生物滞留池对屋面径流基本污染物的控制

快速的城市化导致不透水性下垫面急剧增加,进而加剧了径流污染,尤其是屋面径流污染。生物滞留池作为低影响开发理念的核心措施之一,对径流的净化效果显著。以屋面径流为控制对象,设计了3个生物滞留池用于探究不同土壤层厚度和不同进水方式对生物滞留池出水的影响。结果表明,实验收集的屋面径流污染严重,COD和TN为《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)劣Ⅴ类。经生物滞留池处理后发现,3个生物滞留池对悬浮物(SS)的去除效果较好,去除率为92.2%～98.7%,装填20cm土壤的表层进水生物滞留池较装填15cm土壤的生物滞留池出水污染物浓度低。装填20cm土壤的表层进水和侧向进水的生物滞留池对COD、TN和TP的去除能力总体相当,表层进水和侧向进水的生物滞留池对COD的去除率分别为91.7%、90.4%,对TN的去除率分别为93.8%、86.5%,对TP的去除率分别为70.1%和72.7%。     

城市初期雨水污染及处理措施综述

雨水径流中初期雨水的污染尤为严重,若直接排入受纳水体将会引起水体污染。因此,初期雨水的治理和综合应用对社会和环境具有重大意义。综述了初期雨水的污染特点及处理措施,重点对雨水弃流、绿色屋顶、渗透铺装、植草沟、植被缓冲带、人工湿地以及生物滞留池等处理措施的处理效果、适宜地区及其优缺点进行了详细的介绍和总结,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期为城市初期雨水的污染控制提供参考。     

上海市城区径流污染及控制对策

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出.非渗透性地表径流污染成为城市水体污染的主要来源.对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流进行了为期3年的采样调查,监测了COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等污染物指标,并估算了单位面积径流年污染负荷.结合上海市实际情况,提出了城区径流污染控制的综合策略.     

低影响开发(LID)雨水径流控制效果模拟

随着城市化发展,防洪工程面临严峻挑战,新版《室外排水设计规范》(GB 50014-2006)对雨洪系统提出更高要求。为研究降雨径流变化规律,利用SWMM(storm water management model)软件对开发前后场地进行径流模拟,分析径流量变化情况。LID(low impact development)是一种新型的雨洪管理理念,采用雨水源头控制技术,通过滞留、渗透作用,对降雨径流进行控制。LID对雨水径流具有明显的削减和调控作用,能够有效降低城市内涝隐患。为探究LID径流控制效果,以生物滞留池、渗渠、透水路面3种典型LID工程措施为例,模拟不同LID措施对降雨径流控制的效果,探究各措施性能特点。制定LID措施组合方案,模拟其效果,提出合理的LID使用建议。     

基于文献分析的生物滞留研究现状与展望

自从生物滞留技术用于净化雨水径流以来,相关研究已经进行了30余年。对Web of Science(核心合集)和中国知网(核心期刊)数据库中2010—2021年关于生物滞留技术研究成果的文献信息进行统计分析,针对生物滞留系统的设计构造参数、运行条件、溶解性风险污染物去除和径流控制模型等研究热点与现状进行阐述,提出了生物滞留系统的未来研究方向。     

植草沟在城市面源污染控制系统的应用

暴雨径流造成的城市面源污染已引起广泛重视,为控制和削减进入受纳水体的径流污染负荷,各种技术措施得到发展,植草沟便是其中之一.植草沟是景观型地表沟渠排水系统,从植草沟定义、类型、设计计算、参数确定、运行维护及应用实例方面作了较详细介绍.植草沟在条件合适时可代替传统的雨水管道,具有很好的推广应用前景.     

北京市城区雨水径流污染控制与节能减排

节能减排是目前中国建设和谐社会、实施可持续发展的重大战略方针.随着城市生活污水处理率和工业废水达标率的不断提高以及清洁生产技术与管理体系的大力推行,城市雨水径流污染在水环境污染排放总量中所占比例越来越大.以北京市为例,2006年城八区生活污水处理率已达到90.0%.雨水径流COD排放量占废水COD排放总量的33.39%,足见城市径流污染已成为节能减排的重要方面,亟需全社会的广泛关注.控制城市雨水径流污染应从加强雨水径流污染的监管力度下手,建立以市场激励为主、政府管制为辅的雨水政策框架.     

