畜禽粪便中抗生素污染特征及堆肥化去除研究进展

养殖业抗生素的大量使用导致了畜禽粪便中多种抗生素残留,畜禽粪便成为了环境中抗生素污染的重要来源.本文总结了畜禽粪便中多种抗生素复合污染现状及其在土壤中的生态毒理效应,综述了堆肥化技术去除畜禽粪便中抗生素的影响因素和研究进展.堆肥化技术研究显示:针对不同种类抗生素的特性差异,控制堆肥过程的相关参数,提高堆肥化处理技术去除效果,是解决畜禽粪便多种抗生素污染问题的关键.     

猪粪堆肥过程中四环素类抗生素的生物转化及降解研究进展

四环素类抗生素(TCs)是畜禽养殖业中一类重要的兽药。随着畜禽养殖集约化,越来越多的抗生素经畜禽机体代谢进入环境,导致了对人类健康和生物安全等的危害。堆肥是无害化去除畜禽粪便中TCs的常见方法,能最大程度削减畜禽粪便中TCs的残留。笔者根据国内堆肥处理猪粪中抗生素残留的现状,结合国内外猪粪堆肥化技术的最新研究进展,从TCs生物转化、生物和非生物降解途径,阐述了猪粪堆肥过程中环境因子的调控、微生物群落结构与组成的变化和TCs的生物降解机制,旨在为未来畜禽粪便无害化、肥料资源化利用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

佛山市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2009年佛山市畜禽养殖数据,估算佛山市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便的环境效应进行评价。结果表明,2009年佛山市畜禽粪便总排放量约为332.35万t,其中以商品肉猪和鸡排放量较高,分别占总量的60.85%和14.10%。畜禽粪便中COD、BOD、NH3-N、TP和TN含量分别为97 004.17、92 782.79、7 929.77、7 850.56和18 382.88 t。农田畜禽粪便负荷量（以猪粪当量计）为74.07 t.hm-2,N、P养分负荷量分别为436.83和186.55 kg.hm-2,畜禽粪便产生的环境问题已不容忽视。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖污染负荷分析

以2011年鄱阳湖生态经济区各类畜禽养殖数量为基础,采用参数估算法估算了该区畜禽养殖产生的粪便及其中的污染物化学需氧量(CODCr)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)质量,结合各县(市、区)耕地面积计算得到畜禽粪便耕地负荷量,并以畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值评价各县(市、区)畜禽粪便负荷量的承受程度。结果显示,2011年该经济区畜禽养殖共产生3 129.42万t粪尿,83.34万t CODCr,6.97万t NH3-N,17.19万t TN,5.79万t TP,该区这些污染物产生量约占全省的40%。对畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值的分析表明,该经济区有9个县(市、区)畜禽粪便负荷量尚未对环境构成潜在威胁,其余26个县(市、区)畜禽粪便负荷量从理论上来讲都对环境构成了潜在威胁,尤以南昌市青云谱区和九江市浔阳区畜禽粪便负荷量对环境的污染威胁最大。     

畜禽粪便资源现状及替代化肥潜力研究:以安徽省固镇县为例

基于养殖业和种植业发展现状,综合考虑农作物种植面积、种植结构以及畜禽粪便处理技术等因素,估算固镇县分乡镇的固液粪便养分资源现状及其替代化肥的潜力。结果表明:(1)固镇县畜禽粪便中氮和磷养分量分别为11 456.93和2 954.09 t;在不施用化肥和不进行秸秆还田的情景下,各乡镇畜禽粪便的氮、磷供给量均未超过作物氮、磷养分需求量。(2)情景模拟表明,情景C(固体粪便收集后尽快经堆肥加工为有机肥,液体粪便收集生成沼气后其废物本地还田利用)为最佳模式,氮和磷的有效供给量分别为8 948.78和2 642.37 t,分别占作物氮、磷需求量的34%和54%,表明固镇县有足够的农用地消纳畜禽粪便,亟需改进畜禽粪便处理工艺,提高粪肥替代化肥潜力。(3)在情景C下,畜禽粪便中氮、磷养分替代化肥潜力为4 715.04和1 247.07 t,仲兴乡、任桥镇、刘集镇和杨庙乡替代化肥潜力最大。研究结果可为固镇畜禽养殖业发展规模的确定和畜禽粪便资源化利用提供决策支持。     

畜禽环境中抗生素的去除及其风险评估

抗生素作为饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜禽养殖业,造成养殖环境抗生素大量蓄积,尤其是在畜禽粪便中,长期的积累不仅污染养殖场内土壤环境,残留的抗生素还会随畜禽粪便进入周边水体及农田环境,威胁农作物及人体健康。目前,国内相关研究主要集中在抗生素的降解工艺及降解规律方面,而对其去除效率的影响因素及风险评价研究相对较少。笔者综述了国内外抗生素的降解转化及去除方式等的研究进展,并概述了抗生素在畜禽环境中的生态风险评估的研究现状,为抗生素的高效去除、风险预估及畜禽粪便资源化安全利用提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

