典型移动通信基站的电磁环境监测,分析了移动通信基站的电磁环境规律及程度,明确其产生电磁环境影响在10-2W/m2等级,满足国标公众照射限值0.4W/m2的要求,并提出移动通信基站选址需要考虑的问题。     

Biological effect on blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier due to radio frequency electromagnetic fields exposure of the rat brain in vivo

Concerns on health effects of radiofrequency (RF) signals have been discussed. Particularly, the effect on the central nerve system is one of main interest among the general public. So far, there are lots of studies regarding the RF effect on the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), but no study of the RF effect on the Blood Cerebrospinal fluid Barrier (BCB). In this study we explored the effect on BCB function by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure. To attain this purpose, we set about to make a real-time measuring system for BCB function using a micro-perfusion method and examined the short time exposure experiment using rats. Our data suggested the 30 min single exposure of 1.5 GHz RF-EMF at the brain average SARs of 9.5 W/kg for adult and 10.4 W/kg for juvenile, did not affect BCB function in rats under the experimental conditions.     

DEVELOPING A FIELD COMPONENT IN HYDROLOGIC EDUCATION1

ABSTRACT: Recent assessments have emphasized the lack of a field and laboratory component in hydrologic education at the university level. Consequences of this lack include: (1) an unwarranted faith in published data; (2) lack of appreciation for the spatial and temporal variability of most hydrologic processes; (3) lack of appreciation for the difficulty of collecting good quality field data; (4) an inability to design and execute projects to collect field data; (5) a lack of field experience which can be applied when confronted with different problems or new environments; (6) an inability to evaluate published materials or models against “field reality;” (7) an excessive reliance on, and trust in, theoretical or conceptual models; and (8) reduced potential for lifelong learning through observation and analysis. Field courses need not be costly or difficult, but the instructor must be willing to adapt to the uncertainty and problems associated with field measurements. A recently updated course on watershed measurements at Colorado State University illustrates the type of field courses which can be developed if there is the necessary commitment and flexibility. The lack of a current text can be overcome by assembling selected portions of existing government documents, and a sample bibliography is included.     

某运载火箭舱内无线系统电磁兼容性仿真分析方法与应用

为保证某运载火箭与卫星星箭分离面处的电磁兼容性设计,在火箭无线系统研制阶段,应用电磁仿真预测分析方法,构建火箭箭体及无线系统电磁仿真模型,搭建火箭系统电磁仿真平台,计算星箭分离面处的电磁辐射特性,分析潜在电磁干扰危害。在预测分析基础上,结合火箭、卫星总装状态下的星箭分离面处电磁兼容性测试,验证仿真预测分析方法的有效性。这种电磁仿真预测分析、试验验证相结合的方法,为在火箭设计全流程的电磁兼容设计提供支撑,同时实现了火箭研制与试验验证的闭环设计。     

光电测量技术在狭小空间电场测量中的应用

电磁场测量的精确度是电磁兼容测试重要的指标。传统的电场测量,使用了金属结构的天线以及金属电缆,这些都不可避免给测量系统引入干扰,造成被测场的扰动。这一点对于小空间内电磁环境测量尤为显著,因此,需要引进对被测场扰动小的光电测量技术。论述了光电测量技术和测量设备在电磁兼容领域的发展,并阐述了在狭小空间内开展光电测量遇到的难题。     

Effects of in vitro exposure to GSM900 electromagnetic field on human erythrocytes

High frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are widely used for transmitting of radio and TV signals, in wireless communications, etc. A huge number of people are exposed so the possible risk to human health from telecommunication technologies could be significant even if biological effects are slight. The study of the biological effects of RF EM radiation could contribute to better understanding of the possible health hazards. The levels of released hemoglobin serve as an indicator of hemolysis, caused by increased membrane fragility. This study was designed to investigate the alterations in hemoglobin release after in vitro exposure of human erythrocytes to GSM900 electromagnetic field. Erythrocyte suspensions with two different cell concentrations (hematocrit 20% and 40%) were exposed to EM radiation from GSM mobile phone (carrier frequency 902 MHz, 2 W output power in pulse) for 20 min in two different positions in relation to telephone antenna: Position 1 is in the centre of the major lobe of the azimuth antenna pattern and Position 2 is between major and back lobes. Alterations in hemolysis were registered 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after the treatment. Hemolysis was determined by measuring the absorbance of hemoglobin at 413 nm in the supernatant obtained by centrifuging the suspensions. Hemolysis was expressed as hemoglobin concentration. Our data indicated decrease in the hemoglobin level in irradiated suspensions. The GSM900 EMF exposure probably stabilized erythrocyte membrane and caused reduction in the hemolysis depending on the EMF parameters, on the suspension water content (hematocrit) and on the time elapsed after irradiation.     

Direct observation of microcirculatory parameters in rat brain after local exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic field

A cranial window method modified for our experiment enabled to observe the cerebral microcirculation including the blood-brain barrier permeability after a local expose to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields with a monopole antenna in rats. The present report reviews our recent publications that reported no noticeable changes in the cerebral microcirculatory parameters due to RF-EMF exposure.     

关于进出口无线(通讯)产品的电磁兼容测试

本文阐述了无线（通讯）产品的欧关电磁兼容测试要求及国内的要求,并分析其危害性及监管的前景。