改良填料生物滞留池对雨水径流中磷的去除效果

针对生物滞留池在一定淹没区高度条件下同时添加碳源对P的去除效果波动较大问题,开展了生物滞留池填料改良方法的研究。通过构建3根模拟实验柱,分别填充传统填料、普通生物炭改良填料和铁改性生物炭改良填料,分析了不同生物炭改良填料生物滞留池在不同淹没区高度和不同落干期条件下对PO_4~(3-)-P的去除效果;同时,探讨了生物炭对生物滞留池填料的改良作用。研究结果表明:在淹没区高度为300 mm的条件下,铁改性生物炭改良填料生物滞留池对于PO_4~(3-)-P去除效果最好,平均去除率接近90%,而普通生物炭改良填料生物滞留池对PO_4~(3-)-P去除效果最差,平均去除率低于60%;同时,在不同落干期条件下,所有实验柱均未发生PO_4~(3-)-P淋出现象。铁改性生物炭改良填料生物滞留池在设有一定高度淹没区条件下对雨水径流中磷具有很好的去除效果,并对不同落干期变化具有较强的适应性。     

人工生物蓄水过滤系统对雨水的滞留与过滤功效

通过人工构建3个不同沙土配比的生物蓄水过滤系统,对人工系统滞留雨水时间和净化雨水的功效进行了研究。首先,根据自然降雨特点将雨水地表径流按照不同水量与进水时间引入系统,然后测定系统出水水量、时间、水质以及土壤湿度,比较植物层和整个系统滞留雨水径流的效果以及系统过滤雨水的功效。结果表明,(1)人工生物蓄水过滤系统有显著的滞留雨水的作用。其中植物层滞留雨水时间4.72~11.50 h,整个系统滞留雨水时间为5.17~13.80 h,人工系统比植物层滞留雨水时间显著延长,且进水量越大,差异越显著。(2)系统出水流速平缓,蒸发与植物蒸腾耗水量比例低于6%;壤土含量越高,滞留雨水时间越长。(3)经系统过滤,系统出水酸碱度平均增加0.81,氨氮含量平均降低0.42 mg/L。     

基于SWMM模型的万州龙宝河片区径流污染控制研究

为评价重庆万州龙宝河片区海绵城市改造的径流污染控制效果，运用SWMM模型模拟该片区的径流过程，研究不同重现期下绿色屋顶、透水铺装、生物滞留带等低影响开发(LID)设施对污染物的控制效果。结果表明：当重现期为1～50 a时，LID设施对悬浮固体(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)的总量削减率分别可达47%～72%、56%～70%、48%～64%、43%～66%;对上述污染物峰值浓度的削减率分别为31.31%～41.05%、25.12%～38.93%、22.50%～31.38%、13.39%～21.76%,并能延迟峰现时间2～11 min。由此可见，海绵城市改造能够有效缓解径流污染，但随着重现期增加，控制效果会变差，说明海绵城市更适用于低降雨强度的径流污染控制。     

A review of bioretention components and nutrient removal under different climates—future directions for tropics

Bioretention systems have been implemented as stormwater best management practices (BMPs) worldwide to treat non-point sources pollution. Due to insufficient research, the design guidelines for bioretention systems in tropical countries are modeled after those of temperate countries. However, climatic factors and stormwater runoff characteristics are the two key factors affecting the capacity of bioretention system. This paper reviews and compares the stormwater runoff characteristics, bioretention components, pollutant removal requirements, and applications of bioretention systems in temperate and tropical countries. Suggestions are given for bioretention components in the tropics, including elimination of mulch layer and submerged zone. More research is required to identify suitable additives for filter media, study tropical shrubs application while avoiding using grass and sedges, explore function of soil faunas, and adopt final discharged pollutants concentration (mg/L) on top of percentage removal (%) in bioretention design guidelines.

