硅氧烷在环境中的迁移转化及其对生物气应用的影响

近年来大量使用含有机硅氧烷材料造成硅氧烷作为污染物进入环境,数量逐年增加.在垃圾填埋场和污水处理厂消化产生的生物气(沼气)中出现的硅氧烷会在燃烧过程中结垢,十分不利于生物气的利用,必须清除.本文综述了硅氧烷的理化性质、在环境中的迁移转化规律与生物降解性能、在生物气中的浓度分布以及去除技术,并对生物气应用中的硅氧烷的控制对策研究作出展望.作者强调,需进一步深入研究硅氧烷的生物降解的机理.     

环境监测中化学需氧量测定后的残液处理

本文针对化学需氧量分析后的残液,通过多年的分析研究及实践,从减少污染、获得经济效益和简单易行三个方面着手,论述了CODcr分析后残液的处理方法,使其避免了对环境的污染,同时也取得一定的经济效益.     

液液萃取/气相色谱测定水中的总石油烃

本文建立了利用液液萃取和GC-FID技术,对饮用水、地表水、地下水、废水中的石油烃类进行分析.通过对检出限、精密度、准确度的测定,该方法操作简单、结果准确.     

SBR技术的变型及组合工艺的研究与进展

概述与分析了液膜分离技术,重点介绍了液膜法处理含酚废水、含(NH4)2S废水、含氰废水的工艺和方法.     

镀液循环流量对封闭循环电沉积Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响

目的 研究封闭式镀液循环装置中不同镀液循环流量对Ni-SiC复合镀层的影响规律,优化镀液循环流量参数.方法 以Q235管状工件为待镀基体,以添加SiC颗粒的改良瓦特镀液为母液,在自主研发的封闭式镀液循环电镀装置中以0.3、0.5、0.7 m3/h的镀液循环流量于管件内壁制备Ni-SiC复合镀层,通过SEM检测、XRD测试、硬度测试和摩擦磨损性能测试等手段,对各Ni-SiC复合镀层宏微观形貌、厚度、成分、结构、硬度和耐磨性进行分析研究.结果 在0.5 m3/h流量条件下,镀层厚度为32.98μm,SiC颗粒含量为15.37％,镀层晶粒尺寸和硬度分别为10.84 nm和704HK0.245,该条件下制备的Ni-SiC复合镀层具有最佳耐磨性,摩擦系数为0.41,体积磨损率仅2.83×10–5 mm3/Nm.结论 在不同镀液循环流量参数下,采用该封闭式循环电镀装置,均可制得均匀完整的Ni-SiC复合镀层.随镀液循环流量的升高,镀层厚度和SiC颗粒体积含量均降低,镀层颜色金属光泽增强,镀层晶粒尺寸先减小、后增大,镀层硬度则先升高、后降低.     

双波长分光光度法直接测定冷凝液中的丙烯腈

本文用双波长分光光度法直接测定菜籽饼和脱毒工艺中冷凝液中的丙烯腈(菜籽饼粕中疏代葡萄糖甙的水解产物之一),结果令人满意.一、实验部分1.主要仪器和试剂(1)SP8-100型紫外可见分光光度计(英国产)(2)丙烯腈标准贮备液;吸取丙烯腈纯品0.5mL置于盛有25～50mL蒸馏水的100mL容量瓶中(已称重),再次称重,用蒸馏水稀释至刻度,摇匀.由两次称量差计算其浓度,使用时将贮备液稀释至所需浓度.     

污泥热解液与牛粪混合厌氧消化特性研究

为处理污泥热解液并利用其中所含的能量,研究了250~550℃温度下产生的污泥热解液单独厌氧发酵和与牛粪混合厌氧消化的特性.首先研究250~550℃热解液单独厌氧发酵的情况,发现各温度下热解液可发酵、且350℃下热解液产气性能相对较好;但是总体上产气量很少.其次以250℃下的热解液为例,研究与牛粪在高温[（55±1）℃]下混合厌氧发酵时不同质量比（5/80,10/80,15/80;g/g）的影响,发现热解液在一定程度上抑制了牛粪的厌氧发酵,且热解液的量越大抑制作用越明显.第三步选择最低的热解液添加量比5/80,研究热解温度（250~550℃）对混合物厌氧发酵的影响;结果表明,350℃下的热解液与牛粪混合厌氧发酵累计产气量最高,达116.42mL/g VS,高于纯牛粪对照组的110.36mL/g VS;其他依次是550℃组、450℃组和250℃组.另外,550℃组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的初始值最高,为1528mg/L,发酵后降低至254mg/L,为最大降幅,证明污泥热解液中的有机物得到有效降解.因此,适当热解温度下的污泥热解液可以适量与牛粪进行混合厌氧发酵,为污泥热解液处理和能源化提供新出路.     

