科海抬贝

有机氯化物热分解技术 日本丹立造船公司保田贤士等发明了一种有机氯化物的热分解方法,已获得专利。本发明是二噁(口英)和三氯酚等有机氯化物热分解的新技术,其步骤是:将含有有机氯化物的被处理物于300℃温度下加热,通入惰性气体,使有机氯化物从被处理物中挥发出来,再在含有有机氯化物的惰性气体中注入氨气,这样,使有机氯化物进行热分解。     

有机氯化物分子连接性与毒性的相关性

导出了用一阶价分子连接性指数（Ｘ）预测有机氯化物对Ｊｉａ卑鱼毒性（ｌｏｇＬＣ５０）的相关方程。分子连接指数由化合物的分子结构很容易计算出。该相关性方程含有两个变量，预测有机氯化物的毒性范围达３．５个数量级。其相关系数和标准差分别为０．９８１和０．１９。应用该相关方法可以预测大范围有机氯化物的毒性。     

长兴岛沿岸海域海冰融化水水质状况

在长兴岛北岸，采集平整冰、堆积冰和搁浅冰。作了26项水质分析，采用三种行业标准评价，结果表明全盐量、氯化物和硫酸盐指标不合格，平整冰全盐量按非盐碱地区标准评价超标7．7倍，按盐碱地区标准评价超标3．8倍。氯化物超标16．6倍，硫酸盐超标2．3芦。堆积冰全盐量按非盐碱地区标准评价超标6．7倍，按盐碱地区标准评价超标2．3倍。氯化物超标15．6倍，硫酸盐超标1．5倍。搁浅冰全盐量按非盐碱地区标准评价超标3．7倍，按盐碱地区标准评价超标1．8倍。氯化物超标10．4倍，硫酸盐超标1．4倍。其余23项合格。     

水样中氯化物测量不确定度的评定

目的对硝酸银滴定法测定水中氯化物含量的不确定度的来源及其对测量不确定度的影响进行分析。方法根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》JJF1059-1999对《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)中氯化物测定的硝酸银滴定法的测量不确定度进行分析评定。结果按数学模型计算水样中氯化物浓度为25.2mg/L,水样中氯化物测定结果的扩展不确定度为0.6mg/L,结果表达为(25.2±0.6)mg/L。结论水样中氯化物含量测定的测量不确定度影响中,以分析滴定中消耗硝酸银标准溶液的体积引入的不确定度最大,其次为配制NaC l标准使用溶液引入的不确定度。     

辽东湾滨海地区海水入侵分布及地下水化学特征分析

本文通过对辽东湾北部和东、西两侧滨海地区108个地下水井的监测数据进行分析,得出:(1)辽东湾海水入侵严重地区主要分布在辽东湾北部淤泥质海岸,其分布特点是严重海水入侵区、轻度海水入侵区由岸向陆呈带状分布;东西两侧以砂砾质海岸为主,局部地区海水入侵较重,大部分地区海水入侵较轻;(2)辽东湾地下水化学类型可分为五种类型,其分布特点是由岸向陆呈带状分布,规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征。氯化物型一般分布在微咸水至咸水区,重碳酸盐氯化物型或氯化物重碳酸盐型、重碳酸盐氯化物硫酸盐型或氯化物重碳酸盐硫酸盐型分布在微咸水向淡水过渡区,硫酸盐重碳酸盐型或重碳酸盐硫酸盐型、重碳酸盐型主要分布在淡水区。     

采集方法对氯化物沉积速率测试结果的影响

空气中氯化物的沉降速率是环境因素法评估大气腐蚀严酷度的一个重要因素,ISO9223标准规定的测试方法是使用湿烛法采集空气中的氯化物,而我国目前采用的方法是挂片法。文中同时使用湿烛法和挂片法采集万宁试验站近海暴露场大气中的氯化物并计算其沉积速率,每月采集一次,每次采集时间为1个月,连续采集11次,对这两种方法的测试结果是否一致进行了研究。研究表明：当显著水平为0．01时,湿烛法和挂片法具有明显的差异,挂片法确定的氯离子沉积速率等级可能要比湿烛法所确定的高一级。     

碳酸盐络合物在热液中搬运钨的流体包裹体证据

<正> 纽芬兰的格雷河钨矿勘探区和其他钨矿床的流体包裹体证据说明,Co_2是热液流体的一种重要组分。在高的流体压力下,从花岗岩熔体中释放出的流体富CO_2,而低压流休则富氯化物。钨矿床与这些富CO_2     

