核废物的来源、特性与分类原则的研究

本文阐述了核废物的产生，特性和环境影响；对核废物的分类，处理和处置原则进行了讨论。     

英国的核废物监测

本文介绍了英国核废物管理和监测的有关情况，并对放谢性“三废”的监测方法进行了阐述。     

四川省城市放射性废物库的建设与运行管理

介绍了四川省城市放射性废物库的基本建设情况和运营现状;通过分析四川省城市放射性废物库的历年监测数据,研究废物库对周围环境的影响情况;通过统计分析四川省城市放射性废物库的历年收贮放射源及放射性废物的数据,研究四川省城市放射性废物库对全省核与辐射安全的重要性和作用。四川省城市放射性废物库运行安全,未对周围环境造成辐射影响,为省内辐射安全工作做出了贡献。     

苏联留下的核污染

苏联解体和东欧剧变后 ,因其核能使用不当而造成的大量核污染问题浮出了水面。切尔诺贝利事件只是其中最受人关注的事件之一。现在有 13个类似切尔诺贝利型的核反应堆仍在运行着。包括前苏联科学家在内的大多数专家们都认为这些反应堆存在着隐患。苏联解体后 ,其三个核燃料、核武器的制造及核燃料再处理的地点被曝光 ,它们是切尼亚宾茨克、托马茨克和克拉斯诺雅茨克。同时 ,这些地点制造了核废物。切尼亚宾茨克的核废料被倒进了得卡河和卡来采湖 ,其他核废物也被秘密倒进了大海或者草草填埋了事。据估计仅莫斯科周围的秘密核废物处置场就有 …     

极低放核废物处置安全评价概述

放射性废物处置受到很高程度的关注和重视;极低放核废物处置系统的定量预测需要对其进行安全评价;本文就极低放处置场的安全评价现状进行了概述,主要介绍了目前我国主要采用的景象后果分析方法。     

废物库周围地下水中的放射性核素铀和锶-90分布研究

中国工程物理研究院核　物理与化学研究所原工作地点（老点）存在两个放射性废物库５３７－１和５３７－２。年内分别在库周围取地下水（或土）６次，对５３７－１得到地下水和泥土中的铀含量大约为１．２７μｇ／Ｌ和３．０μｇ／Ｌ，对５３７－２得到的地下水中的９０Ｓｒ含量约为５．３５×１０－３Ｂｑ／Ｌ。上列数据与本底无明显差异。可见，５３７－１废物库周围地下水中铀含量与生活区河水中含量无明显差异，５３７－２废物库周围地下水中锶含量与生活区河水中含量也无明显差异。至今未监测到两个废物库中的放射性核素对周围地下水中的明显　影响。     

成都生物所对某江底泥放射性核素的吸附和释放与米兰坝电站工程环境放射性进行了研究与评价

世界核工业生产已将近五十年厂史,一些核设施已经或即将面临退役的问题。随着核动力的老化,退役的核设施将会越来越多。退役工作除了工程技术问题外,还涉及了大量辐射防护问题(如核安全管理、核设施去污、核场所的净化、核废物处理、固     

瑞典的废物管理

目前瑞典每个家庭年平均产生750公斤废物，每年垃圾总量WasteManagementinSweden约250万吨c此外，还有几百万吨的工业废物、建筑废物，以及大量的挖掘废物。由于垃圾堆在城市附近地区大面积扩散，已失去控制，必须采取措施以阻止垃圾的持续增长。1．通过焚烧削减废物五至少50％的生活和工业废物由可燃物质组成，过去室外焚烧用于许多小型垃圾场，由于产生烟尘和恶臭，已被禁止C七十至八十年代，建立了一些在可控条件下焚烧废物的焚化工厂。这些工厂配备有过滤烟尘的装置，但一些有毒害气体未能清除而排入大气，在公众中引起忧虑。八十年代…     

浅谈放射性废物的处理及处置

本文介绍了放射性废物的主要来源，综述了１０多年来，国内外对放射性废物采取的处理、处置方法，并介绍了关于我国中、低水平放射性废物的环境政策。     

浅谈放射性废物的处理及处理

本文介绍了放射性废物的主要来源，综述了１０多年来，国内外对放射性废物采取的处理，处置方法，并介绍了关于我国中、低水平放射性废物的环境政策。     

From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power's environmental injustices

The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, I examine interdisciplinary literature to reveal the environmental injustices associated with the front and back ends of nuclear power production in the USA – Uranium mining and high-level nuclear waste (HLW) storage. Second, I argue that the injustices associated with nuclear power are upheld, in part, through discourse. This essay examines how the term “wasteland” is invoked in relation to HLW waste storage in the USA and contributes to the discursive formation of nuclear colonialism. Examination of this discourse not only contributes to current literature on nuclear colonialism but also to environmental justice research by arguing for the importance of examining the discursive aspects of environmental injustices. Further, the essay adds to current scholarship in energy justice by highlighting the environmental injustices associated with nuclear power.     

