废水处理污泥中邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌的多样性研究

系统探究了常规废水处理污泥对典型邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的微生物群落响应特征和污泥中PAEs降解菌的多样性。结果表明:(1)废水处理污泥经过10d培养后,对1 000mg/L的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的降解率分别可达99.9%和83.6%。DEHP的降解速率低于DBP。(2)DBP和DEHP的添加显著降低了废水处理污泥的微生物多样性;DBP、DEHP降解菌富集培养后污泥物种组成相似性较高,且均与废水处理污泥差异较大。(3)废水处理污泥中存在多种类型PAEs降解菌。高浓度DBP和DEHP的存在促使具有DBP/DEHP降解能力的微生物群落不断增长,进而成为优势微生物,最终达到DBP和DEHP的有效降解。     

高校实验室废水处理站的运行与调试

针对宁波某高校实验室废水处理站运行情况,研究了该废水处理站pH、NH₃-N、COD以及重金属的处理效果,并对生物膜镜检和胞外聚合物(EPS)提取分析。实验结果表明：出水COD小于40 mg·L⁻¹,NH₃-N去除率维持在70%~90%,且出水pH、NH₃-N、COD均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准,重金属满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级排放标准;但运行期间废水处理站出现了COD和重金属去除效率低的情况,最终确定原因为废水处理站低负荷运行以及中和调节池和接触氧化池曝气过度。因此,建议减少中和调节和接触氧化池的曝气量,并适当投加碳源以保持废水站稳定运行。     

改革引进电冰箱生产线中的废水处理工艺

根据引进电冰箱生产的废水处理工艺在运转中存在腐蚀性强、污染环境、劳动条件恶劣、运转费用高等缺点以及废水中Zn~(2+)、PO_4~(3-)、SS、COD等含量高的特点,对废水处理工艺进行了改革,并对两种工艺的优缺点进行了比较。     

LD—PACT废水处理技术研究

采用国产粉末活性炭(PAC),投加剂量为10～50mg/l(以进水量计),不设炭的再生装置的低剂量粉末活性炭处理技术(简称LD-PACT)是一项便于广泛应用的废水处理实用技术。本文综合介绍其作用机理和主要特点,以及有关的基础试验和在石化混合废水、锦纶、农药、焦化、印染等废水处理中的应用研究结果。     

基于层次分析法的屠宰废水处理技术性能评估

对废水处理技术性能的综合评估是提高废水处理效率的主要途径,同时也能提高处理技术的经济性。采用层次分析法(AHP)对屠宰废水的处理技术进行优选。利用实验室中试实测COD、TN和TP的去除率,并结合专家咨询法对判断矩阵进行赋值。以3套组合工艺作为方案层,综合效益作为目标层,经济效益、技术性能、管理效益作为准则层建立层次模型和判断矩阵。通过判断矩阵中各因素标度与权重,优选了屠宰废水最佳处理方案为上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)/序批式活性污泥法(SBR)组合工艺。AHP为屠宰废水处理技术产业化过程中的性能评估提供了科学依据。     

提高印染废水生物处理——效果的若干问题

如何提高印染废水处理设施能力,寻求高效、经济、稳定的处理方法,以达到用最小的劳动耗费获得尽可能大的经济效果,这是人们关心的问题。我们在山西现有印染废水生物处理设施的设计和运行基础上,对如何提高处理效果的若干问题,如氧化时间(曝气时间)在废水处理     

煤热解废水典型工艺流程中芳香化合物的降解特性

选取河南某低阶煤热解废水处理典型工艺流程为研究对象,探讨了各单元对芳香化合物的降解特性。通过降解效能对比发现,SBR工艺对酚类(96.13%)和氮杂环类化合物(78.13%)的降解能力最高,故其为芳香化合物降解的核心单元。通过凝胶色谱、紫外-可见光光谱和三维荧光光谱对全流程废水特性的表征,推测出其分子质量在3 kDa左右,荧光峰在Ex/Em=(300～370) nm/(400～450) nm的腐殖酸物质是煤热解废水关键的难生化物质。各单元的统计分析结果表明,废水处理效果不佳的原因在于酸化、气浮、好氧及强氧化单元。在此基础上,根据最新研究结果和成功案例对现有工艺提出了针对性改进方案。以上结果可为类似的废水处理工程提供参考。     

