基于生态城市建设的资源可持续利用研究 ——以常州市为例

各类资源是生态城市建设的基础条件，也是塑造城市特色的重要依据之一。基于生态城市建设的资源可持续利用，不仅要重视资源的数量问题，更需要着眼全局，综合分析城市社会、经济、环境发展的现状、目标与资源之间的矛盾，制定资源可持续利用的保障对策。基于生态城市的深刻内涵，资源可持续利用的研究视野亟待拓展，不仅要关注自然资源、生物资源的可持续利用问题，同时还必须重视对城市人文禀赋与历史文脉的传承和保护，实现古代、近代、现代和当代“四代文明”可持续发展。以常州市为例，基于生态城市建设，对其土地资源、水资源、生物资源与人文资源的可持续利用进行了系统研究,并作了概念性规划。     

居民活动空间与生态约束协调的城市开发边界划定方法——以长沙市为例

为了遏制长沙市城市的无序扩张,促进土地节约集约、高效利用,保障生态空间质量,划定长沙市城市开发边界成为重要举措。基于居民活动空间扩展,选取人口密度、居民活动分布、基础设施布局等多源时空数据,通过量化居民活动空间扩展概率,并利用植被覆盖度构建生态约束强度,确定二者协调规则,作为CA模型的约束条件,进行城市建设用地模拟,划定城市开发边界。结果表明：划定的长沙市城市开发边界,结果与长沙市“十三五”规划的城市空间发展框架基本一致,对未来建设用地扩展方向预测合理,而且避免了侵占重要生态资源,达到了兼顾城市空间发展和生态资源保护的多重目的。     

循环经济的范式研究

发展循环经济是落实科学发展观、实现经济增长方式根本性转变的重要途径。借鉴“范式”理论探讨和研究了循环经济范式替代末端治理范式的变革：①自然资源的价值得到重估。循环经济范式中将自然资源列为最重要的资源形式。认为它是人类社会最大的资源储备，提高资源生产率是解决环境问题的关键。②不同生态伦理得到整合、提升。循环经济的生态伦理基础强调“生态价值”的全面回归．主张在生产领域和消费领域向生态化转向，承认“生态位”的存在和尊重自然权利。它既包含了现代人类中心主义、生命中心主义和生态中心主义兰种生态伦理追求人类道德完善的合理成分。又补充了各自其不完善的方面o③生态阈值的研究得到深化。循环经济范式的基本前提之一是认为生态阈值是客观存在的。强调在生态阈值的范围内合理利用自然资源．从原来的仅对人力生产率的重视转向在根本上提高资源生产率。在尊重自然的基础上切实有力地保护生态系统的自组织能力。实现经济发展和环境保护的目的。④深层生态学的研究得到加强。循环经济范式是一种深层生态学。符合天人调谐的理念。它不仅强调技术进步．而且将制度、体制、管理、文化等因素通盘考虑，注重观念创新和生产、消费方式的变革．树立了人与自然和谐发展的价值观念。     

生态渔业效益综合指标体系的研究

通过对湖北省现行生态渔业系统环境生态结构与功能效益的调查和评价，建立了生态渔业效益综合评价指标体系，为合理培植利用资源，保护生态环境，推进生态渔业经济发展，并对其类型结构不断优化与调控提供了决策参考。     

甘肃省"资源-环境-经济系统"动态仿真研究

立足于生态经济理论,利用系统模型方法。构建了对有关区域发展政策的可能结果进行动态仿真的模拟实验室。对甘肃省“资源-环境-经济”系统运行规律进行探索和实证研究。旨在描述甘肃省“资源-环境-经济系统”可能的运行情景。为甘肃省的可持续发展决策提供参考。模型运行的结果表明：甘肃省目前的发展模式是不可持续的；技术对自然资源表现为弱可替代性；转变经济发展模式是实现甘肃省可持续发展的唯一途径。     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的长株潭城市群生态承载力安全预警研究

在构建城市群生态承载力安全预警评价指标体系基础之上,通过数据的收集,利用灰色加权关联理论,计算了2006～2015年长株潭城市群生态承载力安全指数,并对各年份生态承载力安全警度进行了判定.计算结果显示:从总体来看,2006～2015年长株潭城市群生态承载力安全指数呈现出上升的趋势,安全警度由“高警”下降为“轻警”;从压力、状态、响应3个子系统来看,安全指数同样呈现出上升的趋势,安全警度则由“高警”或“中警”下降为“轻警”.分析表明:近些年长株潭城市群“两型社会”试验区相关资源与环境政策的实施效果是明显的.但我们也发现,试验区统计年份安全指数数值都在0.700 0之下,与“无警”(0.850 0)状态距之甚远,长株潭“两型社会”建设依然任重而道远.     

