Anthropometry for Design for the Elderly

This paper presents anthropometric data on elderly people in Australia. Data were collected in the metropolitan city of Sydney, NSW, Australia. In all 171 elderly people (males and females, aged 65 years and above) took part in the study. Mean values, standard deviations, medians, range, and coefficients of variation for the various body dimensions were estimated. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to determine the relationship between different body dimensions for the elderly population. The mean stature of elderly Australian males and females were compared with populations from other countries. The paper discusses design implications for elderly people and provides several examples of application of the anthropometric data.     

FA型高炉煤气管道火焰捕器研制

研制满足高炉煤气管道阻火的火焰捕器.内径88 mm、199 mm和305 mm组合爆炸管道模拟实验结果表明,FA型火焰捕器的阻火性能良好,满足高炉煤气管道阻火的技术要求,各项技术性能指标达到了设计要求.     

Methodology for selecting hole sizes for consequence studies

Predicting release rates is the first step, and a crucial step, in consequence analysis. When the release is from an isolated volume of vessel and/or piping, the release rate decreases with time. There is often debate about what equivalent hole sizes should be used for a consequence study, and usually a range of hole sizes (3–4 values) is examined.This paper shows the effect of hole size on the ultimate impact of hydrocarbon releases for several scenarios and the methodology to select them. The impact depends on the intensity and exposure time. The intensity for a fire is the thermal radiation level, and that for an unignited release is the gas concentration. As the release rate decreases with time, so does the intensity. Probit functions describe the probability of a given impact based on the time-varying intensity. For a number of example scenarios, the predictions show that the worst-case hole size is an intermediate hole size, i.e., the impact goes through a maximum with increasing hole size. For smaller holes, the event is small enough that its impact is low even though the duration is long. For larger holes, the initial event is large but decreases so rapidly that the impact is low. For the intermediate hole, the event is large enough, and the duration long enough, to cause the greatest impact.This consequence study was made evaluating hole sizes with diameters between 5 and 400 mm in a fixed volume upstream process vessel. Worst case scenario consequence predictions for fire damages, effects on people and toxic releases were determined to be somewhat different for different hole sizes. However, hole sizes in the 30 mm–90 mm range seems to have the highest impact in dry gas service.     

线板式电除尘器中离子风的数值模拟

为了探索线板式电除尘器在高压放电过程中离子风的流动特性,使用Fluent软件对电除尘器进行三维数值模拟研究.通过用户自定义函数(UDF)编写实现了电场、流场以及颗粒场的耦合,讨论了在不同电场风速、运行电压和板间距下,离子风对流场特性的影响.结果 表明:在离子风的影响下,电晕极附近会形成对称的涡旋,电场风速较低时涡旋更明显;随电场风速增加离子风对主流气流的影响减弱,当电场风速大于0.8 m/s时,离子风的影响较弱;离子风对主流气流的影响也会随运行电压升高而增大,随板间距增大而减小.     

A framework for measuring safety level for production environments

The paper demonstrates the feasibility of applying a new approach termed hybrid structural interaction matrix (HSIM) to the prioritisation of safety parameters in an organization. The methodology proposed is a prioritizing concept that integrates the structural interaction matrix (SIM), the hierarchical tree structured diagram (HTSD), and the goal programming (GP) concept from the decision science field. The paper presents an easy-to-apply methodology that reduces subjectivity commonly found in existing prioritizing methodologies. To this end, the safety of the manufacturing organization is analyzed and the important areas conceptualized such that the safety manager could have a more precise measurement and understanding of the safety system. With this, the safety manager would obviously reduce errors in measurement due to bias in human assessment of safety performance that may be characterized of existing safety prioritizing paradigm. The originality in the work lies in the development of a new star in the applied form to safety management.     

企业劳动防护用品的选用标准

劳动防护用品是用以预防工作场所的不安全因素或职业有害因素,避免工伤事故或职业病的用具。企业如何选用劳动防护用品,对于保护从业人员的生命安全与健康非常重要。一、使用劳动防护用品的法律要求《安全生产法》规定“:生产经营单位必须为从业人员提供符合国家标准或行业标准的劳动防护用品。”《职业病防治法》规定“:用人单位必须采用有效的职业病预防措施,并为劳动者提供个人使用的职业病防护用品”,并且“提供的职业病防护用品必须符合防治职业病的要求,不符合要求的不得使用。”以上两法中都使用了“必须”词语,第一层含意是强调劳动…     

A criterion for developing credible accident scenarios for risk assessment

Maximum credible accident analysis is one of the most widely used concepts in risk assessment of chemical process industries. Central to this concept is the aspect of ‘credibility’ of envisaged accident scenarios. However, thus far the term credibility is mostly treated qualitatively, based on the subjective judgement of the concerned analysts. This causes wide variation in the results of the studies conducted on the same industrial unit by different analysts.

This paper presents an attempt to develop a criterion using which credible accident scenarios may be identified from among a large number of possibilities. The credible scenarios thus identified may then be processed for detailed consequence analysis. This would help in reducing the cost of the analysis and prevent undue emphasis on less credible scenarios at the expense of more credible ones.     