考虑液固耦合储液罐非线性地震反应分析

利用ADINA有限元软件研究了考虑液固耦合的立式圆筒形锚固储液罐非线性地震反应.通过分析计算1000m3储液罐自振特性,储液罐的加速度峰值沿罐壁高度变化趋势,罐壁的应力分布等反应,初步揭示其破坏机理,分析结果为储液罐的抗震设计提供重要的参考依据.     

炼油厂火炬气凝结液密闭回收现状及风险分析

通过调研中国石油乌鲁木齐石化公司、中国石油哈尔滨石化公司、中国石化青岛炼化公司三家炼油厂火炬气凝结液密闭回收系统的现场情况和资料总结,明确了炼油厂火炬气凝结液的回收方式,并对三家炼油厂火炬总管分液罐内凝结液进行采样和烃类组分分析;运用LEC法进行回收系统事故形式危险性分析,辨识出炼油厂火炬气凝结液回收系统内存在的风险危害因素;从罐区存储罐型的选择、防止火灾爆炸事故的发生以及回收系统内主要设备及工艺的联锁控制方式设计三个方面,提出了合理的风险控制措施与建议,以确保系统的安全、平稳运行。     

以亚砜为载体液膜法处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液

用液膜技术处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液已有报道,所用载体多为三辛胺、三月桂胺。张仲甫等进行了以中性磷型萃取剂(TBP)作流动载体,液膜法提取Cr(Ⅵ)的工艺研究。众所周知,在液膜体系中选择一个好的载体是很关键的,它决定着对金属离子的选择     

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials.In order to find out the fuffural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process,we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition.Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight decreased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml.Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml.At the same time,the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition.The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials. In order to find out the furfural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process, we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition. Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight increased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml. Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml. At the same time, the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition. The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程烟气中重金属的迁移分布规律

采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧(MSWI)发电厂飞灰,开展了高温熔融及铁浴熔融重金属分布迁移规律实验研究.采用布袋式除尘法收集捕捉熔融过程烟气中的烟尘,并对烟尘中的重金属组分、含量、形态和结构进行测试分析,研究了高温熔融分离过程各金属元素在烟气中的迁移分布规律.结果表明,迁移到烟气中的主要元素为Zn、Pb、Cl、K、Na,并以ZnS、ZnO、PbCl2、KCl、NaCl形态存在于熔融飞灰上;Rb、Cd、Sn、Sb等低沸点易挥发金属元素在熔融烟气中以硅酸盐、磷酸盐形态存在;Hg主要以氯氧化物、硫氯化物形态存在.铁浴熔融可有效抑制Ti、Mn、Fe、Se的挥发,提高Cd、Sn、Sb的挥发速率,有利于提高Rb在熔融飞灰上的分配率,但对Zn、Rb、Pb的挥发没有影响.     

Secondary effect of SO_2 pollution: enhanced growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of SO2 pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO2 levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO2 dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO2 pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO2 pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.     

聚硫酸铁强化混凝除锑(V)作用机制探讨

以聚硫酸铁(PFS)为絮凝剂,考察强化混凝去除饮用水源水中五价锑(Sb(V))时原水pH值、PFS投量、共存阴离子(HCO3－和PO43－)及腐殖酸(HA)等对其去除效果影响及作用机制.结果表明,原水pH值对强化混凝过程Sb(V)存在形态及PFS的水解产物有重要影响,表现为较低pH值和较高PFS投量均有利于提高Sb(V)的去除率;由于竞争吸附作用的存在,共存阴离子与HA均对Sb(V)的混凝去除产生负面效应.此外, PFS除Sb(V)过程较为符合准二级动力学模型.     

