亚马孙地区开发利用型保护区的保护和发展:以Alto Juru(a)为例

开发利用型保护区是同时满足保护和发展目标的一项创举,在巴西,建立开发利用型保护区最初是作为森林居民进行土地斗争的一部分.虽然这个概念已普及,并且人们也在尝试把它推广到其他热带地区,但却很少有人对开发利用型保护区项目在保护和发展方面取得的成绩进行综合分析.我们对1990年在巴西建立的第一个开发利用型保护区的森林砍伐、人口和社会经济变化进行了详细分析.保护区内的森林覆盖度一直相当稳定.人口数量稍有下降,并且在保护区内发生了一些居住地迁移.现金经济收入的主要来源由原来的橡胶生产转变为多种农作物和家畜综合生产,非农业收入也大幅度增加.我们认为该开发利用型保护区代表了一种不断变化的环境,在其建立之初的10年中,开发利用型保护区对保护和发展起了积极促进作用.     

典型中型水库水源保护区划分及保护研究 ——以明光市石坝水库为例

饮用水水源地水质超标及环境风险一直是影响我国饮水安全的主要隐患。虽然目前饮用水水源保护区划分技术成熟,但是在单一供水难以满足供水要求的情况下,协同供水的不同水源地之间的供水干渠在水源保护区划分上缺乏相关指导性意见,并且在水源保护区后期保护建设中针对性不足,难以有效防范环境风险。本文针对明光市石坝水库水源地,结合中型水库水源地的特点进行水源保护区划分,并综合分析水质和污染源等现状,提出有针对性的环境风险防治措施,为明光市石坝水库水源地建设及保护提供科学支撑。     

海洋资源开发利用的研究——以辽宁省为例

辽宁是中国北方海洋资源丰富的省区,既有海洋生物、海水化学、海洋能源等狭义的海洋资源,又有港湾、海洋交通运输航线、海洋旅游景观、滨海浴场和海洋空间等广义的海洋资源。论文对辽宁海洋资源的数量、空间分布特征等进行评述,并计算了辽宁沿海各个地区的海洋资源丰度。随着对海洋资源的开发利用,辽宁主要海洋产品的产量逐年增长,论文重点探讨了经济增长与资源产出(产品)的关系,据此计算了辽宁沿海各地的海洋经济资源丰裕度指数。通过海洋资源丰度和海洋资源丰裕度指数两个指标的对比,既反映出各个地区海洋资源与地区经济发展的差异状况,而且海洋资源丰度和海洋资源丰裕度指数这两个指标在地区排列顺序上完全一致,充分说明了海洋资源在地区经济发展中的基础作用。     

西藏昌都地区“三江”流域林业资源综合开发利用的探讨——以“三江”流域六县为例

论述了西藏昌都地区“三江”流域６县的林业资源,并对其进行了深入分析,提出了以保护为主,综合开发利用和管理的设想。     

水源保护区内环境保护对策研究——以铁岭市南城子水库保护区内莲花镇为例分析

本文以铁岭市南城子水库饮用水源保护区上游村镇莲花镇为研究对象,利用实际调研数据进行分析,侧重研究饮用水源保护区上游村镇环境保护对策,以期为饮用水源保护区污染控制提供参考。     

加快构筑中国循环经济型社会的水资源保护和开发利用新模式

我国已进入完善社会主义市场经济体制的新历史时期。建立促进经济社会可持续发展的机制是完善我国社会主义市场经济体制的目标。循环经济是可持续发展的战略选择,构筑水资源保护和开发利用新模式是创立“循环型社会”的重要任务,完成这一任务的主要保证措施是节水减污、污水处理、水环境修复和污水、污泥的资源化一能源化。     

城市碳排放达峰和低碳发展研究:以上海市为例

在2015年巴黎气候变化大会上,中国政府提出"2030年前后碳排放达到峰值并加快实现"等一系列新阶段目标。城市是能源资源消耗和碳排放的集聚区域,推动城市低碳发展成为各国面临的共同挑战。采用STIRPAT模型,探究上海市过去20年发展总体形势,分析碳排放影响因素,判断上海在2025年是否可以达峰。结果表明:无论基准情景还是超低碳情景,上海市在2025年之前达峰的目标均可以实现。在对上海市碳排放各影响因素中,城市化率对其影响最大,其次是人均GDP水平。     

以绿色发展推动"两型"社会建设

2011年3月26日至4月9日,受德国联邦经济合作与发展部(BMZ)委托,由德国国际合作机构(GlZ)邀请,中国环境保护部组成中德环保政策培训代表团,赴德国进行"面向绿色发展的环境管理"培训,以期进一步拓展中德双方在环境经济政策研究、危险化学品管理、电子废物回收、生物多样性保护和人员培训等领域的合作.     

