气相色谱质谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃

采用快速溶剂萃取、固相萃取小柱净化、气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃的分析方法,同时比较了内标法与外标法两种定量方法。结果表明,进样口温度为310℃时,多环芳烃响应值最大。外标法中16种PAHs在10~500μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995,测定方法检出限为1.46~6.90μg/kg;内标法,相对响应因子相对标准偏差(RSD)小于20%,16种PAHs的方法检出限为0.10~0.32μg/kg,两种定量方法测定标准样品结果均在标准质控范围,符合质量控制要求。同时,经t检验,部分项目有显著性差异。由于外标法受干扰因素较大,因此建议使用内标法定量,该方法重现性和稳定性较好,适用于土壤中PAHs的准确测定。     

镇江东部地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

分析了镇江东部扬中地区土壤中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明,该地区土壤的多环芳烃总量为2．4～49．9μg／Kg,其中荧蒽的含量最高,同我国其他地区相比,其污染水平比较低。5个采样点PAHs含量表明有两个点受工业企业影响,其他3个点具有类似的面源污染即地质成因来源。     

宜宾市大气细颗粒水溶性离子污染特征研究

在川南地区的宜宾市开展了大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度及组分的季节观测分析,结果表明,采样点的PM_(2.5)年均浓度(51. 7μg/m~3)超过二级浓度限值47. 71%,同时全年有20. 94%的天数PM_(2.5)日均浓度超过二级浓度限值;冬季浓度最高、达81. 1μg/m~3,明显高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度总和冬(42. 42μg/m~3)秋(32. 73μg/m~3)春(24. 57μg/m~3)夏(17. 0μg/m~3),但占PM_(2.5)浓度的百分比的季节规律则刚好与之相反,为夏(54. 19%)春(48. 1%)秋(46. 91%)冬(45. 45%);其中,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的3种二次无机离子组分,三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)的37. 47%。PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的浓度均为冬季高于其他季节,但NO_3~-/PM_(2.5)冬(12. 22%)秋(11. 53%)春(8. 14%)夏(5. 43%)、NH_4~+/PM_(2.5)秋(9. 85%)夏(9. 15%)春(8. 52%)冬(7. 61%)、SO_4~(2-)/PM_(2.5)夏(26. 3%)春(20. 75%)秋(15. 82%)冬(14. 61%)。四个季节SOR值均大于NOR值,SOR值季节变化差异不大,但NOR值冬季明显高于其他季节。PM_(2.5)中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+冬季以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中,而夏季则主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4HSO_4存在。     

昌吉市典型区域PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

本研究分析PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度变化特征,对昌吉市典型区域昌吉州环保局2016-01月至2017-01月采集的大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品,利用美国(Sunset Lab Inc)大气气溶胶元素碳与有机碳仪分析了其中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度水平、污染特征及其可能来源,以期为深入了解昌吉市颗粒物污染现状,制定大气污染防治对策提供依据。结果表明:昌吉市OC和EC的质量浓度范围分别为0.13~46.71μg/m3和0.05~8.25μg/m~3,5月份质量浓度最小,EC的质量浓度月分布无明显变化,OC和EC最大浓度均出现在2月。OC的质量浓度季节变化特征呈现冬季秋季夏季春季;EC的质量浓度季节变化特征呈现冬季秋季夏季春季。在不同的季节,OC的浓度变化比较明显,EC排放相对稳定。对各季节OC、EC相关性分析中可以看出,昌吉市OC、EC相关性表现为夏季最强,春秋次之,表明昌吉市夏、春、秋OC、EC具有相似来源或大气扩散过程,主要来源于交通源机动车尾气的排放;冬季相关性较低,说明OC和EC来源复杂,冬季进入采暖期,采暖期燃煤燃气增加,排放量增大,排放源结构复杂,大气污染可能受多种源共同影响。     