     

Road traffic impact on urban water quality: a step towards integrated traffic,air and stormwater modelling

Methods for simulating air pollution due to road traffic and the associated effects on stormwater runoff quality in an urban environment are examined with particular emphasis on the integration of the various simulation models into a consistent modelling chain. To that end, the models for traffic, pollutant emissions, atmospheric dispersion and deposition, and stormwater contamination are reviewed. The present study focuses on the implementation of a modelling chain for an actual urban case study, which is the contamination of water runoff by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the Grigny urban catchment near Paris, France. First, traffic emissions are calculated with traffic inputs using the COPERT4 methodology. Next, the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants is simulated with the Polyphemus line source model and pollutant deposition fluxes in different subcatchment areas are calculated. Finally, the SWMM water quantity and quality model is used to estimate the concentrations of pollutants in stormwater runoff. The simulation results are compared to mass flow rates and concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn measured at the catchment outlet. The contribution of local traffic to stormwater contamination is estimated to be significant for Pb and, to a lesser extent, for Zn and Cd; however, Pb is most likely overestimated due to outdated emissions factors. The results demonstrate the importance of treating distributed traffic emissions from major roadways explicitly since the impact of these sources on concentrations in the catchment outlet is underestimated when those traffic emissions are spatially averaged over the catchment area.     

Sustainable oil and grease removal from synthetic stormwater runoff using bench-scale bioretention studies.

One of the principal components of the contaminant load in urban stormwater runoff is oil and grease (O&G) pollution, resulting from vehicle emissions. A mulch layer was used as a contaminant trap to remove O&G (dissolved and particulate-associated naphthalene, dissolved toluene, and dissolved motor oil hydrocarbons) from a synthetic runoff during a bench-scale infiltration study. Approximately 80 to 95% removal of all contaminants from synthetic runoff was found via sorption and filtration. Subsequently, approximately 90% of the sorbed naphthalene, toluene, oil, and particulate-associated naphthalene was biodegraded within approximately 3, 4, 8, and 2 days after the event, respectively, based on decreases in contaminant concentrations coupled with increases of microbial populations. These results indicate the effectiveness and sustainability of placing a thin layer of mulch on the surface of a bioretention facility for reducing O&G pollution from urban stormwater runoff.     

Contributions of heavy metals from municipal runoff to the sediments of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

A study was conducted to determine the distribution and sources of heavy metal pollutants in the sediments of Lake Pontchartrain. Sediment samples were collected from the northern and southern shorelines and analyzed for heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry. The heavy metals of interest were barium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The concentrations of these metals indicate that the principal source of heavy metal pollution is associated with urban stormwater runoff and municipal discharges.     

城市旅游区暴雨径流污染过程中的不透水面效应

选取武汉市动物园4种典型的不透水面暴雨径流污染特征进行了系统的研究,以期为旅游区面源污染危害评价和治理提供基本的依据.结果表明,动物园4种不透水面初期径流污染物浓度很高,COD最大值达1140 mg/L,下垫面类型及地表累积污染物是影响径流水质的主要因素.通过无量纲累积曲线的分析,表明旅游区不透水面径流初期冲刷严重,该曲线还为面源治理提供了重要的工程参数.     

沸石-茭白复合床技术脱氮中试研究

通过模拟农村暴雨径流水质 ,开展了沸石 茭白复合床技术处理农村暴雨径流的中试研究 ,分析了在不同工况下床体中各态氮的变化规律 ,结果表明 ,该项技术应用于暴雨径流氮的控制是可行的。     

Stormwater runoff quality from different surfaces in an urban catchment in Beijing, China

Urban stormwater runoff quality, widely investigated around the world, has been monitored less in Beijing, China, which impedes the municipal government to use best management practices to protect surface water. In this study, rainwater and stormwater runoff samples from roofs, roads, and a lawn on the campus of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES) (Beijing, China) and from a ring road, with heavy traffic, have been sampled and analyzed for 31 storm events from June 2004 to August 2005. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in rainwater and runoff ranged over 2 or more orders of magnitude, meaning that the highest concentration of a certain pollutant did not always occur in a certain kind of runoff. Runoff contained significantly higher concentrations of pollutants than rainwater. On the campus of RCEES, TSS and total phosphorus in runoff samples from the lawn and roads were significantly higher than those from roofs, while the COD, BOD5, and total nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different in runoff among surfaces. Compared with runoff from the roads on campus, runoff from the ring road contained more COD and total nitrogen, but less TSS, BOD5, and total phosphorus. All pollutants measured in runoff from roofs on campus and from the ring road showed a peak concentration in starting runoff, which then decreased sharply. The peak concentrations of COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the roof runoff increased with the increase in time of the antecedent dry period. Thus, urban stormwater pollution control, especially for first-flush control, is of great importance for the full use of rainwater and prevention of water pollution.     

Appraisal of stormwater-induced runoff quality influenced by site-specific land use patterns in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban stormwater runoff is considered as one of the major contributors to nonpoint source that contributes to the pollution of all water resources in...