Announcing the CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain

This guideline provides recommendations for primary care providers who are prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care. The guideline addresses: (a) when to initiate or continue opioids for chronic pain; (b) opioid selection, dosage, duration, follow-up, and discontinuation; and (c) assessing risk and addressing harms of opioid use. This guideline is intended to improve communication between providers and patients about the risks and benefits of opioid therapy for chronic pain, improve the safety and effectiveness of pain treatment, and reduce the risks associated with long-term opioid therapy, including abuse, dependence, overdose, and death (Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65:1–49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1.)     

重大事故的应急救援预案编制技术

重大应急预案编制是安全生产的一项重要基础工作 ,对于提高应急救援能力 ,控制事故与灾害的恶化 ,保障人民安全具有重大意义。笔者从应急预案编制的技术层面上 ,论述了应急预案的基本框架和应急预案体系 ;认为该体系可以由 6个一级和 2 0个二级的核心要素构成。其中 ,应急策划是制定应急预案的技术基础 ,包括风险评价、资源分析和法律法规要求 3个二级要素 ;应急准备包括机构与职责、应急设备设施与物质、应急人员培训、预案演练、公众教育和互助协议 6个二级要素 ;应急响应是应急预案中核心的内容 ,包括现场指挥与控制等 1 1个二级要素。所提出的应急救援预案文件体系 ,建议一般按照四级文件形式的设想 ,应急预案的目标是提高整体应急能力 ;建议把应急预案的具体编制过程划分为 6个基本的步骤 ,对于预案编制与实施应实现持续改进的机制     

钢筋混凝土桥墩纵筋屈曲解析方法

为了评估钢筋混凝土桥墩的极限水平位移 ,根据塑性铰区变形特性 ,合理的确定塑性铰区长度是非常重要的。笔者基于有限元分析从理论 ,给出了桥墩根部纵筋屈曲时的长度 ,并与实验结果进行比较 ,通过纵筋屈曲分析结果 ,考虑到材料非线性屈曲程度 ,进一步提出了桥墩纵筋屈曲长度的简化表达式。     

Test Method for Retractable Type Fall Arresters Designed for Horizontal Use

Retractable type fall arresters are designed to protect against falls from a height of people who need freedom of vertical movement. The practice of fall protection shows that the devices are also used to protect people who work on flat roofs. This application creates quite different operating conditions for the devices. In some situations those conditions can be dangerous for users. The article presents a theoretical analysis of phenomena occurring during a fall arrest with retractable type fall arresters arranged horizontally. The analysis was verified with laboratory tests. The article presents a proposal for the construction of a test stand and a test method for estimating retractable type fall arresters intended for horizontal use.     

军机飞行安全预警的集对分析-可变模糊方法

为了深化军机飞行安全管理,需开展飞行安全预警工作,而安全预警方法是影响军机飞行安全预警结果是否合理可靠的关键因素。从"人、机、环境、组织因素"4个方面构建了军机飞行安全预警的指标体系;用集对分析方法中综合联系度代替可变模糊集方法中的相对差异度,提出了飞行安全预警的集对分析-可变模糊方法。运用集对分析-可变模糊方法对4个样本进行预警分析,并将其结果与模糊综合评价和灰色综合评价的预警结果进行对比分析。3种方法对样本2、3、4的预警结果一致,而对样本1集对分析-可变模糊方法的预警结果为Ⅲ级,模糊综合评价法和灰色综合评价法的预警结果为Ⅱ级。通过分析可知,样本1的综合安全状态倾向于Ⅲ级。结果表明,集对分析-可变模糊方法的结果更为合理,方法是可行的、有效的。     

A methodology for assessing underground coal mines for high safety-related risk

In 2008 the authors developed a methodology for assessing underground coal mines for high risk for major-hazard events. It focused on major hazard-related violations of safety standards associated with high-risk conditions. Later using the same stratified pilot sample of 31 mines, injury measures and MSHA citation data were combined into a Safe Performance Index (SPI). Using 2009 data, the database was expanded to 107 mines, which is a 30% sampling of all underground coal mines. The SPI was used to assess the relative safety-related risk of mines, including by mine-size category. The methodology can be used to assist companies, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, or state agencies in targeting mines with high risk for serious injuries and elevated citations for remediation of their violation and/or injury experience.     

一种瞬间泄漏重气扩散模型的探讨

在对现有盒子模型进行分析研究的基础上,结合高斯模型,建立了一种新的瞬间泄漏重气扩散模型（BOX GM）。BOX GM模型具有形式简单、容易编程和运算时间短等特点。将BOX GM模型模拟结果与Throney Island Trials系列试验的7组代表不同类型大气环境下的现场试验数据进行了比较,同时与IIT Heavy Gas Model 模型的模拟结果也进行了对比,结果表明,BOX GM模型的模拟精度较高。     

大气扩散计算流体力学模型综合评估方法研究

模型评估方法研究是模型研发工作的重要组成部分。基于科学性验证与统计性确认提出了大气扩散CFD模型的综合确认评估方法,通过示例的方式展示了方法的使用效果。综合确认评估方法可以提高模型筛选的速度,降低统计性评估对确认性试验数据的需求量,从总体上提高模型确认的效率。评估理论的研究有助于提高基于模型的大气扩散研究的准确性,也有利于高精度模型和试验的设计、开发与遴选。