梯田印象

<正>梯田是大山里农民勤劳但未能致富的杰作,山民们在梯田里辛勤地劳作,收割着一点点微薄的希望。尽管如此,农民们仍日复一日年复一年地耕耘着土地。不管怎样,田里总装着春天和阳光,给你留下绿油油金灿灿的印象,即便是在风雨和阳光交织的雨季里,也时常能看到梯田里升起七彩的飞虹,此时此刻,希望就在那田野上啊!小时候家就在梯田边,虽然住在三楼,但一楼在垄下,从二楼阳台上搭块板便可以走到田埂上,     

元阳梯田

据传说,哈尼族的祖先从西藏高原来到云南南部边陲山区,初来乍到就遇到了一个大难题:周围的山谷根本不适宜种植。哈尼族人以顽强的民族精神与大自然博斗,用石块砌起围墙,围住新开垦的农田, 引来山泉灌溉,在水雾缭绕的梯田中种植稻谷。很快成为“适者生存”的杰出代表。2000 多年来,一代代勤劳的哈尼人生于斯长于斯,长年累月,挥汗如雨,把生命无私地奉献给     

陇东,陕北,晋西地区水平梯田的减灾作用

本文阐述了陇东、陕北、晋西地区坡耕地产生剧烈水土流失危害及其成因，提出了防治对策：把坡耕地修成水平梯田，可以有效地保水、保土、保肥，增强抗旱能力，对于改善当地生产条件和发展农村经济，具有战略意义。     

葛州坝大坝近区的水平形变

<正> 长江葛洲坝于1981年6月关闸蓄水。为研究这一大型水库蓄水后的地形变规律,本文用坝区附近的水平形变网资料对该区形变特征及其与地震的关系作一探讨。一、形变资料处理测边网如图1。本文选用1980年10月、1981年11月和1983年5月三期观测资料进行分析。这三期资料中,第一期为蓄水前施测,后两期为蓄水后施测。三期资料均采用同型激光     

长江三峡库区滑坡变形统计特征研究

三峡库区受到蓄水影响的滑坡众多,其对库区人民生命财产构成严重威胁。该文通过统计得出,从2003年6月10日蓄水以来,2 619个涉水滑坡中有674个出现变形或失稳。经过分析得出:(1)三峡库区滑坡75.5%的变形发生在分阶段蓄水周期内,54.3%的变形发生在三个初次升降周期内;在分阶段蓄水期内64.1%滑坡变形发生在库水上升及稳定阶段;在正常运营周期内,75.7%滑坡变形发生在库水下降及稳定阶段。(2)滑坡变形与库水位变动过程具有明显的相关性,但在库水循环变动作用下滑坡变形数量及变形程度呈现逐年减少变缓的趋势。(3)滑坡变形动态因素为库水位升降与降雨,内在因素主要受斜坡结构、滑面形态、涉水程度、渗透特性的影响。     

宁蒙河段旬槽蓄水增量影响因子分析

近年来,宁蒙河段凌汛灾害较为严重,槽蓄水增量是导致宁蒙河段凌汛灾害发生的关键因子之一。采用相关性分析原理,从气温、上游来水情况及前期形成的槽蓄水增量等多方面发掘影响宁蒙河段旬槽蓄水增量的因子,并分析了不同影响因子对旬槽蓄水增量的影响程度。结果表明,前期已形成的槽蓄水增量是凌汛期旬槽蓄水增量的主要影响因子,其次是气温,最后是上游来水情况。研究成果可为宁蒙河段防凌调度提供参考。     

库水位上升对千将坪滑坡的影响研究

水库蓄水和暴雨是导致千将坪滑坡的主要因素。根据三峡水库一期蓄水方案和库区暴雨情况，利用有限元模拟库水位在90-135m波动和降雨时千将坪滑坡的暂态渗流场，将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡的极限平衡分析，得出边坡稳定系数与库水位上升的关系。研究表明：水库蓄水特别是蓄水初期对边坡稳定性有很大的影响。     

城市绿地隐形蓄水系统的建立及生态功能分析

城市雨水资源的有效利用是建设节约型社会面临的问题之一。针对目前城市普遍重排水轻蓄水的现状，从提高水资源利用率和构建城市良性生态系统的角度，提出了城市绿地隐形蓄水系统的概念、结构、组成和蓄水原理，分析了隐形蓄水系统在抑制环境污染、利用和节约水资源、改善植物生长条件、促进生物多样性形成和保障水生态安全等方面的生态服务功能。     

葛州坝水库蓄水后其邻近断层区域的地形变研究

地形变观测结果表明,葛州坝水库西南部邻近的断层与破碎帝在水库蓄水后都发生了不同程度的地形变。本文根据实测资料,计算分析了区域应变场与应变误差,探讨了断层区域的变形机制,指出断层上的形变与坝库区域的地形变有着良好的对应关系,水库蓄水使邻近断层上的应力状态有所改变,断层上的形变是坝库近区形变在邻近构造边界上的响应。     

三峡库区泥石流活动发展趋势的分析预测

三峡水库135m高程蓄水将近，库区泥石流活动对城、镇、移民新村的安全问题备受政府关注。2009年水库175m水位蓄水后，泥石流活动的发展趋势如何?对三峡库区蓄水前、后泥石流环境的变化特点，特别是蓄水后库岸再造过程对泥石流活动的影响，库区工程建设中人类不合理活动可能形成的人为泥石流等因素作了较全面的分析，提出了库区泥石流活动发展趋势的11项预测结果和一点建议，供有关部门讨论和实施库区地质灾害防治规划参考。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.