广东省梅州市农地畜禽粪便环境风险评价

采用排泄系数估算法计算2008年梅州市各县(区)各类畜禽的粪便产生量,并计算农地畜禽粪便最大负荷量,运用农地畜禽粪便承载预警值对该市畜禽养殖进行环境风险评价.结果表明,2008年梅州市畜禽产生的污染物量为:粪324.60万t,尿液180.02万t,BOD519.36万t,COD 19.91万t,NH3-N2.423万t.梅州市农地畜禽粪便承载量平均为23.07t·hm-2·a-1,畜禽粪便承载预警值平均为0.51,总体预警级别为Ⅱ级,对环境"稍有影响",但不同地区间存在差异,丰顺县预警值最高,平远县相对较低,平远县畜禽养殖尚有较大的发展空间.     

闽江流域畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其环境风险评价

从闽江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算流域各县市的畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,对各县市畜禽养殖粪便污染进行潜在的环境风险评价.结果表明:闽江流域大多数集约化养殖场集中分布于中上游,并有向下游扩散的趋势;流域农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均达22.95 t·hm-2·a-1;整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是富屯溪、沙溪流域更为突出.     

海南省畜禽养殖污染及其治理分析

畜禽粪便中含有大量畜禽食粮后没有被完全转化的有机质和氮、磷、钾等营养元素,也含有可作为饲料营养物质,流失进入水体环境后会造成水质富营养化,降低河流水质功能。通过实测和估算,研究海南省畜禽养殖粪便产生的主要污染物及其对河流水体的影响情况,同时研究海南省处置畜禽粪便污染的效果。2002年海南省畜禽养殖粪便主要污染物产生量分别为:COD量50.35万t、无机氮8.87万t、磷酸盐2.26万t;主要污染物入河量分别为:COD量19861t、无机氮1953t、磷酸盐365t。目前采用的好氧与厌氧沼气化处理处置畜禽粪便与污水效果较好,COD平均去除率为89%,氨氮平均去除率为88%,总磷平均去除率为75%。国内对畜禽养殖粪便的处理处置和污染问题也有不少研究,但像此文较系统性地研究畜禽养殖粪便污染及其治理问题却为鲜见,计算与估算的方法也与其它研究有所不同。     

畜禽粪便恶臭控制研究及应用进展

随着我国养殖业迅速发展,畜禽粪便污染日益凸显,其中恶臭已成为目前畜禽养殖场主要环境污染之一.因此,畜禽粪便恶臭污染控制和管理,对实现规模化养殖场可持续健康发展具有重要意义.本文重点介绍了恶臭产生的微生物过程、成分以及恶臭气体污染治理技术的研究与应用进展,讨论了恶臭异位控制和原位控制去除技术的优缺点;从安全、经济和可持续发展出发,认为恶臭原位控制技术中的微生物除臭、植物除臭和酶法除臭是今后研究的热点,并指出针对恶臭成分的复杂性,在提高单一方法除臭效率的同时可以利用多种方法组合使用,以达到更好的除臭效果.     

Hazardous metals in animal manure and their changes from 1990 to 2010 in China

Contents and changes of some hazardous elements in 388 animal feed and manure samples collected in 2009–2010 from 194 animal farms in 10 provinces of China were determined. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb in animal manures were in the ranges of 10–1800, 50–6300, 0.1–340, and 1.0–310 mg kg^?1, with median concentrations of 200, 500, 15, and 11 mg kg^?1, respectively. As, Cd, and Hg were in ranges from undetectable to 280, undetectable to 10, and 0.01–2.5 mg kg^?1, respectively. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and As were highest in the manure from pig, followed by the manure from poultry and dairy cows. From 1990 to 2010, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Cr contents in manure increased strongly, especially in pig and poultry manure. Most of the increases occurred before 2003 and then stabilized or decreased which reflects the extensive use of feed additives before 2003 and the gradual stabilization since then.     

有机肥中重金属特征及其控制技术研究进展

随着工业的快速发展,农药、肥料及地膜等系列农用化学物质的广泛使用,农田土壤重金属污染越来越严重。重金属进入土壤后,其难移动性导致大量积累,造成土壤环境污染,影响植物生长,危及人类的健康。有机肥是我国农业生产中非常重要的肥料,其来源也十分广泛。施用有机肥是提高作物产量的必要措施,同时也是土壤重金属的主要输入途径之一,研究有机肥的重金属特征及其有关控制技术对农产品安全和有机废弃物的再利用具有重要意义。文章就畜禽排泄物堆肥、污泥堆肥、生活垃圾堆肥和沼肥等主要有机肥料的重金属来源、含量以及不同溯源有机肥料对土壤中重金属有效性的影响进行综述,重点介绍了畜禽排泄物堆肥中重金属含量和饲料添加剂之间的关系,为农田土壤重金属污染防治和农产品安全提供科学依据。除从有机肥的源头控制重金属外,文章主要介绍了化学法、生物吸附法、生物淋滤法和电化学法等重金属控制技术,针对各种控制方法,阐述了其原理、应用实例、优缺点及研究进展情况,提出了解决有机肥重金属污染问题的思路和方法,为有机肥料的资源化利用提供了参考。最后指出,为了实现养殖业与种植业的安全链接,除选用重金属含量低的有机肥,通过相关技术有效控制有机肥中的重金属外,还要注重肥料用量、施肥时间、施肥技术的合理选择,从最大程度上避免有机肥料给作物和人类带来的副作用。     