四川省南充市大气中多环芳烃的分布

用超声波萃取，抽滤，减压蒸发浓缩，硅胶柱净化，再逍缩至干，定客溶解的方法处理了南充市5个监测点冬，夏季乘集的大气颗粒物样品，然后用高效液相色谱法分析其中9种多环芳烃含量，大气中苯并[a]芘的年平均含量为31．5ng/m3，略低于成都市1988年测定的年平均值，南充市大气中多环芳烃的主要来源是居民生活用煤，其次是汽车尾气，改变燃料结构，集中供热，加强城市交通管理，是减少多环芳烃污染的途径。     

快速溶剂萃取-水浴氮吹-高效液相色谱法检测土壤16种多环芳烃

建立了快速溶剂萃取-水浴氮吹-高效液相色谱法检测土壤样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法。分别对比了快速溶剂萃取与索式抽提、旋转蒸发浓缩与水浴氮吹浓缩、硅酸镁固相萃取柱与硅胶固相萃取柱净化的预处理效果,经实验对比后,确认优化预处理条件为：快速溶剂萃取温度120℃,静态萃取时间16 min,萃取次数两次,水浴氮吹浓缩,氮吹温度40℃,浓缩液经硅酸镁固相萃取柱净化。方法检出限和测定下限分别为0.21～0.47μg/kg和0.84～1.88μg/kg。在优化条件下,加标水平为0.5 mg/kg时,目标物加标回收率为72.66%～113.90%,替代物加标回收率为69.25%,108.63%,相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.69%～11.8%,适合实际土壤样品中PAHs的检测。     

南宁市秋、冬季大气PM_(2.5)中有机碳、无机碳污染特征研究分析

为掌握南宁市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))碳组分的污染特征和来源特点。在秋、冬季两季期间分别采集南宁市大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),并采用示踪法初步追溯其来源。结果表明,南宁市秋季大气PM_(2.5)中OC和EC质量浓度均值分别为9. 66和2. 12μg/m~3;冬季均值分别为15. 80和3. 05μg/m~3,秋季较冬季低。秋、冬季PM_(2.5)中OC/EC分别为4. 6和5. 2,表明存在二次有机碳(SOC),经估算,秋、冬季SOC分别为6. 16和10. 97μg/m~3,分别占OC的62. 3%和66. 6%。利用碳组分丰度对碳组分分析结果表明,PM_(2.5)主要来源是机动车尾气和燃煤,同时受甘蔗渣燃烧或生物质露天焚烧的影响。     

浅谈串联四极杆质谱（GC—QqQ-MS／MS）在土壤样品有机污染物分析中的应用

建立了ASE-GPC—GC-QqQ—MS／MS测定土壤中17种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯以及MAE-SPE—GC-QqQ—MS／MS测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法。多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯定量限在0．02～2．81μg／kg之间,有机氯农药和多氯联苯定量限在0．01～0．51μg/kg之间。样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯的平均回收率在66．6％～122．1％之间,相对标准偏差均小于20％;有机氯农药和多氯联苯平均回收率在79．6％～93．2％之间,相对标准偏差均小于15％。     

浙江台州典型电子废弃物无序拆解区土壤多环芳烃污染风险评估

电子废弃物的无序拆解会导致其中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)的无规律释放,进而对周边生态环境和人体健康构成威胁。为了量化电子废弃物无序拆解区土壤中PAHs的含量及其对人体健康的风险,本研究从浙江省台州市路桥区某典型电子废弃物无序拆解区采集了3个作坊式电子废弃物拆解点、3个作坊式塑料或金属加工点和1个电子废弃物拆解尾渣倾倒点的土壤样品,以气相色谱-质谱联用法和美国环保署规定的暴露量化及风险表征方法为分析手段开展PAHs含量分析及其风险评估。结果发现:上述7个土壤样品PAHs的总量范围为32.62～1053.71μg/kg,平均为414.05μg/kg,其中一个作坊式电子废弃物拆解点的PAHs含量属于重污染级别,土壤存在强烈的环境风险,单体菲(Phe)、蒽(Ant)、荧蒽(Fla)和芘(Pyr)对环境风险的贡献率最大。此外,PAHs通过不同途径对人体造成的健康风险程度为呼吸途径﹥皮肤接触﹥经口途径。结果表明,电子废弃物无序拆解区土壤PAHs污染急需建立相关环境管理措施及污染控制标准,逐步规范电子废弃物无序拆解活动。     