响应曲面优化法合成CTMAB-膨润土吸附剂

采用响应曲面优化法(RSM)对CTMAB-膨润土废水处理吸附剂进行合成制备研究。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)为有机插层改性剂,通过该法设计得到了有机改性膨润土插层改性的最佳优化条件:CTMAB用量19.5%,反应温度70.5℃,反应时间1.8 h,pH 6.7,DDVP去除率94%,同时得到了合成该吸附剂的二次经验拟合模型(R2=0.9757)。通过验证性实验,发现在模型提供的最优水平下,有机膨润土对DDVP的平均去除率(92.6%)与预测最优值(94%)相吻合,表明所选模型准确、可靠。该方法为改性膨润土吸附剂的合成及其在废水处理和环境修复中的应用提供了依据。     

应用漆酶SUKALacc脱色处理纺织染料

印染废水中含有大量的剩余染料,对生态环境构成了巨大威胁.漆酶能够氧化多种纺织染料使其脱色,在印染废水处理领域具有潜在的应用性.为了开发基于酶技术的印染废水处理工艺,利用商业化的漆酶制剂SUKALaccTM对5种常见纺织染料的脱色能力进行了测试,结果显示,SUKALaccTM对于这些测试的染料均具有脱色效果,脱色效率为14.85%~85.97%;此外,还考察了酶制剂浓度、染料浓度、温度和pH等因素对脱色效率的影响,确定了最优的反应条件;利用斜生栅藻 (Scenedesmus obliquus) 和大型溞 (Daphnia magna) 分别对酶处理后的染料毒性进行了测试,结果表明,酶制剂处理后的染料毒性减弱.这些实验结果为漆酶制剂实际应用于印染废水处理奠定了坚实基础.     

ABR-SBR工艺处理高浓度纤维板有机有毒废水

从工程实例介绍折排流式厌氧反应器 (ABR)工艺与间歇式活性污泥反应器 (SBR)工艺在处理干法纤维板废水处理中的应用 ,从中可以看出 ,ABR与SBR在处理高浓度有毒有机废水方面具有很好的应用前景     

《废锂离子动力蓄电池处理污染控制技术规范(试行)》(HJ 1186-2021)解读及实施建议

为促进相关单位准确理解《废锂离子动力蓄电池处理污染控制技术规范(试行)》(HJ 1186-2021)各条款,推动废锂离子动力蓄电池处理行业全面执行环境管理技术要求,结合行业典型工艺路线、特征污染物排放和环境污染防治措施现状,对新发布的技术规范进行了解读。技术规范的实施将推动废锂离子动力电池处理行业开展技术改造,进一步提高重金属、氟化物等污染防治水平,以促进中国废锂离子动力蓄电池处理行业绿色发展。     

废弃高分子聚合物再生转化环境功能材料的研究进展

废弃高分子聚合物造成的环境污染问题日益突出,这类废弃物的绿色循环利用近年来备受关注,其中材料化利用是其再生循环的优选途径。概述了废弃高分子聚合物合成环境功能材料的最新研究进展,重点关注噪声污染控制材料、高性能吸水材料、特殊孔材料、吸附材料、催化材料、黏结材料、还原材料和能源转化材料等。介绍了高分子废弃物在这些功能材料合成中发挥的作用、转化方法、材料性能和应用领域,以期为高分子废弃物的高附加值循环利用提供指导。     

Volatile organic compounds produced during the aerobic biological processing of municipal solid waste in a pilot plant

The volatile organic carbon (VOC) and odours emitted during the aerobic biological processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in a pilot-scale reactor. VOCs were detected by different techniques on solid waste samples and the outlet air stream, before and after a biofilter. Organic compounds (alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, D-limonene) were also measured in condensate water and leachate from the process. Results showed uniformity in the composition of the air in the solid waste samples, air sampled during the process and condensed water, indicating a matrix-derived origin of these compounds. Leachates, however, contained substances with a quite different molecular structure from the compounds identified in the gaseous fraction. Most of the substances in the gaseous effluent had a hydrocarbon-like structure, mainly terpenoids. The odour produced and detected through olfactometry agreed with GC-MS analyses. This was true above all for terpenes.     