绿肥在现代农业中的地位──论广东绿肥的发展前景

绿肥可以解决有机肥源不足的困难，减少化肥用量，节省成本和能源消耗，改善土壤环境，提高土壤肥力和地力；提高作物产量和产品质量；促进畜牧业的发展。本文根据广东的实际，指出广东的现代化农业需要大种绿肥，也可以大种绿肥。要使广东的绿肥生产得到恢复和发展，必须抓好如下的措施：从战略高度来认识绿肥的重要性；加强领导，把它提到重要的议事日程上来；广泛开展试验示范，并加强宣传发动；增加经济投入，省、市、县各级要设立绿肥种子繁育和经营风险金。     

Influence of animal manures on the biology of temperate earthworm, Eisenia fetida in tropical semiarid climate

For understanding the potential utility in field scale production of vermicompost and vermiprotein economically, Eisenia fetida was cultured to establish the influence of (i) prevailing tropical semiarid (North-East region of Karnataka, India) environmental factors and (ii) different animal manures (cattle, horse and 1:1 mixture of cattle and horse) (on its growth, reproduction and life span. In three forms of diet, growth (mg/d/g live weight of worm) was almost similar, but the biomass in cattle manure (565.7 +/- 15.3) was significantly more than horse manure (494.9 +/- 22.8) and 1:1 mixture (470.3 +/- 22.0). Mean cocoon production (per worm/week) in horse manure (0.16) was significantly (P<0.001) lower than that in cattle manure (1.6) and in 1:1 mixed manure (1.4). Cattle favoured biomass, growth and cocoon production. Horse manure inhibited cocoon production and the conserved energy in this process might have been added to the body weight almost equal to that in cattle manure. In 1:1 mixed manure, the biomass was less due to moderate cocoon production (presumably due to the stimulatory influence of 50% cattle manure) under semifavorable nutrients and environmental conditions. Fecundity of the worms declined with aging, despite favourable nutrients and environmental conditions. Worms survived up to 92, 68 and 66 weeks in cattle manure, 1:1 mixed manure and horse manure respectively.     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

北京市规模化畜禽养殖场污染调查与防治对策研究

在对北京市规模化畜禽养殖场粪尿、废水产生、排放情况进行调查监测的基础上 ,提出了针对性污染防治对策。     

畜禽养殖场排放物病原微生物危险性调查

以粪大肠菌群和沙门菌为指标,采集江苏省内10家不同养殖类型畜禽养殖场的排放物及其周边水、土样共37个进行观察与计数,同时分析排放污水中大肠杆菌的耐药性以及禽畜排泄物对土壤和水体耐药细菌数的影响.结果表明:调查的10家养殖场中有9家粪便未经无害化处理直接排放到水体或施于农田,且排放物的粪大肠菌群数全部严重超标,沙门菌检出率达19%,施新鲜粪肥的土壤中粪大肠菌群数(MPN,最大可能数)在105 g-1以上,水体中分离出的大肠杆菌表现出多重耐药性,抗生素抗性细菌总数也远高于未施新鲜粪肥的土壤及水体.     

Antibiotic resistome mostly relates to bacterial taxonomy along a suburban transmission chain

• The α-diversities of resistome were lower in manure and compost than in soils. • There were significant correlations between the resistome and bacterial taxonomy. • Bacterial taxonomy was the highest in explaining resistome variances. Antibiotic resistance genes comprising antibiotic resistome are of great concern due to their increase in the environment. Recent evidence of shared resistomes between soils and animal husbandry has imposed potential risks to human health. However, the correlation between a given community’s resistome and bacterial taxonomic composition is controversial. Here, a transmission chain of resistomes from swine manure to compost and compost-amended soil were analyzed in five suburban areas of Beijing, China, with unamended agricultural soils as control soils. Antibiotic resistomes and bacterial taxonomic compositions were distinct between (I) manure and compost; and (II) compost-amended and control soils. In manure, compost, and compost-amended soils, the β-diversity of the resistome and bacterial taxonomic composition was significantly correlated, while no correlation was detected in control soils. Bacterial taxonomic composition explained 36.0% of total variations of the resistome composition, much higher than environmental factors. Together, those results demonstrated that antibiotic resistome was closely related to bacterial taxonomic composition along the suburban transmission chain.