同时测定降雨中的几种无机物和有机物

本文阐述了离子色谱法同时对降雨中的四种无机物和有机物——氟化物、氯化物、甲酸和乙酸进行定性和定量分析的方法和步骤。测定结果显示氟化物、氯化物、甲酸和乙酸的检测限分别为002mg／l、0.02mg／l、0．01mg／l和005mg／l；方法的回收率分别为93～101％、96～101％、98～102％和90％～105％；相对标准偏差分别为0.9％、2．3％、2．0％和2．2％；线性范围分别为0．001～10mg／l,0.00～10mg／l、0．00～10mg／1．和0.00～15mg／l。     

利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法定量测定锡——氯化物干扰的研究

利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(AAS)研究了定量分析锡时氯化物产生的干扰,而且还利用X射线光电子分光法(XPS)研究了这种干扰的机理。业已查明,在有金属氯化物共存时氯化物对Sn有负干扰,而且这种氯化物的干扰可通过加入铵盐来有效地加以抑制。根据XPS的测定结果,当金属氯化物在试料基体中共存时,在600℃温度下氯化物也会在石墨炉中残存下来,但若加入硝酸铵,则氯化物离子在200℃温度下会消失。根据这个结果考察了这种氯化物的干扰,又研究了通过加入铵盐抑制干扰的机理。     

氯化物溶剂废液和残渣的安全处理

机械行业从二十年代起就已广泛使用氯化物溶剂清洗金属部件。氯化物溶剂也同时用于平时的维护清洗和干洗行业。因氯化物泄漏和废液处理不当而引起的环境污染问题已经引起人们的日益重视。最近,欧洲化工联合会理事会在“氯化物溶剂在     

万宁地区近地面氯离子沉积速率的影响因素研究

目的 研究热带海洋大气环境中不同地貌下氯离子沉积速率的分布规律及主要影响因素。方法 通过挂片法采集万宁地区的氯离子沉积速率,并分析离海距离、地形地貌对氯离子沉积速率的影响,以及其与海水因素、自然环境因素间的相关性。结果 近海开阔区域氯离子沉积速率受离海距离和地貌的影响显著,在300 m处降低至90 m处的1/3左右,地貌的变化导致同一距离点处的氯离子沉积速率相差30倍。另外,高的海水有效波高、风速和东风占比使春季氯离子沉积速率高于夏季。结论 不同地貌下的氯离子沉积速率均与海水有效波高、风速间呈较强的正相关性。     

海洋大气环境下Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量分布规律研究

目的 研究海洋大气环境下氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积分布规律。方法 使用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪测试Q235钢在海南岛不同地点大气环境暴露后的表面氯离子沉积，然后采用插值算法绘制氯离子在Q235钢表面沉积分布图和海南岛不同地点氯离子在Q235钢表面平均沉积量分布图，并根据氯离子沉积分布图分析氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量分布规律。结果 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀分布特征。在环境暴露试验前6个月，Q235钢表面氯离子含量逐渐增加；暴露6~12个月，Q235钢表面的氯离子含量总体变化不大。从整个海南岛看，内陆地区氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量低，而在沿海环岛区域的沉积量高。在海南岛沿海地区，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量随季风风向的变化而变化。结论 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀沉积分布，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量在海南岛不同地点呈“中间低、两边高”的沉积分布规律，内陆地区沉积量低，而沿海环岛区域沉积量高，并且沿海地区的氯离子沉积易受季风风向的影响。     

海洋大气氯离子监测方法——湿烛法与干片法对比研究

目的对比研究两种海洋大气氯离子监测方法。方法针对湿烛法与干片法各自的特点,在万宁试验站海洋平台、近海试验场、内试验场和不同离海距离的屋顶监测了两种方法多种条件下的氯离子沉降速率。采用成对数据的符号秩和检验法对比研究了湿润、透风、采样的方向性、氯离子污染程度对两种采样方法的监测结果的影响,采用皮尔逊积矩相关系数分析了气象因素对氯离子沉降速率的关系。结果湿润、透风、采样的方向性是重要的影响因素,氯离子污染程度越大的环境,其影响程度越大。结论诸多影响的综合结果导致了湿烛法监测的氯离子沉降速率高于干片法。     

Monitoring the dry deposition of SO2 in the Netherlands: Results for grassland and heather vegetation

An automated system based on the micrometeorological gradient technique has been developed to measure the dry deposition of SO₂ on a routine basis. Measurements were made at two locations in the Netherlands. From these results dry deposition fluxes, dry deposition velocities and surface resistances for a heathland and for an agricultural grassland site were estimated using a selected set of data and a calculation procedure based on micrometeorological considerations. An extensive analysis was made to determine uncertainties in the resulting deposition parameters. From this analysis it has been concluded that the uncertainty in these parameters is almost completely determined by the random errors in measured concentrations. The meteorological surface exchange parameters can be estimated sufficiently accurately (<20% uncertainty). At the grassland site, average surface resistances to deposition of 6(±8) and 13(±12) s m⁻¹ were calculated for wet and dry conditions, respectively. At the heathland site, a similar distinct difference between R_c values for wet and dry conditions was found. These values are 20(±21) and 70(±90) s m⁻¹, respectively. The yearly average dry deposition flux for SO₂ at the grassland site amounts to 585(±330) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while at the heathland site the yearly average flux was 300(±270) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The yearly average dry deposition velocity at 4 m height was 1.2(±0.3) cm s⁻¹ at the grassland site and 0.8(±0.4) cm s⁻¹ at the heathland site.     

