金属离子对青霉素菌渣厌氧发酵产气模型分析

为比较响应面法与反向传播神经网络法在厌氧发酵过程中的应用效果,以青霉素菌渣为原料,通过单因素和Box-Behnken法设计试验,在发酵体系中添加不同量的Fe²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺,以确定其对青霉素菌渣厌氧产气性能的影响.结果表明,Fe²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺单一最佳添加量为：500mg/L、30mg/L、0.3mg/L,产沼气量较对照分别提高了：102.18%、45.48%、60.12%.其促进作用随添加浓度增大呈现：弱-强-弱趋势.使用响应面法及反向传播神经网络法对金属离子添加量进行建模优化,并使用批式厌氧发酵进行验证.响应面法建模预测Fe²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺最佳混合添加浓度为：440.94mg/L、16.22mg/L、0.39mg/L,预测累积产沼气量为1314.49mL,R²=0.972,试验与验证相对误差为4.65%;反向传播神经网络法建模Fe²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺最佳混合添加浓度为495mg/L、21mg/L、0.5mg/L,预测产沼气量为1551.55mL,R²=0.991,试验与验证相对误差为0.47%.反向传播神经网络法建模具有更好的拟合效果且与验证试验误差小,是一种更有效的仿真方法.说明该方法在优化厌氧发酵金属离子添加具有应用潜力,同时也为厌氧发酵条件优化提供新思路.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌好氧反硝化特性研究

从湖北省洪湖、仙桃等地采集的活性污泥和土壤中分离得到32株好氧反硝化细菌,对其进行反硝化能力测定,其中3株菌的反硝化能力较强,能以NaNO₃为唯一氮源生长,分别命名为HS-N25,HS-MP12和HS-MP13. 这3株菌可以分别在18,15和12 h内将特定培养基SC中起始浓度为10 mmol/L 的NO₃-完全降解. 通过菌株形态观察、生理生化及16S rDNA 分子鉴定,菌株HS-N25,HS-MP12及HS-MP13与蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)亲缘关系最为接近,同源性达99%. 初步鉴定这3株菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌.      

Regulation of matrix stiffness on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells under hypoxia environment

Substrate stiffness and hypoxia are associated with tumor development and progression, respectively. However, the synergy of them on the biological behavior of human breast cancer cell is still largely unknown. This study explored how substrate stiffness regulates the cell phenotype, viability, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human breast cancer cells MCF-7 under hypoxia (1% O₂). TRITC-phalloidin staining showed that MCF-7 cells transformed from round to irregular polygon with stiffness increase either in normoxia or hypoxia. While being accompanied with the upward tendency from a 0.5- to a 20-kPa substrate, the percentage of cell apoptosis was significantly higher in hypoxia than that in normoxia, especially on the 20-kPa substrate. Additionally, it was hypoxia, but not normoxia, that promoted the EMT of MCF-7 by upregulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vimentin, Snail 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP 2) and 9 (MMP 9), and downregulating E-cadherin simultaneously regardless of the change of substrate stiffness. In summary, this study discovered that hypoxia and stiffer substrate (20 kPa) could synergistically induce phenotype change, apoptosis, and EMT of MCF-7 cells. Results of this study have an important significance on further exploring the synergistic effect of stiffness and hypoxia on the EMT of breast cancer cells and its molecular mechanism.     

重庆黔江地区2014年PM_(2.5)浓度变化分析

本文整理分析了2014年重庆黔江区的PM2.5变化规律。从每个月来看,重庆黔江区2014年PM2.5污染逐渐加剧,造成这种现象的原因与天气、城市基础设施建设和工业废气的排放有关,因此应主要从控制人为污染源的出发,降低重庆黔江地区PM2.5的浓度。     

量子点-Cu2+对L02细胞的联合毒性及NAC的防护作用

以人胚肝细胞(L02)为研究对象,通过研究量子点及Cu2+ (低毒浓度)联合对细胞存活率的影响以及细胞形态的变化确认细胞的毒性,结合抗氧化剂NAC的防护效果探讨复合毒性的氧化损伤机理.结果表明,无论单独Cu2+还是量子点-Cu2+处理组,L02细胞的增殖能力均受到抑制,量子点-Cu2+处理组表现出更加显著的抑制效果,相对与单独Cu2+处理组细胞存活率最大下降300%.经过NAC预处理的细胞在形态和存活率上都显著恢复.说明了安全浓度范围的量子点的与Cu2+共存提高了细胞毒性风险,NAC能够防护量子点与Cu2+单独或联合引起的氧化损伤.     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

论美国能源监管立法与能源管理体制

美国联邦政府从20世纪30年代开始制定能源监管立法。依据集中程度和立法主题,美国能源监管立法可分为电力管控、核能监管、能源安全、放松管制等4个发展时期。根据现行美国能源立法．美国能源管理体制分为联邦和州两个层次。在联邦层次,对能源进行监管的部门有美国能源部、联邦能源监管委员会、核能监管署、环境保护署、国会内政部等。其中,能源部主要负责能源发展和安全的大政方针的制定,联邦能源监管委员会的使命在于通过管制和市场的手段执行能源立法及能源政策。在州层次,一般由州能源委员会、州公用事业委员会以及州环保局负责州的能源监管。     

放射性废物管理的国际法视角

1997年9月5日,《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》（简称《联合公约》）在国际原子能机构第41届常会上获得通过.2001年6月18日,公约正式生效.《联合公约》是迄今为止有关放射性废物管理方面最重要的全球性公约,亦是继1994年《核安全公约》以来国际放射性物质管理法领域又一新的重大突破.     