Security risks in nuclear waste management: Exceptionalism,opaqueness and vulnerability

This paper analyses some potential security risks, concerning terrorism or more mundane forms of crime, such as fraud, in management of nuclear waste using a PEST scan (of political, economic, social and technical issues) and some insights of criminologists on crime prevention. Nuclear waste arises as spent fuel from ongoing energy generation or other nuclear operations, operational contamination or emissions, and decommissioning of obsolescent facilities. In international and EU political contexts, nuclear waste management is a sensitive issue, regulated specifically as part of the nuclear industry as well as in terms of hazardous waste policies. The industry involves state, commercial and mixed public–private bodies. The social and cultural dimensions – risk, uncertainty, and future generations – resonate more deeply here than in any other aspect of waste management. The paper argues that certain tendencies in regulation of the industry, claimed to be justified on security grounds, are decreasing transparency and veracity of reporting, opening up invisible spaces for management frauds, and in doing allowing a culture of impunity in which more serious criminal or terrorist risks could arise. What is needed is analysis of this ‘exceptional’ industry in terms of the normal cannons of risk assessment – a task that this paper begins.     

Scientific certainty and the laws that govern location of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository

Recent studies have questioned the ability of the Department of Energy to successfully construct and operate a high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, consistent with current Environmental Protection Agency standards and Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations. Questions focus on whether demonstration of compliance with the agency's standards is based too much on numerical calculations and analyses that the Department of Energy must conduct to project the long-term performance of the repository. Unless these questions are resolved, the licensing of the repository could be withheld or delayed by litigation. This article reviews the extent to which laws that govern the siting of high-level nuclear waste repositories require scientific certainty in any findings about the environmental consequences of locating a repository.     

核燃料元件生产线含铀废物源头控制实践

针对早期核燃料元件生产线自身所固有的不足,本文从工艺选择、厂房优化以及运行控制3个方面入手,就CJNF开展的一系列含铀废物源头控制实践进行介绍,旨在说明源头控制在废物最小化管理实践中的重要作用,为后期含铀废物源头控制方法持续应用和技术提升提供基础支撑。     

Nuclear waste facilities on Tribal Land: The Yami's struggles for environmental justice

This paper examines environmental justice in the context of nuclear waste controversies on Orchid Island, Taiwan. The Yami's anti-nuclear waste movement is a manifestation of problems of distributional inequity, lack of recognition, and limited participation of the tribespeople in decision making. These are interwoven in political and social processes. In addition, the disputes over the nuclear waste problem between the Yami and Taiwanese groups also show the historical and socioeconomic complexity of environmental justice. This study argues that a democratic and participatory procedure is likely to bring recognition or help the situation of lack of recognition improve, which could facilitate more just distribution. Building partnerships and networking within a variety of indigenous environmental organizations as well as other Taiwanese environmental organizations could help to transform the Orchid Island community and the Taiwanese society in the direction of environmental justice.     

Nuclear waste facilities on Tribal Land: The Yami's struggles for environmental justice

Abstract

This paper examines environmental justice in the context of nuclear waste controversies on Orchid Island, Taiwan. The Yami's anti-nuclear waste movement is a manifestation of problems of distributional inequity, lack of recognition, and limited participation of the tribespeople in decision making. These are interwoven in political and social processes. In addition, the disputes over the nuclear waste problem between the Yami and Taiwanese groups also show the historical and socioeconomic complexity of environmental justice. This study argues that a democratic and participatory procedure is likely to bring recognition or help the situation of lack of recognition improve, which could facilitate more just distribution. Building partnerships and networking within a variety of indigenous environmental organizations as well as other Taiwanese environmental organizations could help to transform the Orchid Island community and the Taiwanese society in the direction of environmental justice.     