农田土壤中多环芳烃的高效液相色谱法测定

采用快速溶剂提取(ASE)—凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)—高效液相色谱法测定农田土壤中的多环芳烃(PAHs)。优化了ASE的提取溶剂和GPC的净化时间,方法具有良好的精密度和准确度,拥有良好的线性范围和检出限。对济南市某农田土壤样品进行了测定,共检出5种PAHs,总浓度为26.8μg/kg,参照Maliszewska-Kordybach土壤中PAHs污染分级方法,属于无污染水平,同时参考荷兰土壤质量标准中10种PAHs标准限值,均未超标。     

Seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Kaohsiung coast

Thirty-three air samples were collected by high-volume samplers from May 2007 to June 2008 in the coastal area of southwest Taiwan and analyzed for total suspended particulates (TSP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of TSP and total PAHs ranged from 40.4 to 251 μg m(-3) and 1.86-56.4 ng m(-3), respectively. Except for joss paper burning during the religious celebration of Ghost Month, which resulted in the highest concentration of PAHs in the summer of 2007, a seasonal variation in total PAH concentration was observed over this study period, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Because of the geographical and climatic characteristics of the sampling site, monsoon activities modulate the seasonal variations of PAHs. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs in the atmosphere of the Kaohsiung coastal area arose predominantly from vehicle emissions (mainly from diesel exhaust), joss paper burning, and coal/wood combustion. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the sampling days could be divided into three groups and that the major source identification of PAHs was the same as the identification by diagnostic ratios. In addition, the results of HCA and PCA suggest that the samples collected with a prevailing northerly or northeasterly wind direction contain both local emissions and those from neighboring sources. On the other hand, the cases related to westerly or northwesterly winds indicated that local emission was the major source for the sampling site.     

上海市青浦区PM10污染状况及其与气象要素的关系

利用2006-2010年上海市青浦区PM10和同期地面气象要素的监测资料,定量分析PM10的季节变化规律以及PM10与降雨量、大气湿度和风速之间的关系。分析结果表明:PM10浓度在夏季处于低值,冬季处于高值;5mm/d以上的降雨对PM10有显著的清除作用,且春夏季降雨的清除作用大于秋冬季节。PM10浓度与大气湿度基本呈负相关关系。风速在一定范围内有利于PM10的扩散但不至造成扬尘,春夏季节的适宜风速是1.5～3.5m/s,冬季的适宜风速是1.5～2.5m/s。     

乐山市臭氧生成与前体物之间的关系及其敏感性和控制分析

为初步了解乐山市臭氧生成的主要特征和科学管控,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析一年来臭氧及其前体物之间的相关性,并采用OBM模式和VOCS/NOX比值法分别讨论臭氧生成的敏感性和控制性特征.结果 表明:乐山市氮氧化物与臭氧在夏秋两季呈现正相关,在春冬两季呈负相关;从臭氧的敏感性分析得出臭氧生成潜势PO3-NO:夏季＞...     

Sources of sediment and phosphorus in stream flow of a highly productive dairy farmed catchment

Both sediment and phosphorus (P) are important contaminants for surface water quality. Knowing the main sources of sediment and P loss within agricultural catchments enables mitigation practices to be better targeted. With this in mind seasonal loads of suspended sediment (SS), dissolved reactive P (DRP), total P (TP), and bioavailable P (BAP) were measured in a low gradient stream draining an intensively farmed New Zealand dairying catchment. Integrating in situ samplers were deployed to collect samples and the results merged with continuous flow data to calculate seasonal loads during 2005 through 2006. Flow rate, SS, and TP concentrations peaked in winter-spring and were lowest in summer-autumn. Concentrations of BAP in trapped sediment were greatest in autumn, contrasting with winter and spring when greater amounts of sediment were trapped, but with lower P enrichment. Analysis of (137)Cs and mixing model output showed that a major source of sediment and associated P in winter and spring was stream banks. Possible causes for this include trampling and destabilization by stock, channel straightening and sediment removal, and removal of riparian trees that stabilize banks. Modelling indicated that overland flow probably from topsoil (but could include sediment from lanes) contributed most sediment during summer and autumn. Remediation aimed at decreasing particulate P inputs to streams should focus on riparian protection measures, such as permanent stock exclusion and planting with shrubs and trees, ensuring runoff from lanes is minimized, and decreasing Olsen P to nearer optimum agronomic levels.     