以绿色发展助推资源型城市转型—以太原市为例

推进资源型城市的绿色转型,需要以绿色发展理念为指导,通过改变产业构成方式、政府调控手段、居民生活习惯,实现企业绿色经营、产业绿色重构、政府绿色行政与居民绿色生活,进而实现资源型城市的绿色升级。本文以太原市为范例,从科学决策支持体系的建立、工作体制机制的创新两个方面,解析了太原市根治环境污染顽疾的各项具体举措,为在全国资源型城市环境治理方面提供了技术支撑和参考。     

Do "White" and "Green" Look the Same to a Bee?

 The hexagon model of color vision predicts that white flowers which reflect ultraviolet light resemble green foliage to a bee's eye, whereas, according to other models of the bee color vision, UV-reflecting white is discriminable from foliage green. The hexagon model is widely used in ecologically and evolutionary oriented literature, and the predicted similarity between white and green has been recently presented as a well established fact (Waser and Chittka 1998). We show that bees detect UV-reflecting white objects presented on a green background, a finding that is in disagreement with the predictions of the hexagon model. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

保山币城币垃圾物相组成与处理

本文对保山市城市垃圾物相组成及其发热量等性质进行了研究，对城市垃圾的有效利用和处理提供了技术支持，并提出了适合其特性的处理方式。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gnamptogenys hartmani</Emphasis> Wheeler (Ponerinae: Ectatommini): an agro-predator of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Trachymyrmex</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sericomyrmex</Emphasis> fungus-growing ants

The fungus gardens of fungus-growing ants are a potentially valuable resource for exploitation by natural enemies, but few of these antagonistic interactions have been studied. Here we describe key aspects of the behavioral ecology of Gnamptogenys hartmani (Ponerinae: Ectatommini), a specialized agro-predator of Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex fungus-growing ants in Panama. Raiding columns of G. hartmani attack and usurp nests with remarkably little effort: a few intruding workers are sufficient to cause panic among the attine ants and make them abscond from the nest. Both G. hartmani larvae and adults consume the fungus and the host brood, after which the colony migrates to a new fungus-growing ant nest discovered by scouting workers. The morphology of the G. hartmani larval mouthparts is similar to that of Gnamptogenys species with a non-fungal diet. However, we suggest that the presence of long spinules on the larval mandibles in the genus Gnamptogenys, comparable to those found in attine larvae, may have pre-adapted G. hartmani to fungus eating. G. hartmani workers do not actively maintain or modify fungus gardens, which makes them less efficient exploiters than Megalomyrmex, the only other agro-predatory ant species known so far.     

Regional,seasonal and interspecific variation in <Superscript>15</Superscript>N and <Superscript>13</Superscript>C in sympatric mouse lemurs

Madagascar provides some of the rare examples where two or more primate species of the same genus and with seemingly identical niche requirements occur in sympatry. If congeneric primate species co-occur in other parts of the world, they differ in size in a way that is consistent with Hutchinson’s rule for coexisting species, or they occupy different ecological niches. In some areas of Madagascar, mouse lemurs do not follow these “rules” and thus seem to violate one of the principles of community ecology. In order to understand the mechanisms that allow coexistence of sympatric congeneric species without obvious niche differentiation, we studied food composition of two identical sized omnivorous mouse lemur species, Microcebus griseorufus and M. murinus with the help of stable isotope analyses (δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹³C). The two species are closely related sister species. During the rich season, when food seems abundant, the two species do not differ in their nitrogen isotope composition, indicating that the two species occupy the same trophic level. But they differ in their δ ¹³C values, indicating that M. griseorufus feeds more on C₄ and CAM (Crassulacean-acid-metabolism) plants than M. murinus. During the lean season, M. murinus has lower δ ¹⁵N values, indicating that the two species feed at different trophic levels during times of food shortage. Hybrids between the two species showed intermediate food composition. The results reflect subtle differences in foraging or metabolic adaptations that are difficult to quantify by traditional observations but that represent possibilities to allow coexistence of species.     