久效磷对扁藻的生理效应

运用急性毒性实验和生化分析方法对久效磷胁迫下扁藻细胞的生理变化进行了研究，结果表明：（１）久效磷对扁藻生长有较强的抑制作用。其７２ｈ半抑制剂量为１．４６ｍｇ／Ｌ；（２）久效磷胁迫下，扁藻细胞的３种大分子物质－－蛋白质、ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ的含量降低；（２）久效磷引起扁藻叶绿素ａ的降解和光合速率的下降，这说明久效磷处理抑制了扁藻的生理代谢。     

视觉感受对噪声烦恼度的影响

运用模糊数学原理,通过对噪声主观反应调查,并用模糊隶属度原理进行分析计算．结果表明,在受声点噪声的听觉性质大致相同的情况下,在噪声源可见时,噪声烦恼度比噪声源不可见时要大．这一研究结果对于改善噪声影响提出了一种新的思路．     

燃煤PM2.5不同组分对血管内皮细胞的氧化损伤效应

为了解细颗粒物不同组分在心血管系统损伤中的毒性机制,以大同散煤为样品煤,提取燃煤PM2.5全颗粒物、无机组分及有机组分,分别对人脐静脉内皮细胞EA.hy926进行染毒,采用超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及丙二醛(MDA)指标检测PM2.5不同组分对EA.hy926细胞氧化损伤程度的影响.结果表明,燃煤PM2.5各组分对EA.hy926细胞染毒24h后,随着染毒剂量的增加,细胞上清液中SOD活力均下降,与对照组相比差异显著,而相同剂量组比较,其抑制SOD活力能力依次为:有机组分>无机组分>全颗粒物,且相同剂量组不同组分间的比较均有统计学差异;GSH-Px活力均下降,具有剂量依赖性,引起GSH-Px活力下降程度基本具有无机组分>有机组分>全颗粒物的趋势,但统计学意义不显著;MDA含量分别有不同程度的增加,各组分所致的MDA含量大小存在低剂量组有机组分>全颗粒物>无机组分,高剂量组全颗粒物>无机组分>有机组分趋势,随着剂量增加,全颗粒物和无机组分引起MDA含量明显增加,而有机组分则变化趋于平缓.可见,燃煤PM2.5不同组分均对血管内皮细胞EA.hy926氧化损伤作用明显,SOD 、GSH-PX等抗氧化酶的活性降低.     

海洋生物对微塑料迁移转化的调控作用

近年来,海洋微塑料污染已成为全球关注的重要环境问题。海洋中广泛存在的微塑料可被藻类吸附、微生物定植,亦可被海洋动物摄食并蓄积。生物与微塑料之间的相互作用必然会改变微塑料的物理、化学性质,及其在海洋中的迁移转化。因此,本文系统地阐述了海洋生物对微塑料的吸附、摄入、蓄积与排泄等关键过程;重点总结了微塑料在海洋生物过程(如排泄、与海洋雪团聚、形成生物膜以及生物扰动)影响下的沉降-埋藏等迁移过程;深入讨论了海洋动物对微塑料的摄食、消化过程以及微生物的分解作用导致的微塑料破碎、降解以及塑料添加剂和吸附污染物的释放过程及其机理。本文阐明了海洋生物对微塑料迁移转化的调控作用,为理解海洋微塑料的环境归趋提供理论依据。     

环境安全视阈下尾矿库监管体制研究

作为矿山企业堆存生产废弃物的场所,尾矿库在建设、生产经营及闭库阶段,都存在一定的环境安全风险.近年来,尾矿库事故时有发生,监管乏力是其中重要的原因之一,随着环境安全成为法律追求的价值目标,提高尾矿库监管能力势在必行.本研究对尾矿库监管现状、尾矿库监管体系的价值转变进行了阐述;在此基础上,提出应该对尾矿库监管体制进行拓展和创新,建议应建立环境安全独立监管制度,保障现场检查常态化、制度化,创新以行政监督为主、社会监管为辅的多元监管方式.     

The effect of increased energy prices on the viability of organic agricultural systems on arable farms in the U.K.

Parametric programming was used on a mixed-integer linear programming model of a typical U.K. arable farm to examine the impact of increased energy prices on the viability of organic farming systems. It was found that, although input costs were generally lower with the organic system, the net farm revenue was reduced due to decreased income from crop sales. The organic system, therefore, did not enter the optimal solution. Energy costs per ha with the organic system were 25% lower than with a conventional cropping system, although energy costs per £ of output were 25% higher. A doubling of energy prices in the model led to only a small improvement in the competitive position of the organic system. This model would suggest, therefore, that changing energy costs are unlikely to have a significant impact on the competitive position of organic agricultural systems on arable farms in the U.K.