响应面法优化黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾饲养条件的研究

研究了黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾的方法。首先在饲养温度、饲料含水量和饲养密度等条件下进行单因素实验,然后,以利用率为指标,运用响应面法优化了黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾的饲养条件,结果表明,最佳饲养条件为饲养温度26.7℃、饲料含水量14.5%、饲养密度4.1头/cm2。在此饲养条件下,黄粉虫对餐厨垃圾利用率理论值为38.72%,实际餐厨垃圾利用率为38.88%,相对误差为0.41%,说明利用黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾具有较好的效果。     

水可溶性有机物在铅锌废渣生态修复中的应用

采用富含水可溶性有机质（water-soluble organic material）的有机废水作改良剂对土法炼锌产生的冶炼废渣进行处理,播种草本植物进行室外盆栽模拟生态修复实验。通过测定冶炼废渣的基本元素组成,水可溶性有机质处理前后冶炼废渣中的肥力指标,植被生长特征,盆栽实验后冶炼废渣雨水淋溶液、水浸浸出液、渣样及植物样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、As和Sb等重金属的含量。结果表明：土法炼锌冶炼废渣中富含Pb和Zn等多种有毒有害重金属污染物,介质养分极端贫瘠且比例不协调。水可溶性有机质处理能够明显改善冶炼废渣中的肥力水平,同时能显著提高冶炼废渣上植物的成活率、株高、生物量及覆盖率;能促进冶炼废渣中多种有害重金属的雨水淋失和水浸溶出;同时能降低植物重金属含量,而提高单位面积上重金属植物富集量。综上,可采用富含水可溶性有机质的有机废水进行铅锌矿渣堆场污染的生态修复。     

Immobilization of antimony waste slag by applying geopolymerization and stabilization/solidification technologies

During the processing of antimony ore by pyrometallurgical methods, a considerable amount of slag is formed. This antimony waste slag is listed by the European Union as absolutely hazardous waste with a European Waste Catalogue code of 10 08 08. Since the levels of antimony and arsenic in the leachate of the antimony waste slag are generally higher than the landfilling limits, it is necessary to treat the slag before landfilling. In this study, stabilization/solidification and geopolymerization technologies were both applied in order to limit the leaching potential of antimony and arsenic. Different combinations of pastes by using Portland cement, fly ash, clay, gypsum, and blast furnace slag were prepared as stabilization/solidification or geopolymer matrixes. Sodium silicate–sodium hydroxide solution and sodium hydroxide solution at 8 M were used as activators for geopolymer samples. Efficiencies of the combinations were evaluated in terms of leaching and unconfined compressive strength. None of the geopolymer samples prepared with the activators yielded arsenic and antimony leaching below the regulatory limit at the same time, although they yielded high unconfined compressive strength levels. On the other hand, the stabilization/solidification samples prepared by using water showed low leaching results meeting the landfilling criteria. Use of gypsum as an additive was found to be successful in immobilizing the arsenic and antimony.

ImplicationsDespite the wide use of antimony for industrial purposes, disposal options for an antimony waste such as slag from thermal processing of antimony ore were not reported in the existing literature. This study aimed to develop a disposal strategy for the hazardous antimony waste slag. The findings of this study would contribute to understand the immobilization mechanisms of antimony and arsenic and will also be of interest to the owners of the antimony ore processing plants and to researchers investigating the efficiency of stabilization/solidification and geopolymerization technologies.     