How much do people who live near major nuclear facilities worry about those facilities? Analysis of national and site-specific data

Large nuclear waste management, laboratory and electric power generating complexes are a daunting challenge for state, regional and local planners. A survey of 2101 residents who lived near 11 nuclear power plants and US Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear waste management sites and laboratories was conducted to determine how much nearby residents worried about accidents and chronic emissions at the nuclear sites, how much they trusted the sites’ responsible parties, and actions that they wanted responsible parties to take to reduce public concern. Six hundred other people who lived elsewhere in the US were a comparison group. Nuclear site-related issues were a greater concern among the 2101 who lived near the sites than the comparison group. Yet many were more concerned about global warming, traffic congestion, and loss of open space than nuclear technologies. Monitoring the environment and people were the actions deemed most likely to reduce public concern. The results pose a challenge to owner-operators of nuclear facilities, government entities and especially to locally based environmental planners and managers to establish partnerships with each other and diverse communities that will allow them to manage some of these risks for decades and in some cases into perpetuity.     

Animal Burrowing Attributes Affecting Hazardous Waste Management

/ Animal burrowing is critical to the formation of soils and contributes to the interface between geological materials and organic life. It also influences the management of hazardous materials at nuclear waste facilities and elsewhere. For example, residues and waste products from the production of nuclear weapons are released onto the ground surface and within engineered burial structures. Soil bioturbation has exposed radionuclides and other hazardous materials to wind and rain, thereby risking inhalation and injury to humans and wildlife on and off site. Soil bioturbation can expand soil depths and spatial distributions of the source term of hazardous waste, potentially increasing chronic exposures to wildlife and humans over the long term. Ample evidence indicates that some of the large quantities of hazardous materials around the world have been released from soil repositories, where they have also contaminated and harmed biota. Key burrowing parameters influencing these outcomes include the catalog of resident species, and their abundance, typical burrow volumes (void space created by soil displacement), burrow depth profiles, maximum depth of excavation, constituents and structural qualities of excavated soil mounds, and proportion of the ground covered by excavated soil. Other important parameters include rate of mound construction, depth of den chambers, and volume of burrow backfill. Soil bioturbation compromised the integrity of some hazardous waste management systems using soil, but the environmental impact remains largely unknown. Designers and operators of waste management facilities, as well as risk assessors, need to understand how burrowing animals influence hazardous waste storage.KEY WORDS: Burrowing; Environmental impact; Radioactivity; Risk; Soil bioturbation; Hazardous waste     

Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea

In Korea due to rapid economical growth followed by urbanisation, breakage of large traditional families into small nuclear families, continuous changes in equipment features and capabilities causes tremendous increase in sale of new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and decrease in sale of used EEE. Subsequently, the ever-increasing quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become a serious social problem and threat to the environment. Therefore, the gradual increase in the generation of WEEE intensifies the interest for recycling to conserve the resources and protect the environment. In view of the above, a review has been made related to the present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. This paper describes the present status of generation and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment, namely TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, personal computers and mobile phones in Korea. The commercial processes and the status of developing new technologies for the recycling of metallic values from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is also described briefly. Since 1998, three recycling centers are in full operation to recycle WEEE such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, having the total capacity of 880,000 units/year. All waste TVs are recently recycled on commission basis by several private recycling plants. The recycling of waste personal computers and mobile phones is insignificant in comparison with the amount of estimated obsolete those. Korea has adopted and enforced the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system. Korea is making consistent efforts to improve the recycling rate to the standards indicated in the EU directives for WEEE. Especially environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies are being developed to recycle metal values from PCBs of WEEE.     

Public concerns and the public role in siting nuclear and chemical waste facilities

Nuclear and chemical waste facilities can be successfully sited, despitenimby responses, if siting programs account for the sources of public concern. Irrational fear is not the main source; instead, waste managers must deal with perceived inequities in the distribution of benefits and costs, and concern about facility safety. Benefit-cost inequities may be dealt with in part by keeping wastes where they are generated, through political restrictions, or by providing economic compensation and political incentives (for example, a local veto). Assuring people of facility safety includes allowing local control (monitoring, health assessment, regulation), and enhancing trust of facility managers through such means as rectifying past mistakes, individual-oriented education campaigns, and negotiation of compensation packages with local residents. These means should reduce —without eliminating—public opposition to local siting of nuclear and chemical waste facilities.