The first report of gynandromorphy in termites (Isoptera; Kalotermitidae; <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neotermes koshunensis</Emphasis>)

This is the first report of gynandromorphy in Isoptera. An Asian dry-wood termite, Neotermes koshunensis (Shiraki) [Kalotermitidae], possessing both male and female phenotypic characteristics, was found on Okinawa Island, Japan. This deformed individual showed morphological and anatomical hermaphroditism in the abdomen. The right side of the seventh sternite was the female form and contained an ovary, while the left side was the male form and contained a testis. Genotypic analysis revealed that this individual was a genotypic bilateral chimera. These results suggested that the termite was a bilateral gynandromorph with a male left side and a female right side. As reported previously in other insects, double fertilization (by two sperms, one with an X and one with a Y chromosome) of a binucleate egg is the most likely mechanism that generated this genotypic bilateral chimera. N. koshunensis has the ability to reproduce through parthenogenesis, in which the secondary polar body is likely to be used for nuclear phase recovery. If the second polar body in this mechanism has high fertility and healthy embryogenic potential, like an egg nucleus, some of gynandromorphs might be produced by a side effect of parthenogenetic ability.     

The flight of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Archaeopteryx</Emphasis>

The origin of avian flight is often equated with the phylogeny, ecology, and flying ability of the primitive Jurassic bird, Archaeopteryx. Debate persists about whether it was a terrestrial cursor or a tree dweller. Despite broad acceptance of its arboreal life style from anatomical, phylogenetic, and ecological evidence, a new version of the cursorial model was proposed recently asserting that a running Archaeopteryx could take off from the ground using thrust and sustain flight in the air. However, Archaeopteryx lacked both the powerful flight muscles and complex wing movements necessary for ground takeoff. Here we describe a flight simulation model, which suggests that for Archaeopteryx, takeoff from a perch would have been more efficient and cost-effective than from the ground. Archaeopteryx may have made short flights between trees, utilizing a novel method of phugoid gliding.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission and economic growth of Iran

This research investigates the relationship between CO₂ emission and economic growth of Iran over 14 years from 1994 to 2007 using a national panel data set. The statistical and emission intensity methodologies are used for analyzing the data series. The study finds evidence supporting parameters which conclude the stability of significant correlation between CO₂ emission and economic development over time during the years under investigation in Iran. This relationship is investigated and discussed for the energy sectors of the country as well. The results confirm that in all sectors except of agricultural, there is a positive strong correlation between CO₂ emission and economic growth throughout the study period. In most sectors, CO₂ emission intensity (the emission per unit of GDP) doesn’t show increasing trends while the absolute emission is rapidly increasing by the economic growth.     

Bee-hawking by the wasp, <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Vespa velutina</Emphasis>, on the honeybees <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Apis cerana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">A</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">mellifera</Emphasis>

The vespine wasps, Vespa velutina, specialise in hawking honeybee foragers returning to their nests. We studied their behaviour in China using native Apis cerana and introduced A. mellifera colonies. When the wasps are hawking, A. cerana recruits threefold more guard bees to stave off predation than A. mellifera. The former also utilises wing shimmering as a visual pattern disruption mechanism, which is not shown by A. mellifera. A. cerana foragers halve the time of normal flight needed to dart into the nest entrance, while A. mellifera actually slows down in sashaying flight manoeuvres. V. velutina preferentially hawks A. mellifera foragers when both A. mellifera and A. cerana occur in the same apiary. The pace of wasp-hawking was highest in mid-summer but the frequency of hawking wasps was three times higher at A. mellifera colonies than at the A. cerana colonies. The wasps were taking A. mellifera foragers at a frequency eightfold greater than A. cerana foragers. The final hawking success rates of the wasps were about three times higher for A. mellifera foragers than for A. cerana. The relative success of native A. cerana over European A. mellifera in thwarting predation by the wasp V. velutina is interpreted as the result of co-evolution between the Asian wasp and honeybee, respectively.     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

The bacterium<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Xenorhabdus nematophila</Emphasis> inhibits phospholipases A<Subscript>2</Subscript> from insect,prokaryote, and vertebrate sources

The bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, is a virulent insect pathogen. Part of its pathogenicity is due to impairing cellular immunity by blocking biosynthesis of eicosanoids, the major recognized signal transduction system in insect cellular immunity. X. nematophila inhibits the first step in eicosanoid biosynthesis, phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). Here we report that the bacterium inhibits PLA₂ from two insect immune tissues, hemocytes and fat body, as well as PLA₂s selected to represent a wide range of organisms, including prokaryotes, insects, reptiles, and mammals. Our finding on a bacterial inhibitor of PLA₂ activity contributes new insight into the chemical ecology of microbe–host interactions, which usually involve actions rather than inhibitors of PLA₂s.