DNBF-O3-GAC组合工艺深度脱除氮磷及代谢产物

为提高污水厂尾水水质,本研究采用新型缓释碳源复配海绵铁、活性炭作为反硝化生物滤池的复合填料,分别以模拟二级处理出水和实际污水厂尾水为进水,考察了复合缓释碳源填料反硝化生物滤池-臭氧-活性炭(DNBF-O_3-GAC)组合工艺同步脱氮除磷及去除微生物代谢产物的性能,并借助Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了反硝化生物滤池生物膜中的微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,组合工艺取得了较好的脱氮除磷及微生物代谢产物的效果:模拟配水阶段和实际尾水阶段NO_3~--N平均去除率分别达到88.87%、79.99%;TP平均去除率分别达到87.67%、65.51%;UV254平均去除率分别达到45.51%、49.23%.组合工艺各处理单元具有不同的功能:NO_3~--N、TN、TP、TFe的变化主要发生在反硝化生物滤池反应器中;UV254、三维荧光强度的变化主要发生在臭氧-活性炭反应器中.微生物在属水平进行聚类分析结果表明,反硝化脱氮系统存在硫自养反硝化菌和异养反硝化菌,当实际尾水阶段碳源相对不足时,硫自养反硝化作用有了显著加强,Thiobacillus(硫杆菌属)的占比由7.44%上升至29.62%,硫自养反硝化与异养反硝化形成的这种互补作用延长了新型缓释碳源的使用周期.     

复合碳源填料反硝化脱氮及微生物群落特性

为探讨低碳氮比污水厂尾水的深度脱氮技术,以碱处理玉米芯、零价铁和活性炭组成的复合碳源作为填料,考察反硝化生物脱氮滤柱的运行效果,并借助Miseq高通量测序技术对滤柱生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行解析.结果表明,复合碳源填料进行反硝化脱氮时,能有效的被微生物利用并获得较高的TN去除率.在温度为28℃左右,反硝化滤柱进水NO3--N浓度为20~30mg/L、HRT=7.7h时,TN去除率可达到95%以上,出水TOC在15mg/L左右;微生物在属水平进行聚类分析结果表明,生物膜中与反硝化作用有关的菌属和与纤维素降解有关的菌属分别占已知菌属的40.35%和29.04%.因此,污泥中反硝化作用菌属和纤维素降解有关的菌属的大量存在,为复合碳源填料高效反硝化作用提供了可能.     

NO3--N负荷对树皮填料人工湿地早期反硝化及释碳速率的影响

为了将污水厂尾水作为再生水进行利用,常常需要对尾水进行深度脱氮,针对尾水的水质特征,在深度脱氮时常常需投加碳源.试验采用树皮作为填料,兼作脱氮的缓释碳源,进行树皮填料人工湿地深度脱氮模型试验,研究进水NO_3~--N负荷对反硝化和树皮释放碳源的影响.结果表明,树皮填料人工湿地可稳定脱氮;反硝化速率遵循Monod关系式,随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,饱和常数KS=19.10 mg·L~(-1);硝氮去除率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而减小;在树皮填料人工湿地运行早期,树皮释碳总量、树皮释碳速率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,与进水NO_3~--N均呈线性正相关;树皮静态释碳速率为0.2 mg·(g·d)-1,与腐朽木等中空松散的植物碳源相比,碳源缓释性能较好,释碳周期较长,是良好的缓释碳源.     

腐朽木为填料的反硝化滤池特性研究

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水低碳氮比的水质特点,该文通过腐朽木的释碳静态实验和反硝化滤池动态实验,研究了腐朽木的碳源释放规律,对腐朽木释碳组份进行了GC/MS分析,同时以人工模拟配制低碳氮比废水作为反硝化滤池实验的进水,从TN、NO_3~--N的去除效果和COD、NO_2~--N、NH_3-N的变化规律,分析和研究腐朽木作为填料在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能和运行效果。结果表明,腐朽木可有效地释放碳源物质,腐朽木释碳组份主要为(Z)-9-Octadecenamide,其分子式为C18H35NO;反硝化滤池在初始阶段HRT为12 h时,脱氮效果最佳,TN、NO3--N去除率最高分别可达到94.41%、97.13%,此时腐朽木作为外加缓释碳源填料显著提高了滤池脱氮效果。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺的启动及微生物群落变化特征

为了解厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化启动过程中脱氮除碳性能与微生物群落的关系,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度研究了SAD启动过程中脱氮除碳性能和微生物群落变化.结果表明,随着进水COD浓度增加,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N的浓度保持稳定,平均去除率均在98%以上; TN去除率逐渐升高,第3阶段TN平均去除率为95. 6%,比厌氧氨氧化理论TN去除率高6. 8%;ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N明显下降,从0. 15～0. 17逐步降至0. 03～0. 07;厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率逐渐下降,反硝化脱氮贡献率逐渐上升,COD去除率逐步增加.污泥活性分析表明SAD启动后污泥反硝化活性明显增加,厌氧氨氧化活性略微降低.高通量测序结果表明,反应器内微生物的优势菌门为绿弯菌门、浮霉菌门、厚壁菌门、装甲菌门和变形菌门,微生物群落特征与SAD脱氮除碳性能密切相关,与脱氮除碳有关的功能微生物主要有厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,SAD启动后反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌丰度减少,厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌丰度明显增加.     