鄱阳湖生态环境保护与资源利用技术模式研究

鄱阳湖是我国第一大淡水湖泊,也是国际重要湿地,在维系长江水量平衡和生态安全方面,发挥着十分重要的作用和功能。近年来,鄱阳湖生态环境受到经济发展和人口增长的威胁,主要表现为：湿地生态系统退化,湖泊生态功能下降,流域生物多样性减少,水生植被萎缩,水污染程度日趋严重。湖区内产业结构和资源利用的不合理也限制了其经济发展。建设鄱阳湖生态经济区发展战略的确立要求江西尽快探索出一条保护生态与发展经济的双赢之路。结合鄱阳湖区生态环境与资源利用现状,通过2 a多的集成研究与示范,已形成了湿地恢复、沙化综合治理、农业污染治理和资源合理利用等十多种技术模式,在保护环境的同时提高了农民收入,为实现鄱阳湖生态经济区建设目标提供了技术支撑.     

基于生态效益的武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化

满足生态安全的土地利用结构优化是协调社会经济发展与生态环境间矛盾、实现土地持续利用的有效途径。以武汉城市圈为研究区,基于2002~2009年土地利用变更调查汇总数据,引入土壤有机碳储量和土地利用绿当量两个生态指标,评价了城市圈发展不同阶段土地利用结构的生态效益;并通过TOPSIS模型对历年土地利用结构生态合理度进行了评价。在此基础上,以经济效益和生态效益的最大化为目标,构建了2020年多目标优化模型,获得了符合城市圈发展需求的土地利用结构优化方案,呈现"四增三减三稳定"的数量格局,且生态效益指标和生态合理度均呈正向的发展趋势;进而提出了土地资源可持续利用的建议。研究结果对武汉城市圈土地利用总体规划修编、土地利用调控方案的优化以及土地可持续利用具有重要指导意义。     

基于生态效益的武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化

满足生态安全的土地利用结构优化是协调社会经济发展与生态环境间矛盾、实现土地持续利用的有效途径。以武汉城市圈为研究区,基于2002～2009年土地利用变更调查汇总数据,引入土壤有机碳储量和土地利用绿当量两个生态指标,评价了城市圈发展不同阶段土地利用结构的生态效益;并通过TOPSIS模型对历年土地利用结构生态合理度进行了评价。在此基础上,以经济效益和生态效益的最大化为目标,构建了2020年多目标优化模型,获得了符合城市圈发展需求的土地利用结构优化方案,呈现“四增三减三稳定”的数量格局,且生态效益指标和生态合理度均呈正向的发展趋势;进而提出了土地资源可持续利用的建议。研究结果对武汉城市圈土地利用总体规划修编、土地利用调控方案的优化以及土地可持续利用具有重要指导意义     

生态约束下的湖滨土地利用研究——以四川省仁寿县黑龙滩镇为例

生态文明体制改革下围绕土地“三位一体”管理理念,强化土地利用生态管理是当今我国土地资源管理的综合思路,研究湖滨生态敏感区土地利用具有重要的生态价值和现实意义。以四川省仁寿县黑龙滩镇为实证研究区,通过构建数理量化模型和经济计量模型分析了2005~2015年间研究区湖滨土地利用状况,并差别化探讨了湖滨土地利用优化模式,提出了相关政策建议。研究表明:(1)黑龙滩镇湖滨土地利用多样化系数和均衡度在时序上变幅较小,在空间上低于全县平均水平,但总体上处于均衡状态。(2)黑龙滩镇湖滨土地利用生态安全总体为波动上升趋势,以2012年为拐点,安全状态由较安全向安全阶段转变,总体呈较安全状态。(3)黑龙滩镇湖滨土地利用生态安全主要受种植结构优化合理度、人口密度、地均牲畜量、水环境污染负荷、水土流失占比、单位耕地农药负荷的影响,其中人口密度与预期方向相反,种植结构优化合理度具有显著的正效应,其余的综合净效应为负。(4)针对黑龙滩镇湖滨土地利用变化状况以及生态安全保护需求与区域发展趋势,差别化地提出退耕还湖与持续利用生态模式、复合农业与生态种植发展模式、休闲农业与教育体验发展模式三类湖滨土地利用模式。综上提出了加强湖滨水土资源保护、优化湖滨农业结构布局和规范湖滨管理的政策建议。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.