Present status of recycling waste mobile phones in China: a review

A large number of waste mobile phones have already been generated and are being generated. Various countries around the world have all been positively exploring the way of recycling and reuse when facing such a large amount of waste mobile phones. In some countries, processing waste mobile phones has been forming a complete industrial chain, which can not only recycle waste mobile phones to reduce their negative influence on the environment but also turn waste into treasure to acquire economic benefits dramatically. However, the situation of recycling waste mobile phones in China is not going well. Waste mobile phones are not formally covered by existing regulations and policies for the waste electric and electronic equipment in China. In order to explore an appropriate system to recover waste mobile phones, the mobile phone production and the amount of waste mobile phones are introduced in this paper, and status of waste mobile phones recycling is described; then, the disposal technology of electronic waste that would be most likely to be used for processing of electronic waste in industrial applications in the near future is reviewed. Finally, rationalization proposals are put forward based on the current recovery status of waste mobile phones for the purpose of promoting the development of recycling waste mobile phones in developing countries with a special emphasis on China.     

Waste converting through by-product synergy: an insight from three-echelon supply chain

By-product synergy (BPS) is an innovative method to convert waste into valuable by-products effectively. Based on a three-echelon supply chain composed of an upstream manufacturer, a processing plant with limited processing capacity, and a downstream manufacturer, this study derives the production quantity and waste disposal decisions of the upstream and downstream manufacturers as well as the optimal transfer price decision of the processing plant. Moreover, we assess the environmental performance of BPS. Analytical results suggest that the upstream manufacturer’s production quantity and waste disposal decisions and the processing plant’s transfer price decision are threshold dependent on the processing plant’s capacity, whereas the downstream manufacturer’s production quantity decision is threshold dependent on the processing plant’s capacity and price of raw materials. BPS is beneficial for all members of the supply chain to increase profit. The production promotion and cost-saving effects ensure that the supply chain members maximize their profit. However, BPS does not always have a positive effect on the environment; when the processing plant’s capacity and price of raw materials are below the threshold, implementing BPS results in a win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

     

韩国医疗废物管理与处置经验分析及启示

为了解和借鉴韩国医疗废物管理经验,系统研究了韩国医疗废物主要法规政策与管理体系、韩国医疗废物分类现状、韩国医疗废物处理系统以及应对新型冠状病毒期间医疗废物管理的特别对策。结果表明,韩国对医疗废物管理已经形成了从分类、保管、运输到处理的全过程管理体系和突发疫情应急体系,且注重源头减量化和在线监管。对照分析了我国医疗废物管理现状和存在的问题,发现我国可借鉴韩国相关经验,包括完善全过程管控、构建在线监管系统、制定完备的突发疫情应急管控体系。本研究可为当前新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控中医疗废物处理处置相关工作提供有益参考。     

Nutrient Abatement Potential and Abatement Costs of Waste Water Treatment Plants in the Baltic Sea Region

We assess the physical potential to reduce nutrient loads from waste water treatment plants in the Baltic Sea region and determine the costs of abating nutrients based on the estimated potential. We take a sample of waste water treatment plants of different size classes and generalize its properties to the whole population of waste water treatment plants. Based on a detailed investment and operational cost data on actual plants, we develop the total and marginal abatement cost functions for both nutrients. To our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind; there is no other study on this issue which would take advantage of detailed data on waste water treatment plants at this extent. We demonstrate that the reduction potential of nutrients is huge in waste water treatment plants. Increasing the abatement in waste water treatment plants can result in 70 % of the Baltic Sea Action Plan nitrogen reduction target and 80 % of the Baltic Sea Action Plan phosphorus reduction target. Another good finding is that the costs of reducing both nutrients are much lower than previously thought. The large reduction of nitrogen would cost 670 million euros and of phosphorus 150 million euros. We show that especially for phosphorus the abatement costs in agriculture would be much higher than in waste water treatment plants.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0435-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.