碳源类型对不同滤料反硝化滤池运行的影响

研究了石英砂和生物陶粒为填料的2种反硝化生物滤柱在分别以甲醇和乙酸钠为碳源时的反硝化效果。结果表明,甲醇比乙酸钠更适用于作为两种滤柱的反硝化碳源。控制C/N为4和水力负荷1.5 m~3/(m~2·h),甲醇为碳源时,石英砂滤柱出水COD、NO_3~--N和TN的去除率平均值分别为80.9%、88.6%和73.7%;生物陶粒滤柱对COD、NO_3~--N和TN的去除率平均值分别为79.9%、93.0%和77.1%。此外,相比于乙酸钠作为碳源,甲醇为碳源出水更稳定,并且出水几乎没有NO_2~--N的积累。作为反硝化滤柱填料,生物陶粒优于石英砂,相同条件下,生物陶粒滤柱生物量更多,污染物去除效果更好。经济分析表明,甲醇作为碳源可以大大节约处理成本。     

硫自养反硝化饮用水脱氮：悬浮填料与硫源作用效果评估

针对饮用水硝酸盐污染和固定床硫自养反硝化脱氮负荷低等问题,开展流化床型硫自养反硝化脱氮研究,探究聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭悬浮填料对硫自养反硝化的影响,并对比了不同硫源(升华硫、硫代硫酸钠和生物硫)对反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,悬浮填料可显著提升反硝化脱氮效果,升华硫与硫代硫酸钠效果优于生物硫.在最佳条件下,TN去除率可稳定保持在98.49%,TN脱氮负荷达2.84 g·L^-1·d^-1.机理分析表明,悬浮填料中海藻酸钠可作为异养反硝化的有机碳源,实现自养与异养反硝化相结合,减少了副产物NO₂^-和SO₄^2-的生成,并提供碱度,保持体系pH的稳定.加入悬浮填料后,反硝化微生物生长得到促进,优势菌属为Thauera(兼性自养反硝化菌)和Brachymonas(异养反硝化菌).     

玉米芯缓释碳源对CRI系统脱氮效能的影响

为解决CRI系统有机碳源不足导致的TN去除率低的问题,选取玉米芯作为碳源备选材料,研究了酸热、碱热、超声波3种预处理方法对其释碳性能和反硝化潜力的影响,筛选出最优预处理方式后,投加于CRI系统考察了对其脱氮效能的影响。结果表明,碱热处理玉米芯的COD平均释放量为13.24 mg/(g·d),反硝化潜力为130.93 mg NO_3~--N/g,粗糙的表面和丰富的孔隙有利于微生物的附着生长,且分解过程对水质的潜在影响较小,确定其为较适宜的缓释碳源。将碱热处理玉米芯投加到CRI系统的中层(50~100 cm),当玉米芯与基础填料体积比为1∶7,湿干比为1∶3时,COD、TN的平均去除率分别达到了80.28%、85.29%。沿程污染物变化规律表明,碱热处理玉米芯释放的有机物为反硝化段(100~150 cm)提供了充足的碳源,100 cm处进水的C/N比对照组提高了9.14倍,最终TN去除率比对照组提高了58.35%。     

不同碳氮比下污水反硝化过程中亚硝氮积累的特性研究

以乙酸钠为碳源,在不同的碳氮比(COD/NO_3~--N)条件下,通过控制反应器中反硝化时间,将NO_3~--N仅还原至NO_2~--N,实现NO_2~--N的稳定积累.结果表明,反硝化时间从60 min缩短至20 min,NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N积累速率分别增大至0.417 g·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以VSS计,下同)和0.402g·g~(-1)·h~(-1).经过108 d的培养,NO_2~--N的积累率为95%.反硝化活性随碳氮比的增大而增大,而较低碳氮比更有利于NO_2~--N的稳定积累.在反硝化亚硝氮积累过程中,当碳源充足时,由于电子受体NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N相互竞争碳源,NO_3~--N的存在会抑制NO_2~--N的还原,从而导致NO_2~--N积累;而当碳源不足时,基质限制使NO_3~--N优先还原,导致NO_2~--N的积累.微生物宏基因组测序结果表明,培养污泥中的优势菌群为Thauera(71.85%),该菌仅能将NO_3~--N还原为NO_2~--N,从而导致NO_2~--N的积累.     

缓释碳源生态基质添加比例对河水脱氮效果及微生物影响

添加缓释碳源生态基质提高河水C/N值可增强脱氮效果。考察了不同添加比例对河水脱氮效果和COD的影响,并采用高通量测序手段对基质中微生物进行分析,结果表明对总氮去除效果随着添加比例的增加而增加,考虑到前期释碳量高易引起二次污染,控制添加比例为15%,装置对氨氮、硝态氮、总氮的平均去除率分别为62.36%、75.22%、64.09%;出水ρ(COD)平均为28.18 mg/L。高通量分析结果显示假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)随着添加比例增加而增加,与脱氮效果一致,这可能与该菌属中包含硝化菌有关;缓释碳源添加比例为15%时,该组微生物多样性最大。可见,控制缓释碳源生态基质添加比例对脱氮效果具有一定的意义。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.