Secondary effect of SO2 pollution: enhanced growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of SO₂ pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO₂ levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO₂ dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO₂ pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO₂ pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.     

乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾与酒糟水解酸化和甲烷发酵的影响

为了解决餐厨垃圾与酒糟干式甲烷发酵过程易酸化问题,考察了两种乙醇预发酵方式-餐厨垃圾单独预发酵和餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合预发酵对底物水解酸化和甲烷发酵的影响,并与不进行乙醇预发酵的对照组比较.结果显示,对照组、餐厨垃圾单独预发酵组(简称“FW预发酵组”)、餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合预发酵组(简称“FW+DG预发酵组”)的甲烷总产率分别为22.8, 222.4, 231.3mL/gVS.乙醇预发酵可以促进发酵底物的水解,预发酵结束后,FW预发酵组发酵底物中的乙醇、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸浓度与对照组相比分别提高了4.5、1.4、4.9倍,FW+DG预发酵组则分别提高了7.8、1.6、5.9倍.另外,在甲烷发酵过程中,预发酵组的乙醇浓度显著高于对照组,而乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度明显低于对照组,表明乙醇预发酵使有机物更多的转化为乙醇,减少了有机酸的生成,有效缓解甲烷发酵过程中的酸积累、产甲烷受抑制等问题.     

Determining short chain fatty acids in sewage sludge hydrolysate：A comparison of three analytical methods and investigation of sample storage effects

In anaerobic digestion, the production of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） can be beneficial or harmful to the overall process, depending on the concentration of accumulated acids. Therefore, the accurate determination of the SCFA concentration in both fresh and stored sludge hydrolysates is important. To select a suitable method for monitoring SCFAs during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, the accuracy of three available analytical methods, including 5 pH point acid titration （TITRA5）, gas chromatography （GC）, and spectrophotometry, were compared in the present study. The results revealed that TITRA5 and GC displayed better agreement in the achieved measurements and higher precision and accuracy than the spectrophotometric assay, as supported by the application of different statistical models. TITRA5 excelled in titrating unfiltered hydrolysate while simultaneously measuring the alkalinity, whereas the GC method provided detailed information on the contribution of different fatty acids to the total acidity. In contrast, the spectrophotometric assay suffered from many forms of interference, depending on the sample＇s matrix. SCFA production followed the pattern of enzymatic reactions and fitted the Michaelis-Menten model. In addition to promoting TITRA5 as an accurate and robust analytical tool for routine SCFA analyses, this comparative study also demonstrated the possibility of storing hydrolysate samples at different temperatures and durations without altering the SCFA measurements.     

Bioconversion of industrial wastewater from palm oil processing to butanol by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564)

The feasibility of utilizing enzymatic hydrolysates of separator sludge, a palm oil mill effluent, and sago starch in the acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564) was investigated. The sludge hydrolysate was used as a growth medium substitute, a fermentation substrate, and as a source of nitrogen and micronutrients. Butanol produced, 3.50 g l⁻¹, was the same when the sludge hydrolysate was used as a second (refreshing) growth medium. As a substrate, initial nitrogen gas sparging shortened the lag phase which then enhanced butanol production. Fermentation without pH control enhanced butanol productivity whereas controlled fermentation at pH 5.5 and 5.8 progressively favored acid production while redox dyes, methyl and benzyl viologen, neutral red and methylene blue, had no effect on solvent production. As a source of nitrogen and micronutrients in sago starch hydrolysate, the final butanol concentration, 10.4 g l⁻¹, was comparable to that in glucose and sago starch hydrolysate media supplemented with tryptone–yeast–acetate (TYA) medium components medium, although productivity was low. Cell growth, butanol and total solvent productivity in TYA-supplemented sago starch hydrolysate and glucose media were the same.     

钢铁废水污泥吸附除磷特性

为处理含磷废水同时实现钢铁污泥资源化利用,将钢铁污泥用于吸附除磷,从磷吸附影响因素、动力学模型、吸附等温线等方面研究了钢铁污泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附特性,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征手段对吸附机理进行了探究.结果显示,钢铁污泥对水中磷具有优良的吸附性能,在pH=2.00,温度为40°C时,磷...