2015-2018年衡阳市城区环境空气污染特征分析

本文利用2015~2018年衡阳市城区空气质量监测数据,分析环境空气污染特征及变化趋势。研究结果表明:2015~2018年衡阳市城区环境空气以PM2.5、PM10、O3污染为主,其中PM2.5和PM10年均值浓度呈下降趋势,O3年均值浓度呈不规则波动变化;年内时空变化上,O3呈现夏、秋季浓度高和冬、春季浓度低的特点,PM2.5和PM10呈现出夏季浓度低、冬季浓度高的特点。针对衡阳市空气污染物特征,提出了衡阳市城区空气质量改善的对策建议。     

秦皇岛市气候变化对农业气象灾害的影响

40多年来秦皇岛市气候发生了明显的变化，致使农业气象灾害增加：第一，冬暖、倒春寒、春末高温等灾害频次增多，冬季低温冻害频次和程度减少；第二，冬旱、春旱、秋旱、秋冬连旱、冬春连旱增多，伏旱次数明显减少，盛夏洪涝频次减少；第三，低温连阴雨、高温干旱、干热风等灾害在频次和程度上均发生明显变化。因此，秦皇岛农业生产防灾减灾的重点和方法也适当调整。     

万宁、青岛大气氯离子灰色聚类特征

对青岛大气中氯离子浓度数据进行了灰色聚类分析，采用方差理论判定聚类结果的正确性，并对分析了万宁氯离子数据的灰色聚类结果，结果分析表明，万宁大气中氯离子浓度冬天高夏天低，青岛则是春秋较高，冬夏较低。同时还给出了万宁、青岛两地各灰类氯离子浓度的平均值和标准差。     

A critical appraisal of PAH indices as indicators of PAH source and composition in Elelenwo Creek,southern Nigeria

The survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their relation to potential pollution sources were investigated in suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface waters, and sediments from Elelenwo Creek, southern Nigeria. Total PAH concentrations varied from 2,021.35 to 3,926.84 μg/kg dry weights in SPM and from 4,238.00 to 5,490.84 μg/kg dry weights in sediments. Furthermore, concentration levels of PAHs varied from 720.46 to 857.65 μg/l in the surface waters, which indicates that the aquatic ecosystem is polluted by PAHs. The 2, 3-ring PAHs were not dominant in SPM (34.73%), surface water (40.09%), and sediments (22.43%). While anthracene was more abundant, of the 2, 3-ring PAHs in SPM, the most abundant in the surface waters and sediments were fluorene and acenaphthylene. Four origin indices or concentration ratios of PAH isomer pairs were used to evaluate the suitability of these compounds as tracers to distinguish between the contamination arising from different sources. A critical appraisal of the PAH indices, therefore, suggested that biomass combustion is the major PAH source in the environmental matrices. Relative PAH patterns in the environmental matrices were also evaluated using principal component analysis, and were found to correlate with the PAH patterns of the different potential contamination sources.     

大连市中心区O3污染特征分析

本文采用2007年大连市环境自动监测数据,分析了城市中心区O3的污染特征。结果表明：O3质量浓度的最大值出现在午后15：00—17：00,比太阳辐射强度最大值的出现时间滞后2h左右;O3质量浓度的季节性变化十分显著,春夏季较高,秋季次之,冬季最低;汽车尾气是近地面O3污染的主要原因。     

博乐市空气质量时空变化特征分析

以2001—2008年博乐市空气污染物的监测数据和统计年鉴资料为依据,对其平均浓度的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:博乐市空气总体良好,博乐市空气污染物的时空变化特征比较明显,SO2、NO2月变化曲线呈"U"字型,且冬春季节重于夏秋季节,这主要是由冬季取暖和不利气象条件造成的。2006年以来,博乐市TSP浓度呈现明显的空间转化特征,文教区的浓度略高于混合区,应引起环保部门的重视。