空气中氯离子沉积速率的影响因素分析

目的 分析空气中氯离子沉积速率的影响因素。方法 采用灰色关联分析法、pearson相关系数法和spearman相关系数法分析了海南省中东部离海岸线350 m处监测的气温、相对湿度、风速、降雨量、海水有效波高、海水温度与氯离子沉积速率的相关性。结果 3种方法的分析结果一致表明,与氯离子沉积速率的相关性最高的是海水有效波高,而与其他环境因素的相关性交替排序。结论 海水有效波高与氯离子沉积速率呈现显著性正相关,表明海水有效波高越高,氯离子沉积速率越大。     

Atmospheric trace elements over source regions for Chinese dust: concentrations,sources and atmospheric deposition on the Loess plateau

The mass-particle size distributions of up to 17 trace elements in aerosol particle samples from dust storm and non-dust storm periods were determined for three sites in or near the source regions of Chinese dust. The mass of particulate material in the atmosphere at the sites is dominated by mineral aerosol particles. An absolute principal component analysis of the non-dust storm elemental data for the loess region allows the estimation of the mass contributions from two coarse-particle classes (soil dust and dust associated with pollutants), and two fine-particle classes (soil dust and anomalously enriched). For most elements (Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Ti, K, S and As), the mass-particle size distributions (MSDs) were approximately log-normal. The mass-median diameters (MMDs) of the soil-derived elements tended to decrease with distance from the desert region and when the dust storms subsided. Total dry deposition velocities were calculated by fitting a log-normal distribution to the aerosol data and calculating deposition rates for 100 particle-size intervals using a two-layer deposition model. The mean dry-deposition rates and fluxes were highest during dust storms over desert regions. In thloess region, the calculated dry deposition velocities of soil derived elements (Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Ti) during non-dust storm periods were from 3.1 to 3.7 cm s⁻¹. From the estimated mass-particles size distributions, the coarser and finer mineral particles were found to benriched with Ca, Fe, Ti and K relative to Al or Si. On a yearly basis, the dry atmospheric input to the Loess Plateau was mainly attributable to normal transport processes, i.e. non-dust storm conditions. Wet deposition fluxes estimated from scavenging ratios indicate that dry deposition dominated the total atmospheric deposition of mineral aerosol. The deposition of aerosol particles associated with coal burning or other anthropogenic sources also was considerable on the Loess Plateau.     

A method for predicting the content of sea salt particles in the atmosphere

The content of sea salt particles in air was calculated using diffusion theory to estimate the salt deposition density on insulators of transmission lines. The production rate of sea salt particles over the sea was obtained from observed data of salt deposition on test tubes. The salt deposition efficiency on test tubes and the wind velocity distribution over a complicated terrain were calculated numerically using Potential Flow theory of fluid dynamics. The ratio of calculated and observed salt deposition for three areas was almost better than a factor of 2.     

催化剂污水絮凝沉降试验与应用

利用聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺协同絮凝沉降催化剂污水中的悬浮物，采用正交实验法考查了聚合氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺加入量、污水pH值及沉降时间对悬浮物沉降效果的影响，确定了污水处理新的工艺条件，并用于实际。     

Determination of chemical elements in deposition on the Western North Pacific

Shipboard sampling was performed for the evaluation of the deposition amount of chemical species on the southwestern section of the North Pacific, utilizing simple plastic samplers fixed on the upper decks of research vessels of the Japan Meteorological Agency on their routine meteorological and oceanographical cruises from 1988 to 1990. The deposition of nss-sulfate (non-seasalt sulfate, calculated from the concentration of sodium) was found to be high in the western Japan Sea, East China Sea and southern sea adjacent to the Japanese Islands. In the Mariana Sea and the equatorial area, the lowest values were constantly observed in the summer of those 3 years. Values a little higher, but much lower than in the Japan Sea or East China Sea, were measured off the Philippine Islands. The deposition amounts of crustal elements such as silicon, aluminum and iron showed similar tendencies but with some difference in detail.