Conversion regular patterns of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in UASB reactor

On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used, the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly.Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate‘s conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate‘s conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates‘ conversion. The ethanol-type fermentation of the acidogenicophase is the optimal acid-type fermentation for the two-phase anaerobic process.     

PASP、PAA与PBTCA阻垢性能的对比实验研究

采用静态阻垢法研究了聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)和2-膦酸基丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTCA)对碳酸钙和硫酸钙的阻垢性能,并用旋转挂片法研究了3种阻垢剂作用下湿法石灰脱硫浆液系统的结垢规律.研究发现:随着阻垢剂浓度的增加,3种阻垢剂都表现出溶限效应;相同实验条件下,3种阻垢剂对碳酸钙的静态阻垢性能表现为PBTCA>PAA>PASP;对中性和碱性环境,pH对阻垢剂阻硫酸钙垢的性能影响较小;随着温度的升高和反应时间的延长,3种阻垢剂阻硫酸钙的阻垢率先增大后减小;对湿法石灰脱硫浆液系统,3种阻垢剂作用下,单位面积挂片上的结垢量均是随着阻垢剂质量浓度的增大先增大后减小,在浓度达到30mg/L时,挂片上的结垢量都很小.     

Formic acid and acetic acid in the western Sierra Nevada,California

This paper reports the results of measurements of formic and acetic acid at four sites located along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and compares the results with those of earlier studies. Formic acid concentrations ranged from approximately 1 to 40 ppb; those of acetic acid ranged from approximately 0.5 to 13 ppb. Mean formic acid concentrations were 18 ppb at Tehachapi, located at the southern extremity of the range, and between 12 and 13 ppb at the three other sites. Mean acetic acid concentrations ranged from 3.9 ppb at Blodgett Experimental Forest, located at the northern extremity, to 8.0 ppb at Yosemite. Comparison with previous studies indicates that carboxylic acid levels measured in the Sierra Nevada are higher than those measured in past studies, and in many cases average concentrations of both formic and acetic acids observed during this study were greater than the previously reported maxima. Comparisons were also made to nitric acid concentrations measured at Yosemite and Giant Forest from October 1986 to September 1987. At Yosemite, annual nitric acid concentrations averaged 0.20 ppb during the day, and 0.06 ppb at night; and at Giant Forest, nitric acid averaged 0.17 ppb during the day, and 0.05 ppb at night. Thus, the high formic and acetic acid concentrations observed in this study suggest that carboxylic acid are major contributors to the overall flux of ambient acid deposition in the western Sierra Nevada.     

邻苯二甲酸和苯甲酸在功能化碳纳米管上的吸附行为

在pH7.0的条件下,采用批量平衡方法研究邻苯二甲酸（PA）和苯甲酸（BA）在3种不同功能化碳纳米管（羟基化H-CNTs、羧基化C-CNTs和石墨化G-CNTs）上的吸附/解吸行为,并进一步探究共存BA对PA在碳纳米管上吸附的影响.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich模型均可对PA和BA在3种碳纳米管上的吸附数据进行较好的非线性拟合,其中Freundlich模型拟合效果更好（Adj r²均达到0.88以上）;3种碳纳米管对PA和BA的吸附能力大小均依次为：C-CNTs > H-CNTs > G-CNTs;解吸实验中,C-CNT和H-CNTs对BA和PA的解吸均具有明显的滞后现象,说明BA和PA在C-CNT和H-CNTs上的吸附有较强化学作用力的发生,而G-CNTs对二者的解吸曲线与吸附曲线几乎重合,不具有明显的滞后现象,这与G-CNTs表面缺乏官能团有关;当PA和BA共存在时,以PA为主要吸附质,BA为竞争吸附质,发现在H-CNTs和C-CNTs上,共存BA对PA为竞争作用,而在G-CNTs上,共存BA对PA起协同吸附作用.     

Biogenetic amino acid antagonists

The mode of action of amino acid antagonists of biological origin ist surveyed und the enzymatic reactions with which these antibiotics interfere are described, thus also elucidating the various roles of amino acids in cell physiology. Several organisms, including the antibiotic producer, possess molecular devices for conferring resistance to some of these substances. These antibiotics may be of further value as research tools in molecular biology.     

邻苯二甲酸酯及邻苯二甲酸在碳管上的吸附

以邻苯二甲酸（PA）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）为目标污染物,碳纳米管（CNTs）为吸附剂,通过不同pH值条件下单、双溶质的吸附实验,结合能量分布理论,分析PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代吸附.结果表明,在同一pH值下,DEP在CNTs上的吸附性强于PA.对于DEP,pH值改变导致的CNTs分散稳定性的变化是影响其吸附的决定因素.对于PA,溶液pH值会影响CNTs的表面电荷及PA的解离程度,两者均会产生影响.双溶质体系下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的吸附存在竞争和取代效应.在不同pH值条件下,PA对DEP在CNTs上的竞争和取代的程度与CNTs的分散稳定性和PA的解离程度有关.基于能量分布的分析表明,虽然PA的加入导致DEP在CNTs上可利用的高能吸附位点数量显著下降,但是其可利用的低能吸附位点数量增加.     

Adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents

Both bottle-point and column-feeding experiments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid. Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes. The adsorption towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the π-π interaction, while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction. Additionally, the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component. Comparatively, the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component. In fact, the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent. In conclusion, the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment. A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foreseeably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(8): 570–574 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water

This article focused on the influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water. Factors including the concentration of residual chlorine and pH value had been concerned. Aluminum species investigated in the experiments included inorganic mononuclear, organic mononuclear, mononuclear, polymer, soluble, and suspended forms. It was found that the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation depended mainly on their molecular weight. Fulvic acid with molecular weight less than 5000 Dalton had little influence on aluminum speciation; while fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid would increase the concentration of soluble aluminum significantly even at concentration below 0.5 mg/L (calculated as TOC). Aluminum species, in the present of fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid, were more stable than that in the present of fluvic acid with molecular mass less than 5000 Dalton, and varied little with reaction time. Within pH range 6.5–7.5, soluble aluminum increased notably in water with organic matter. As the concentration of residual chlorine increased, the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid became weak. The reactions between humic acid, fulvic acid with large molecular weight, and aluminum were considered to be a multi-dentate coordination process. With the consideration of aluminum bioavailability, reducing the concentration of fulvic acid and humic acid and keeping the pH value among 6.5–7.5 were recommended during drinking water treatment.     

Formic acid and acetic acid measurements during the Southern California Air Quality Study

As part of the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS), ambient levels of gas phase formic acid and acetic acid have been measured at four locations: a ‘control’ site (San Nicholas Island), a source-dominated coastal site (Long Beach) and two inland smog receptor sites (Claremont and Palm Springs). Samples were collected on alkaline traps and were analyzed by size exclusion liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Levels of gas phase formic acid (up to 19 ppb) and acetic acid (up to 17 ppb) exhibited diurnal (frequent night-time maxima), spatial and seasonal variations. During summer smog episodes, concentrations increased from 0.6 ppb at the ‘control’ site to up to 13–19 ppb at the inland smog receptor sites reflecting primary emissions and in situ formation during transport inland. The acetic acid/formic acid (A/F) ratio decreased from coastal to inland sites. At the coastal site levels of both acids and the A/F ratio were substantially higher during the fall than during the summer.     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

离子色谱法同时测定工业废气中丁酸和异丁酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定有组疲废气和无组织废气中丁酸和异丁酸的新方法。对实际废气样品进行分析,丁酸和异丁酸的回收率分别为93．0％～103．3％和94．0％～104％。本方法分析速度快,所需样品量少,且无需要复杂的前处理,简便、灵敏、可靠。     

对苯二甲酸降解酵母及其活性

通过半连续驯化,从对苯二甲酸活性污泥中分离到一株能降解对苯二甲酸(TA)的假丝酵母(Candida),命名为CP01.经两次紫外诱变后,获得了能以TA为唯一碳源的高效酵母菌CP02,诱变前后酵母全细胞蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)条带有明显差异. CP02在30℃, pH5.5～8,振荡速率150r/min的培养条件下,72h内对1400mg/L的TA降解率可达80%以上.     

腐殖酸及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响研究

 利用经过完善的贫铀迁移模型,研究腐殖酸(HA)及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响.结果表明,对照组(北京地区土壤)DU迁移到达9~11cm,分别添加2%、5%、10%HA的实验组DU迁移依次降低,分别为21~23cm、15~17cm、11~13cm,说明腐殖酸促进了DU迁移; pH值为4.0和3.0的模拟酸雨,分别使贫铀迁移至29~31cm及35cm以上,说明酸雨促进了贫铀迁移;在酸雨和腐殖酸综合作用下贫铀迁移仅到5~7cm,说明腐殖酸和酸雨综合作用抑制了贫铀迁移.     

堆肥腐熟前后胡敏酸与富里酸的还原容量比较

采集腐熟前后的堆肥样品并提取和纯化出腐殖质(胡敏酸:HA;富里酸:FA),分别以柠檬酸铁(FeCit)和Fe(NO3)3作电子受体,测定了HA和FA的还原容量(RC).结果表明:以FeCit作为电子受体时,与未腐熟堆肥样品相比,腐熟后筛分样品HA的RC值增大,从22.85mmol e-/molC增大到26.84mmol e-/molC,而其对应FA的RC值减少,由37.67mmol e-/molC降低为33.68mmol e-/molC;对于两种不同形态的电子受体,以 FeCit为电子受体测定得到的RC值高于以Fe(NO3)3为电子受体测定得到的RC值;相对于本底还原容量,HA和FA经微生物还原后其RC值降低,降低幅度与微生物种类有关.结合紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱分析发现,堆肥HA和FA的还原能力与其中类富里酸物质含量和醌基浓度成正相关,而与其本身的芳化度和分子量呈负相关.     

Removal of naphthenic acid by microwave

The conventional deacidification methods have many disadvantages. In this paper, we reported a new method using microwave irradiation to remove the naphthenic acid from the vacuum cut #1 distillate oil of Daqing. When the distilled oil (the volume rate of solvent-to-oil was 0.23:1) was irradiated for 5 min under constant pressure (0.11 MPa), and then rested for 25 min, the acid number was reduced from 0.63 mg KOH/g to 0.0478 mg KOH/g, which was sufficient to meet the specification of Q/SHR001-95 (less than 0.05 mg KOH/g) on lubricating oil, and the recovery rate of the distilled oil was 99.3%. The microwave irradiation method has many advantages, such as, it is highly effective, it consumes less time and it is environmentally friendly.